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Abstract
We review the evolution and structure of members of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family, antagonistic or agonistic modulators, and receptors that regulate TGF-β signaling in extracellular environments. The growth factor (GF) domain common to all family members and many of their antagonists evolved from a common cystine knot growth factor (CKGF) domain. The CKGF superfamily comprises six distinct families in primitive metazoans, including the TGF-β and Dan families. Compared with Wnt/Frizzled and Notch/Delta families that also specify body axes, cell fate, tissues, and other families that contain CKGF domains that evolved in parallel, the TGF-β family was the most fruitful in evolution. Complexes between the prodomains and GFs of the TGF-β family suggest a new paradigm for regulating GF release by conversion from closed- to open-arm procomplex conformations. Ternary complexes of the final step in extracellular signaling show how TGF-β GF dimers bind type I and type II receptors on the cell surface, and enable understanding of much of the specificity and promiscuity in extracellular signaling. However, structures suggest that when GFs bind repulsive guidance molecule (RGM) family coreceptors, type I receptors do not bind until reaching an intracellular, membrane-enveloped compartment, blurring the line between extra- and intracellular signaling. Modulator protein structures show how structurally diverse antagonists including follistatins, noggin, and members of the chordin family bind GFs to regulate signaling; complexes with the Dan family remain elusive. Much work is needed to understand how these molecular components assemble to form signaling hubs in extracellular environments in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Hinck
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Thomas D Mueller
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute of the University Wuerzburg, D-97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Timothy A Springer
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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2
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Terry S, El-Sayed IY, Destouches D, Maillé P, Nicolaiew N, Ploussard G, Semprez F, Pimpie C, Beltran H, Londono-Vallejo A, Allory Y, de la Taille A, Salomon DS, Vacherot F. CRIPTO overexpression promotes mesenchymal differentiation in prostate carcinoma cells through parallel regulation of AKT and FGFR activities. Oncotarget 2016; 6:11994-2008. [PMID: 25596738 PMCID: PMC4494918 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the EGF-CFC (Cripto, FRL-1, Cryptic) protein family are increasingly recognized as key mediators of cell movement and cell differentiation during vertebrate embryogenesis. The founding member of this protein family, CRIPTO, is overexpressed in various human carcinomas. Yet, the biological role of CRIPTO in this setting remains unclear. Here, we find CRIPTO expression as especially high in a subgroup of primary prostate carcinomas with poorer outcome, wherein resides cancer cell clones with mesenchymal traits. Experimental studies in PCa models showed that one notable function of CRIPTO expression in prostate carcinoma cells may be to augment PI3K/AKT and FGFR1 signaling, which promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition and sustains a mesenchymal state. In the observed signaling events, FGFR1 appears to function parallel to AKT, and the two pathways act cooperatively to enhance migratory, invasive and transformation properties specifically in the CRIPTO overexpressing cells. Collectively, these findings suggest a novel molecular network, involving CRIPTO, AKT, and FGFR signaling, in favor of the emergence of mesenchymal-like cancer cells during the development of aggressive prostate tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Terry
- Inserm, U955, Equipe 7, Créteil, France.,Université Paris-Est, UMR_S955, UPEC, Créteil, France.,Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, CNRS UMR 3244, Paris, France.,Inserm, U753, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Ihsan Y El-Sayed
- Inserm, U955, Equipe 7, Créteil, France.,Université Paris-Est, UMR_S955, UPEC, Créteil, France.,EDST/PRASE, Rafic Harriri Campus, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libanaise, Beyrouth, Liban
| | - Damien Destouches
- Inserm, U955, Equipe 7, Créteil, France.,Université Paris-Est, UMR_S955, UPEC, Créteil, France.,Laboratoire de Recherche sur la Croissance Cellulaire, la Réparation et la Régénération Tissulaires (CRRET), CNRS, Créteil, France
| | - Pascale Maillé
- AP-HP, Hôpital H. Mondor, Département de Pathologie, Créteil, France
| | - Nathalie Nicolaiew
- Inserm, U955, Equipe 7, Créteil, France.,Université Paris-Est, UMR_S955, UPEC, Créteil, France
| | - Guillaume Ploussard
- Inserm, U955, Equipe 7, Créteil, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital H. Mondor, Service d'urologie, Créteil, France
| | - Fannie Semprez
- Inserm, U955, Equipe 7, Créteil, France.,Université Paris-Est, UMR_S955, UPEC, Créteil, France
| | - Cynthia Pimpie
- Inserm, U955, Equipe 7, Créteil, France.,Université Paris-Est, UMR_S955, UPEC, Créteil, France
| | - Himisha Beltran
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Yves Allory
- Inserm, U955, Equipe 7, Créteil, France.,Université Paris-Est, UMR_S955, UPEC, Créteil, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital H. Mondor, Département de Pathologie, Créteil, France
| | - Alexandre de la Taille
- Inserm, U955, Equipe 7, Créteil, France.,Université Paris-Est, UMR_S955, UPEC, Créteil, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital H. Mondor, Service d'urologie, Créteil, France
| | - David S Salomon
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Francis Vacherot
- Inserm, U955, Equipe 7, Créteil, France.,Université Paris-Est, UMR_S955, UPEC, Créteil, France
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Rasl11b knock down in zebrafish suppresses one-eyed-pinhead mutant phenotype. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1434. [PMID: 18197245 PMCID: PMC2186344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2007] [Accepted: 12/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The EGF-CFC factor Oep/Cripto1/Frl1 has been implicated in embryogenesis and several human cancers. During vertebrate development, Oep/Cripto1/Frl1 has been shown to act as an essential coreceptor in the TGFβ/Nodal pathway, which is crucial for germ layer formation. Although studies in cell cultures suggest that Oep/Cripto1/Frl1 is also implicated in other pathways, in vivo it is solely regarded as a Nodal coreceptor. We have found that Rasl11b, a small GTPase belonging to a Ras subfamily of putative tumor suppressor genes, modulates Oep function in zebrafish independently of the Nodal pathway. rasl11b down regulation partially rescues endodermal and prechordal plate defects of zygotic oep−/− mutants (Zoep). Rasl11b inhibitory action was only observed in oep-deficient backgrounds, suggesting that normal oep expression prevents Rasl11b function. Surprisingly, rasl11b down regulation does not rescue mesendodermal defects in other Nodal pathway mutants, nor does it influence the phosphorylation state of the downstream effector Smad2. Thus, Rasl11b modifies the effect of Oep on mesendoderm development independently of the main known Oep output: the Nodal signaling pathway. This data suggests a new branch of Oep signaling that has implications for germ layer development, as well as for studies of Oep/Frl1/Cripto1 dysfunction, such as that found in tumors.
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Halbrooks PJ, Ding R, Wozney JM, Bain G. Role of RGM coreceptors in bone morphogenetic protein signaling. J Mol Signal 2007; 2:4. [PMID: 17615080 PMCID: PMC1933414 DOI: 10.1186/1750-2187-2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2007] [Accepted: 07/05/2007] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The repulsive guidance molecule (RGM) proteins, originally discovered for their roles in neuronal development, have been recently identified as co-receptors in the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway. BMPs are members of the TGFβ superfamily of signaling cytokines, and serve to regulate many aspects of cellular growth and differentiation. Results Here, we investigate whether RGMa, RGMb, and RGMc play required roles in BMP and TGFβ signaling in the mouse myoblast C2C12 cell line. These cells are responsive to BMPs and are frequently used to study BMP/TGFβ signaling pathways. Using siRNA reagents to specifically knock down each RGM protein, we show that the RGM co-receptors are required for significant BMP signaling as reported by two cell-based BMP activity assays: endogenous alkaline phosphatase activity and a luciferase-based BMP reporter assay. Similar cell-based assays using a TGFβ-induced luciferase reporter show that the RGM co-receptors are not required for TGFβ signaling. The binding interaction of each RGM co-receptor to each of BMP2 and BMP12 is observed and quantified, and equilibrium dissociation constants in the low nanomolar range are reported. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that the RGMs play a significant role in BMP signaling and reveal that these molecules cannot functionally compensate for one another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Halbrooks
- Quality Control Technical Services Laboratory, Genzyme Corporation, Framingham MA, 01701, USA
| | - Ru Ding
- Women's Health and Musculoskeletal Biology, Wyeth Discovery Research, Cambridge, MA, 02140, USA
| | - John M Wozney
- Women's Health and Musculoskeletal Biology, Wyeth Discovery Research, Cambridge, MA, 02140, USA
| | - Gerard Bain
- Women's Health and Musculoskeletal Biology, Wyeth Discovery Research, Cambridge, MA, 02140, USA
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