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Murray S. Response to "Letter to the Editor: SMAC mimetics inhibit human T cell proliferation and fail to augment type 1 cytokine responses". Cell Immunol 2024; 395-396:104785. [PMID: 38016882 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2023.104785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Murray
- Department of Biology, University of Portland, Portland, OR, United States; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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2
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Hunt M, Torres M, Bachar-Wikström E, Wikström JD. Multifaceted roles of mitochondria in wound healing and chronic wound pathogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1252318. [PMID: 37771375 PMCID: PMC10523588 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1252318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are intracellular organelles that play a critical role in numerous cellular processes including the regulation of metabolism, cellular stress response, and cell fate. Mitochondria themselves are subject to well-orchestrated regulation in order to maintain organelle and cellular homeostasis. Wound healing is a multifactorial process that involves the stringent regulation of several cell types and cellular processes. In the event of dysregulated wound healing, hard-to-heal chronic wounds form and can place a significant burden on healthcare systems. Importantly, treatment options remain limited owing to the multifactorial nature of chronic wound pathogenesis. One area that has received more attention in recent years is the role of mitochondria in wound healing. With regards to this, current literature has demonstrated an important role for mitochondria in several areas of wound healing and chronic wound pathogenesis including metabolism, apoptosis, and redox signalling. Additionally, the influence of mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy has also been investigated. However, few studies have utilised patient tissue when studying mitochondria in wound healing, instead using various animal models. In this review we dissect the current knowledge of the role of mitochondria in wound healing and discuss how future research can potentially aid in the progression of wound healing research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Hunt
- Dermatology and Venerology Division, Department of Medicine (Solna), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Monica Torres
- Dermatology and Venerology Division, Department of Medicine (Solna), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Dermato-Venereology Clinic, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Etty Bachar-Wikström
- Dermatology and Venerology Division, Department of Medicine (Solna), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jakob D. Wikström
- Dermatology and Venerology Division, Department of Medicine (Solna), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Dermato-Venereology Clinic, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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3
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Escrig-Larena JI, Delgado-Pulido S, Mittelbrunn M. Mitochondria during T cell aging. Semin Immunol 2023; 69:101808. [PMID: 37473558 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of aging that contributes to inflammaging. It is characterized by alterations of the mitochondrial DNA, reduced respiratory capacity, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and increased reactive oxygen species production. These primary alterations disrupt other interconnected and important mitochondrial-related processes such as metabolism, mitochondrial dynamics and biogenesis, mitophagy, calcium homeostasis or apoptosis. In this review, we gather the current knowledge about the different mitochondrial processes which are altered during aging, with special focus on their contribution to age-associated T cell dysfunction and inflammaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Ignacio Escrig-Larena
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Centro de Biología Molcular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Delgado-Pulido
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias (UAM), Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Mittelbrunn
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Centro de Biología Molcular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain.
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4
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Rizk J, Mörbe UM, Agerholm R, Baglioni MV, Catafal Tardos E, Fares da Silva MGF, Ulmert I, Kadekar D, Viñals MT, Bekiaris V. The cIAP ubiquitin ligases sustain type 3 γδ T cells and ILC during aging to promote barrier immunity. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20221534. [PMID: 37440178 PMCID: PMC10345214 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20221534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Early-life cues shape the immune system during adulthood. However, early-life signaling pathways and their temporal functions are not well understood. Herein, we demonstrate that the cellular inhibitor of apoptosis proteins 1 and 2 (cIAP1/2), which are E3 ubiquitin ligases, sustain interleukin (IL)-17-producing γ δ T cells (γδT17) and group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3) during late neonatal and prepubescent life. We show that cell-intrinsic deficiency of cIAP1/2 at 3-4 wk of life leads to downregulation of the transcription factors cMAF and RORγt and failure to enter the cell cycle, followed by progressive loss of γδT17 cells and ILC3 during aging. Mice deficient in cIAP1/2 have severely reduced γδT17 cells and ILC3, present with suboptimal γδT17 responses in the skin, lack intestinal isolated lymphoid follicles, and cannot control intestinal bacterial infection. Mechanistically, these effects appear to be dependent on overt activation of the non-canonical NF-κB pathway. Our data identify cIAP1/2 as early-life molecular switches that establish effective type 3 immunity during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Rizk
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Urs M. Mörbe
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Agerholm
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Elisa Catafal Tardos
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Isabel Ulmert
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Darshana Kadekar
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Vasileios Bekiaris
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
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5
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Abstract
Numerous mitochondrial constituents and metabolic products can function as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and promote inflammation when released into the cytosol or extracellular milieu. Several safeguards are normally in place to prevent mitochondria from eliciting detrimental inflammatory reactions, including the autophagic disposal of permeabilized mitochondria. However, when the homeostatic capacity of such systems is exceeded or when such systems are defective, inflammatory reactions elicited by mitochondria can become pathogenic and contribute to the aetiology of human disorders linked to autoreactivity. In addition, inefficient inflammatory pathways induced by mitochondrial DAMPs can be pathogenic as they enable the establishment or progression of infectious and neoplastic disorders. Here we discuss the molecular mechanisms through which mitochondria control inflammatory responses, the cellular pathways that are in place to control mitochondria-driven inflammation and the pathological consequences of dysregulated inflammatory reactions elicited by mitochondrial DAMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saverio Marchi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Emma Guilbaud
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephen W G Tait
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Takahiro Yamazaki
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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6
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Burton AM, Ligman BR, Kearney CA, Murray SE. SMAC mimetics inhibit human T cell proliferation and fail to augment type 1 cytokine responses. Cell Immunol 2023; 384:104674. [PMID: 36706656 PMCID: PMC10319349 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2023.104674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (SMAC) mimetics are small molecule drugs that mimic the activity of the endogenous SMAC protein. SMAC and SMAC mimetics antagonize inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs), thereby sensitizing cells to apoptosis. As such, SMAC mimetics are being tested in numerous clinical trials for cancer. In addition to their direct anti-cancer effect, it has been suggested that SMAC mimetics may activate T cells, thereby promoting anti-tumor immunity. Here, we tested the effect of three clinically relevant SMAC mimetics on activation of primary human T cells. As previously reported, SMAC mimetics killed tumor cells and activated non-canonical NF-κB in T cells at clinically relevant doses. Surprisingly, none of the SMAC mimetics augmented T cell responses. Rather, SMAC mimetics impaired T cell proliferation and decreased the proportion of IFNγ/TNFα double-producing T cells. These results question the assumption that SMAC mimetics are likely to boost anti-tumor immunity in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Burton
- Department of Biology, University of Portland, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Brittany R Ligman
- Department of Biology, University of Portland, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Claire A Kearney
- Department of Biology, University of Portland, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Susan E Murray
- Department of Biology, University of Portland, Portland, OR, United States; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.
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7
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Rae W, Sowerby JM, Verhoeven D, Youssef M, Kotagiri P, Savinykh N, Coomber EL, Boneparth A, Chan A, Gong C, Jansen MH, du Long R, Santilli G, Simeoni I, Stephens J, Wu K, Zinicola M, Allen HL, Baxendale H, Kumararatne D, Gkrania-Klotsas E, Scheffler Mendoza SC, Yamazaki-Nakashimada MA, Ruiz LB, Rojas-Maruri CM, Lugo Reyes SO, Lyons PA, Williams AP, Hodson DJ, Bishop GA, Thrasher AJ, Thomas DC, Murphy MP, Vyse TJ, Milner JD, Kuijpers TW, Smith KGC. Immunodeficiency, autoimmunity, and increased risk of B cell malignancy in humans with TRAF3 mutations. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabn3800. [PMID: 35960817 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abn3800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 3 (TRAF3) is a central regulator of immunity. TRAF3 is often somatically mutated in B cell malignancies, but its role in human immunity is not defined. Here, in five unrelated families, we describe an immune dysregulation syndrome of recurrent bacterial infections, autoimmunity, systemic inflammation, B cell lymphoproliferation, and hypergammaglobulinemia. Affected individuals each had monoallelic mutations in TRAF3 that reduced TRAF3 expression. Immunophenotyping showed that patients' B cells were dysregulated, exhibiting increased nuclear factor-κB 2 activation, elevated mitochondrial respiration, and heightened inflammatory responses. Patients had mild CD4+ T cell lymphopenia, with a reduced proportion of naïve T cells but increased regulatory T cells and circulating T follicular helper cells. Guided by this clinical phenotype, targeted analyses demonstrated that common genetic variants, which also reduce TRAF3 expression, are associated with an increased risk of B cell malignancies, systemic lupus erythematosus, higher immunoglobulin levels, and bacterial infections in the wider population. Reduced TRAF3 conveys disease risks by driving B cell hyperactivity via intrinsic activation of multiple intracellular proinflammatory pathways and increased mitochondrial respiration, with a likely contribution from dysregulated T cell help. Thus, we define monogenic TRAF3 haploinsufficiency syndrome and demonstrate how common TRAF3 variants affect a range of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Rae
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - John M Sowerby
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dorit Verhoeven
- Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AUMC), University of Amsterdam, Department of Pediatric Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam University Medical Center (AUMC), University of Amsterdam, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mariam Youssef
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Prasanti Kotagiri
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Natalia Savinykh
- NIHR Cambridge BRC Cell Phenotyping Hub, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eve L Coomber
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alexis Boneparth
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Angela Chan
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chun Gong
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Machiel H Jansen
- Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AUMC), University of Amsterdam, Department of Pediatric Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam University Medical Center (AUMC), University of Amsterdam, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Romy du Long
- Amsterdam University Center (AUMC), University of Amsterdam, Department of Pathology, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Ilenia Simeoni
- Department of Hematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR Bioresource-Rare Diseases, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jonathan Stephens
- Department of Hematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR Bioresource-Rare Diseases, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kejia Wu
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Marta Zinicola
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Hana Lango Allen
- NIHR Bioresource-Rare Diseases, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Helen Baxendale
- Cambridge Centre for Lung Infection, Royal Papworth Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dinakantha Kumararatne
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Effrossyni Gkrania-Klotsas
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Cambridge University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Selma C Scheffler Mendoza
- Clinical Immunology Service, National Institute of Pediatrics, Secretariat of Health, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Laura Berrón Ruiz
- Immune Deficiencies Laboratory, National Institute of Pediatrics, Secretariat of Health, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Saul O Lugo Reyes
- Immune Deficiencies Laboratory, National Institute of Pediatrics, Secretariat of Health, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Paul A Lyons
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anthony P Williams
- Wessex Investigational Sciences Hub, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Daniel J Hodson
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gail A Bishop
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, IA, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Adrian J Thrasher
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - David C Thomas
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Center for Inflammatory Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Michael P Murphy
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Timothy J Vyse
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Joshua D Milner
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Taco W Kuijpers
- Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AUMC), University of Amsterdam, Department of Pediatric Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam University Medical Center (AUMC), University of Amsterdam, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kenneth G C Smith
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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8
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Taillandier D. [Metabolic pathways controlled by E3 ligases: an opportunity for therapeutic targeting]. Biol Aujourdhui 2021; 215:45-57. [PMID: 34397374 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2021006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery, the Ubiquitin Proteasome System (UPS) has been recognized for its major role in controlling most of the cell's metabolic pathways. In addition to its essential role in the degradation of proteins, it is also involved in the addressing, signaling or repair of DNA, which makes it a key player in cellular homeostasis. Although other control systems exist in the cell, the UPS is often referred to as the conductor. In view of its importance, any dysregulation of the UPS leads to more or less severe disorders for the cell and therefore the body, which accounts for UPS implication in many pathologies (cancer, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, etc.). UPS is made up of more than 1000 different proteins, the combinations of which allow the fine targeting of virtually all proteins in the body. UPS uses an enzymatic cascade (E1, 2 members; E2 > 35; E3 > 800) which allows the transfer of ubiquitin, a small protein of 8.5 kDa onto the protein to be targeted either for its degradation or to modify its activity. This ubiquitinylation signal is reversible and many deubiquitinylases (DUB, ∼ 80 isoforms) also have an important role. E3 enzymes are the most numerous and their function is to recognize the target protein, which makes them important players in the specific action of UPS. The very nature of E3 and the complexity of their interactions with different partners offer a very broad field of investigation and therefore significant potential for the development of therapeutic approaches. Without being exhaustive, this review illustrates the different strategies that have already been implemented to fight against different pathologies (excluding bacterial or viral infections).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Taillandier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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9
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Rizk J, Agerholm R, Jönsson A, Dogan AA, Dufva M, Bekiaris V. cIAP1/2 antagonization by SMAC mimetic induces non-canonical NF-κB mediated T H 17 cell homotypic interactions and increases their resistance to shear stress. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:2097-2099. [PMID: 33960415 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
SMAC antagonization of cIAP1/2 in TH 17 cells upregulates cell adhesion and cytoskeleton genes through the NIK-RelB and p52 axis. SMAC also increases the homotypic interactions of TH 17 cells through a non-canonical NF-κB- and integrin-mediated mechanism resulting in increased ability of TH 17 cells to withstand shear stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Rizk
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Agerholm
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Alexander Jönsson
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Asli Aybike Dogan
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Martin Dufva
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Vasileios Bekiaris
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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10
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The many-sided contributions of NF-κB to T-cell biology in health and disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 361:245-300. [PMID: 34074496 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
T cells (or T lymphocytes) exhibit a myriad of functions in immune responses, ranging from pathogen clearance to autoimmunity, cancer and even non-lymphoid tissue homeostasis. Therefore, deciphering the molecular mechanisms orchestrating their specification, function and gene expression pattern is critical not only for our comprehension of fundamental biology, but also for the discovery of novel therapeutic targets. Among the master regulators of T-cell identity, the functions of the NF-κB family of transcription factors have been under scrutiny for several decades. However, a more precise understanding of their pleiotropic functions is only just emerging. In this review we will provide a global overview of the roles of NF-κB in the different flavors of mature T cells. We aim at highlighting the complex and sometimes diverging roles of the five NF-κB subunits in health and disease.
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11
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The Immuno-Modulatory Effects of Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein Antagonists in Cancer Immunotherapy. Cells 2020; 9:cells9010207. [PMID: 31947615 PMCID: PMC7017284 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of cancer cells is their ability to evade cell death via apoptosis. The inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) are a family of proteins that act to promote cell survival. For this reason, upregulation of IAPs is associated with a number of cancer types as a mechanism of resistance to cell death and chemotherapy. As such, IAPs are considered a promising therapeutic target for cancer treatment, based on the role of IAPs in resistance to apoptosis, tumour progression and poor patient prognosis. The mitochondrial protein smac (second mitochondrial activator of caspases), is an endogenous inhibitor of IAPs, and several small molecule mimetics of smac (smac-mimetics) have been developed in order to antagonise IAPs in cancer cells and restore sensitivity to apoptotic stimuli. However, recent studies have revealed that smac-mimetics have broader effects than was first attributed. It is now understood that they are key regulators of innate immune signalling and have wide reaching immuno-modulatory properties. As such, they are ideal candidates for immunotherapy combinations. Pre-clinically, successful combination therapies incorporating smac-mimetics and oncolytic viruses, as with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy, have been reported, and clinical trials incorporating smac-mimetics and immune checkpoint blockade are ongoing. Here, the potential of IAP antagonism to enhance immunotherapy strategies for the treatment of cancer will be discussed.
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12
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Dougan SK, Dougan M. SMAC mimetics throw a molecular switch to control T H17 responses. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/596/eaay3986. [PMID: 31455724 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aay3986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
IL-17 produced by TH17 cells plays a central role in numerous protective and pathologic immune responses. In this issue of Science Signaling, Rizk et al. define a molecular switch controlled by the cellular inhibitor of apoptosis proteins that regulates TH17 immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie K Dougan
- Department of Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA. .,Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael Dougan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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