1
|
Matsubayashi HT, Mountain J, Takahashi N, Deb Roy A, Yao T, Peterson AF, Saez Gonzalez C, Kawamata I, Inoue T. Non-catalytic role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase in mesenchymal cell migration through non-canonical induction of p85β/AP2-mediated endocytosis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2612. [PMID: 38521786 PMCID: PMC10960865 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46855-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Class IA phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) galvanizes fundamental cellular processes such as migration, proliferation, and differentiation. To enable these multifaceted roles, the catalytic subunit p110 utilizes the multi-domain, regulatory subunit p85 through its inter SH2 domain (iSH2). In cell migration, its product PI(3,4,5)P3 generates locomotive activity. While non-catalytic roles are also implicated, underlying mechanisms and their relationship to PI(3,4,5)P3 signaling remain elusive. Here, we report that a disordered region of iSH2 contains AP2 binding motifs which can trigger clathrin and dynamin-mediated endocytosis independent of PI3K catalytic activity. The AP2 binding motif mutants of p85 aberrantly accumulate at focal adhesions and increase both velocity and persistency in fibroblast migration. We thus propose the dual functionality of PI3K in the control of cell motility, catalytic and non-catalytic, arising distinctly from juxtaposed regions within iSH2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki T Matsubayashi
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Center for Cell Dynamics, Institute of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Tohoku, Japan.
| | - Jack Mountain
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Cell Dynamics, Institute of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nozomi Takahashi
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Tohoku, Japan
| | - Abhijit Deb Roy
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Cell Dynamics, Institute of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tony Yao
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Cell Dynamics, Institute of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amy F Peterson
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Cell Dynamics, Institute of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Cristian Saez Gonzalez
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Cell Dynamics, Institute of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ibuki Kawamata
- Department of Robotics, Tohoku University, Tohoku, Japan
- Natural Science Division, Ochanomizu University, Kyoto, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takanari Inoue
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Center for Cell Dynamics, Institute of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mishra AK, Rodriguez M, Torres AY, Smith M, Rodriguez A, Bond A, Morrissey MA, Montell DJ. Hyperactive Rac stimulates cannibalism of living target cells and enhances CAR-M-mediated cancer cell killing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2310221120. [PMID: 38109551 PMCID: PMC10756302 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2310221120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The 21kD GTPase Rac is an evolutionarily ancient regulator of cell shape and behavior. Rac2 is predominantly expressed in hematopoietic cells where it is essential for survival and motility. The hyperactivating mutation Rac2E62K also causes human immunodeficiency, although the mechanism remains unexplained. Here, we report that in Drosophila, hyperactivating Rac stimulates ovarian cells to cannibalize neighboring cells, destroying the tissue. We then show that hyperactive Rac2E62K stimulates human HL60-derived macrophage-like cells to engulf and kill living T cell leukemia cells. Primary mouse Rac2+/E62K bone-marrow-derived macrophages also cannibalize primary Rac2+/E62K T cells due to a combination of macrophage hyperactivity and T cell hypersensitivity to engulfment. Additionally, Rac2+/E62K macrophages non-autonomously stimulate wild-type macrophages to engulf T cells. Rac2E62K also enhances engulfment of target cancer cells by chimeric antigen receptor-expressing macrophages (CAR-M) in a CAR-dependent manner. We propose that Rac-mediated cell cannibalism may contribute to Rac2+/E62K human immunodeficiency and enhance CAR-M cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhinava K. Mishra
- Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
| | - Melanie Rodriguez
- Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
| | - Alba Yurani Torres
- Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
| | - Morgan Smith
- Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
| | - Anthony Rodriguez
- Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
| | - Annalise Bond
- Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
| | - Meghan A. Morrissey
- Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
| | - Denise J. Montell
- Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Matsubayashi H, Mountain J, Yao T, Peterson A, Roy AD, Inoue T. Non-catalytic role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase in mesenchymal cell migration through non-canonical induction of p85β/AP-2-mediated endocytosis. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2432041. [PMID: 36712095 PMCID: PMC9882665 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2432041/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Class IA phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) galvanizes fundamental cellular processes such as migration, proliferation, and differentiation. To enable multifaceted roles, the catalytic subunit p110 utilizes a multi-domain, regulatory subunit p85 through its inter SH2 domain (iSH2). In cell migration, their product PI(3,4,5)P3 generates locomotive activity. While non-catalytic roles are also implicated, underlying mechanisms and its relationship to PI(3,4,5)P3 signaling remain elusive. Here, we report that a disordered region of iSH2 contains previously uncharacterized AP-2 binding motifs which can trigger clathrin and dynamin-mediated endocytosis independent of PI3K catalytic activity. The AP-2 binding motif mutants of p85 aberrantly accumulate at focal adhesions and upregulate both velocity and persistency in fibroblast migration. We thus propose the dual functionality of PI3K in the control of cell motility, catalytic and non-catalytic, arising distinctly from juxtaposed regions within iSH2.
Collapse
|
4
|
Kuhn J, Smirnov A, Criss AK, Columbus L. Quantifying Carcinoembryonic Antigen-like Cell Adhesion Molecule-Targeted Liposome Delivery Using Imaging Flow Cytometry. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:2354-2363. [PMID: 30995063 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Carcinoembryonic antigen-like cell adhesion molecules (CEACAMs) are human cell-surface proteins that can exhibit increased expression on tumor cells and are thus a potential target for novel tumor-seeking therapeutic delivery methods. We hypothesize that engineered nanoparticles containing a known interaction partner of CEACAM, Neisseria gonorrhoeae outer membrane protein Opa, can be used to deliver cargo to specific cellular targets. In this study, the cell association and uptake of protein-free liposomes and Opa proteoliposomes into CEACAM-expressing cells were measured using imaging flow cytometry. A size-dependent internalization of liposomes into HeLa cells was observed through endocytic pathways. Opa-dependent, CEACAM1-mediated uptake of liposomes into HeLa cells was observed, with limited colocalization with endosomal and lysosomal trafficking compartments. Given the overexpression of CEACAM1 on several distinct cancers and interest in using CEACAM1 as a component in treatment strategies, these results support further pursuit of investigating Opa-dependent specificity and the internalization mechanism for therapeutic delivery.
Collapse
|
5
|
Kojima R, Fussenegger M. Synthetic Biology: Engineering Mammalian Cells To Control Cell-to-Cell Communication at Will. Chembiochem 2019; 20:994-1002. [PMID: 30589185 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cell-to-cell communication plays a key role in the regulation of many natural biological processes. Recent advances in mammalian synthetic biology are making it possible to rationally engineer cell-to-cell communication for therapeutic and other purposes. Here, we review state-of-the-art engineering principles to control cell-to-cell communication, focusing on communication between mammalian cells with diffusible factors (e.g., small molecules or exosomes) or direct cell contact, and on interkingdom communication between mammalian cells and bacteria. Potential applications include construction of artificial tissues able to perform complex computations, sophisticated cell-based cancer therapies, use of mammalian cells as a new class of cargo delivery modality, development of design principles to control pattern formation of cell populations, and treatment of infectious diseases. We also discuss the challenges facing practical applications, and possible enabling technologies to overcome them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Kojima
- Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Martin Fussenegger
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058, Basel, Switzerland.,Faculty of Science, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kojima R, Fussenegger M. Engineering Whole Mammalian Cells for Target-Cell-Specific Invasion/Fusion. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1700971. [PMID: 30027033 PMCID: PMC6051388 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201700971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Live mammalian cells are equipped with a synthetic cell invasion system that enables their target-specific insertion into other live mammalian cells. By conjugating RhoA activator to a transmembrane protein that is segregated from cell-cell interface when specific cell contact occurs, polarization of RhoA activity is synthetically induced inside the cells in response to specific cell contact. This polarization is a sufficient condition for invader cells to selectively penetrate cells expressing a target antigen. Further, when an acid-responsive fusogenic protein is expressed on invader cells, invader/receiver cell fusion occurs after invasion, and the invader's intracellular contents are released into the recipient's cytosol. It is shown that this system can be used for specific cell ablation. This synthetic-biology-inspired cell invasion/fusion system might open the door to using whole mammalian cells for cargo delivery purposes or for ablation of a specific cell type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Kojima
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D‐BSSE)ETH ZurichMattenstrasse 264058BaselSwitzerland
- Graduate School of MedicineThe University of Tokyo7‐3‐1 HongoBunkyo‐kuTokyo113‐0033Japan
| | - Martin Fussenegger
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D‐BSSE)ETH ZurichMattenstrasse 264058BaselSwitzerland
- Faculty of ScienceUniversity of BaselMattenstrasse 264058BaselSwitzerland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang Y, Luo G, Chen J, Jiang R, Zhu J, Hu N, Huang W, Cheng G, Jia M, Su B, Zhang N, Cui T. Cigarette smoke attenuates phagocytic ability of macrophages through down-regulating Milk fat globule-EGF factor 8 (MFG-E8) expressions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42642. [PMID: 28195210 PMCID: PMC5307389 DOI: 10.1038/srep42642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the most common inflammatory diseases resulting from habitual smoking. Impaired clearance of apoptotic cell by airway macrophages contributes to lung inflammation. Milk fat globule-EGF factor 8 (MFG-E8), as a link between apoptotic cells and phagocytes, facilitates clearance of apoptotic cells and attenuates inflammation. We sought to investigate altered expression and potential role of MFG-E8 in COPD. In this study, apoptosis was increased and the level of MFG-E8 was decreased while HMGB1 expression was increased in lung tissues of CS-exposed mice. Compared with CS-exposed WT mice, more apoptotic cells were accumulated in lung tissues of CS-exposed MFG-E8 deficiency mice. Exposure of a range of macrophages to cigarette smoke extract (CSE) resulted in decreased MFG-E8 expression. Administration of rmMFG-E8 ameliorated phagocytic ability of RAW264.7 cells and suppressed inflammatory response induced by CS-exposure. 10% CSE stimulation suppressed Rac1 membrane localization in RAW264.7 cells which was restored by administration of rmMFG-E8. MFG-E8 deficiency diminished uptake of apoptotic thymocytes by peritoneal macrophages upon CSE exposure. Overall, the findings in current work provide a novel target for diagnosing and treating COPD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yueqin Wang
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Guangwei Luo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Jie Chen
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Rui Jiang
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Jianhua Zhu
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Na Hu
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Guilian Cheng
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Min Jia
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Bingtao Su
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Nian Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Tianpen Cui
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Toward a world of theranostic medication: Programming biological sentinel systems for therapeutic intervention. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 105:66-76. [PMID: 27189230 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Theranostic systems support diagnostic and therapeutic functions in a single integrated entity and enable precise spatiotemporal control of the generation of therapeutic molecules according to the individual patient's disease state, thereby maximizing the therapeutic outcome and minimizing side effects. These systems can also incorporate reporter systems equipped with a disease-sensing module that can be used to estimate the efficacy of treatment in vivo. Among these reporter systems, biological sentinel systems, such as viruses, bacteria, and mammalian cells, have great potential for use in the development of novel theranostic systems because of their ability to sense a variety of disease markers and secrete various therapeutic molecules. Furthermore, recent advances in biotechnology and synthetic biology have made it possible to treat these biological systems as true programmable entities capable of conducting complex operations, to accurately identify each individual patient's disease state. In this review, we introduce the basic design principles of these rapidly expanding classes of biological sentinel system-based theranostic agents, with a focus on recent advances, and we also discuss potential enabling technologies that can further improve these systems and provide more sophisticated therapeutic interventions in the near future. In addition, we consider the possibility of synergistic use of theranostic agents that use different modalities and discuss the prospects for next-generation theranostic agents.
Collapse
|
9
|
Komatsu T, Virdee S. ICBS and ECBS Chemical Biology Meeting 2015 - Let Them Come to Berlin! ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:1159-66. [PMID: 27198933 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Toru Komatsu
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- JST PRESTO, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satpal Virdee
- MRC
Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Varon Silva D. ECBS & ICBS 2015 Joint Meeting: Bringing Chemistry to Life. Chembiochem 2016; 17:447-52. [PMID: 26710339 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The European Chemical Biology Society (ECBS) and the International Chemical Biology Society (ICBS) recently organized a joint meeting in Berlin. This meeting had more than 250 participants. Four keynote lectures were given by Timothy Mitchison, David Tirrell, Carolyn Bertozzi and Jason Chin; in addition there were 13 invited speakers, 20 selected oral talks and 30 talks selected from 90 posters. The meeting was divided into six topics: chemoproteomics, epigenetics, conjugates for target delivering, anti-infectives, molecular imaging and probing the structure, and function of post-translational modifications. The highlights of the meeting are presented in this report.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Varon Silva
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Muehlenberg 01, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kim AK, DeRose R, Ueno T, Lin B, Komatsu T, Nakamura H, Inoue T. Toward total synthesis of cell function: Reconstituting cell dynamics with synthetic biology. Sci Signal 2016; 9:re1. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aac4779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Allen K. Kim
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 855 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Robert DeRose
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 855 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Tasuku Ueno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Benjamin Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, 840 West Campus Drive, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Toru Komatsu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Hideki Nakamura
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 855 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Takanari Inoue
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 855 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| |
Collapse
|