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Iqbal S, Begum F, Rabaan AA, Aljeldah M, Al Shammari BR, Alawfi A, Alshengeti A, Sulaiman T, Khan A. Classification and Multifaceted Potential of Secondary Metabolites Produced by Bacillus subtilis Group: A Comprehensive Review. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28030927. [PMID: 36770594 PMCID: PMC9919246 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28030927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite their remarkable biosynthetic potential, Bacillus subtilis have been widely overlooked. However, their capability to withstand harsh conditions (extreme temperature, Ultraviolet (UV) and γ-radiation, and dehydration) and the promiscuous metabolites they synthesize have created increased commercial interest in them as a therapeutic agent, a food preservative, and a plant-pathogen control agent. Nevertheless, the commercial-scale availability of these metabolites is constrained due to challenges in their accessibility via synthesis and low fermentation yields. In the context of this rising in interest, we comprehensively visualized the antimicrobial peptides produced by B. subtilis and highlighted their prospective applications in various industries. Moreover, we proposed and classified these metabolites produced by the B. subtilis group based on their biosynthetic pathways and chemical structures. The biosynthetic pathway, bioactivity, and chemical structure are discussed in detail for each class. We believe that this review will spark a renewed interest in the often disregarded B. subtilis and its remarkable biosynthetic capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajid Iqbal
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
- Correspondence: or
| | - Farida Begum
- Department of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan (AWKUM), Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Ali A. Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22610, Pakistan
| | - Mohammed Aljeldah
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafr Al Batin 39831, Saudi Arabia
| | - Basim R. Al Shammari
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafr Al Batin 39831, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulsalam Alawfi
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Al-Madinah 41491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amer Alshengeti
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Al-Madinah 41491, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Prince Mohammad Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, National Guard Health Affairs, Al-Madinah 41491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tarek Sulaiman
- Infectious Diseases Section, Medical Specialties Department, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh 12231, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alam Khan
- Department of Life Sciences, Abasyn University Islamabad Campus, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
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2
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Xiao F, Dong S, Liu Y, Feng Y, Li H, Yun CH, Cui Q, Li W. Structural Basis of Specificity for Carboxyl-Terminated Acyl Donors in a Bacterial Acyltransferase. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:16031-16038. [PMID: 32803979 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c07331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Macrolactins (MLNs) are a class of important antimacular degeneration and antitumor agents. Malonylated/succinylated MLNs are even more important due to their efficacy in overcoming multi-drug-resistant bacteria. However, which enzyme catalyzes this reaction remains enigmatic. Herein, we deciphered a β-lactamase homologue BmmI to be responsible for this step. BmmI could specifically attach C3-C5 alkyl acid thioesters onto 7-OH of MLN A and also exhibits substrate promiscuity toward acyl acceptors with different scaffolds. The crystal structure of BmmI covalently linked to the succinyl group and systematic mutagenesis highlighted the role of oxyanion holelike geometry in the recognition of carboxyl-terminated acyl donors. The engineering of this geometry expanded its substrate scope, with the R166A/G/Q variants recognizing up to C12 alkyl acid thioester. The structure of BmmI with acyl acceptor MLN A revealed the importance of Arg292 in the recognition of macrolide substrates. Moreover, the mechanism of the BmmI-catalyzed acyltransfer reaction was established, unmasking the deft role of Lys76 in governing acyl donors as well as catalysis. Our studies uncover the delicate mechanism underlying the substrate selectivity of acyltransferases, which would guide rational enzyme engineering for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 266003 Qingdao, China
| | | | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 266003 Qingdao, China
| | | | - Huayue Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 266003 Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 266237 Qingdao, China
| | - Cai-Hong Yun
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics & Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, 100191 Beijing, China
| | | | - Wenli Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 266003 Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 266237 Qingdao, China
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3
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Marine Microorganism-Derived Macrolactins Inhibit Inflammatory Mediator Effects in LPS-Induced Macrophage and Microglial Cells by Regulating BACH1 and HO-1/Nrf2 Signals through Inhibition of TLR4 Activation. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25030656. [PMID: 32033079 PMCID: PMC7037854 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, many natural products with unique structure and promising pharmacological potential have been reported from marine-derived microorganisms. The macrolactin A (MA), 15-epi-dihydromacrolactin F (DMF) and macrolactin F (MF) were obtained from the culture broth extract of a marine sediment derived microorganism Bacillus sp. HC001. In this study, MA, DMF and MF inhibited the production and expression of proinflammatory mediators of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase–2 (COX-2) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 and BV2 cells. Also, MA, DMF and MF exert anti-inflammatory effects through the expression of heme oxygenase (HO) -1, a stress-inducing enzyme that converts heme to carbon monoxide (CO), iron and biliberdine. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expressed by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was inhibited by increased expression of HO-1 transcription factor Nrf2 and down regulation of BTB Domain And CNC Homolog 1 (BACH1), inhibited phosphorylation of Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7 (MAP3K7, TAK1) and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB). These results show that MA, DMF and MF effectively inhibited TLR4 by regulating BACH1 and HO-1/Nrf2 signals in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 and BV2 cells, which suggests the possibility of use as an anti-inflammatory agent.
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Evaluation of the Effect of CYP2D6 Genotypes on Tramadol and O-Desmethyltramadol Pharmacokinetic Profiles in a Korean Population Using Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11110618. [PMID: 31744222 PMCID: PMC6920759 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11110618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tramadol is a μ-opioid receptor agonist and a monoamine reuptake inhibitor. O-desmethyltramadol (M1), the major active metabolite of tramadol, is produced by CYP2D6. A physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model was developed to predict changes in time-concentration profiles for tramadol and M1 according to dosage and CYP2D6 genotypes in the Korean population. Parallel artificial membrane permeation assay was performed to determine tramadol permeability, and the metabolic clearance of M1 was determined using human liver microsomes. Clinical study data were used to develop the model. Other physicochemical and pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained from the literature. Simulations for plasma concentrations of tramadol and M1 (after 100 mg tramadol was administered five times at 12-h intervals) were based on a total of 1000 virtual healthy Koreans using SimCYP® simulator. Geometric mean ratios (90% confidence intervals) (predicted/observed) for maximum plasma concentration at steady-state (Cmax,ss) and area under the curve at steady-state (AUClast,ss) were 0.79 (0.69-0.91) and 1.04 (0.85-1.28) for tramadol, and 0.63 (0.51-0.79) and 0.67 (0.54-0.84) for M1, respectively. The predicted time-concentration profiles of tramadol fitted well to observed profiles and those of M1 showed under-prediction. The developed model could be applied to predict concentration-dependent toxicities according to CYP2D6 genotypes and also, CYP2D6-related drug interactions.
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Kaspar F, Neubauer P, Gimpel M. Bioactive Secondary Metabolites from Bacillus subtilis: A Comprehensive Review. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:2038-2053. [PMID: 31287310 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis is widely underappreciated for its inherent biosynthetic potential. This report comprehensively summarizes the known bioactive secondary metabolites from B. subtilis and highlights potential applications as plant pathogen control agents, drugs, and biosurfactants. B. subtilis is well known for the production of cyclic lipopeptides exhibiting strong surfactant and antimicrobial activities, such as surfactins, iturins, and fengycins. Several polyketide-derived macrolides as well as nonribosomal peptides, dihydroisocoumarins, and linear lipopeptides with antimicrobial properties have been reported, demonstrating the biosynthetic arsenal of this bacterium. Promising efforts toward the application of B. subtilis strains and their natural products in areas of agriculture and medicine are underway. However, industrial-scale availability of these compounds is currently limited by low fermentation yields and challenging accessibility via synthesis, necessitating the development of genetically engineered strains and optimized cultivation processes. We hope that this review will attract renewed interest in this often-overlooked bacterium and its impressive biosynthetic skill set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Kaspar
- Institute of Biotechnology , Technical University of Berlin , Ackerstraße 76 , 13355 Berlin , Germany
| | - Peter Neubauer
- Institute of Biotechnology , Technical University of Berlin , Ackerstraße 76 , 13355 Berlin , Germany
| | - Matthias Gimpel
- Institute of Biotechnology , Technical University of Berlin , Ackerstraße 76 , 13355 Berlin , Germany
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Rodrigues S, Antunes SC, Correia AT, Golovko O, Žlábek V, Nunes B. Assessment of toxic effects of the antibiotic erythromycin on the marine fish gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) by a multi-biomarker approach. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 216:234-247. [PMID: 30384292 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Erythromycin (ERY) is one of the most common antibiotics used in human and veterinary practices, leading to ubiquitous environmental distribution and possible toxicity to non-target organisms. The purpose of this study was to determine sub-lethal effects of ERY towards the marine fish Sparus aurata (gilthead seabream). S. aurata were acutely (0.3-323 μg/L, 96 h) and chronically (0.7-8.8 μg/L, 28 d) exposed to ERY. Detoxification [7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD), glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), uridine-diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT)], oxidative stress [catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GRed)], lipid peroxidation [thiobarbituric acid reactive substances - (TBARS)], genotoxicity [genetic damage index (GDI) and erythrocytic nuclear abnormalities (ENAs)], neurotransmission [acetylcholinesterase (AChE)] and energy metabolism [lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)] biomarkers were evaluated. Results showed that ERY did not promote significant effects in detoxification biomarkers, but induced slight pro-oxidative effects (decrease of GPx activity in the liver after acute exposure and an increase in gills after chronic exposure; and an increase of hepatic GRed activity following chronic exposure). There was a significant decrease in TBARS after chronic exposure, which contradicts a full scenario of oxidative stress. In terms of genotoxicity, both ERY exposures caused only a significant increase of GDI. Neurotransmission and energy metabolism were not also affected by ERY. Although few toxic effects of ERY have been previously documented (involving different metabolic pathways, as tested in this work), these were mainly observed for freshwater species. These findings suggest low vulnerability of S. aurata to ERY at levels close to the ones found in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rodrigues
- Departamento de Biologia da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre S/N, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal; Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Sara C Antunes
- Departamento de Biologia da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre S/N, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal; Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Alberto T Correia
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade Fernando Pessoa (FCS-UFP), Rua Carlos da Maia 296, 4200-150, Porto, Portugal
| | - Oksana Golovko
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Žlábek
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Bruno Nunes
- Departamento de Biologia da Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal; Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Campus de Santiago, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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7
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Rodrigues S, Antunes SC, Correia AT, Nunes B. Toxicity of erythromycin to Oncorhynchus mykiss at different biochemical levels: detoxification metabolism, energetic balance, and neurological impairment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:227-239. [PMID: 30387066 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3494-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
During the last decades, the presence of antibiotics in different aquatic compartments has raised increasing interest and concern, since these compounds are usually persistent and bioactive pseudo pollutants. Erythromycin (ERY) is a macrolide antibiotic, prescribed for human and veterinary medicines but also used in aquaculture and livestock production. Taking into account the recorded environmental levels of ERY, its toxicity to non-target organisms has become a still poorly studied issue, particularly in fish. In this sense, this study investigated the acute and chronic effects of realistic levels of ERY on Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout), namely, through the quantification of the activity of enzymes involved in different biochemical pathways, such as detoxification (phase I-7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD); phase II-glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), uridine-diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs)), neurotransmission (acetylcholinesterase (AChE)), and energy production (lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)). Both types of exposure caused significant increases in EROD activity in liver of O. mykiss; an increase in GST activity in gills after chronic exposure was also observed. UGT branchial activity was significantly depressed, following the long-term exposure. Thus, EROD, GST, and UGT enzymatic forms seem to be involved in the biotransformation of ERY. In terms of neurotransmission and preferential pathway of energy homeostasis, the exposed organisms appear not to have been affected, as there were no significant alterations in terms of AChE and LDH activities, respectively. The here-obtained data suggest that the observed alterations in terms of detoxification enzymes may have prevented the establishment of a set of toxic responses, namely, neurotoxic and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rodrigues
- Departamento de Biologia da Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre S/N, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Sara C Antunes
- Departamento de Biologia da Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre S/N, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Alberto T Correia
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Fernando Pessoa (FCS-UFP), Rua Carlos da Maia, 296, 4200-150, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno Nunes
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro (UA), Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Campus de Santiago, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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Li L, Sapkota M, Gao M, Choi H, Soh Y. Macrolactin F inhibits RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis by suppressing Akt, MAPK and NFATc1 pathways and promotes osteoblastogenesis through a BMP-2/smad/Akt/Runx2 signaling pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 815:202-209. [PMID: 28919027 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The balance between bone formation and bone resorption is maintained by osteoblasts and osteoclasts. In the current study, macrolactin F (MF) was investigated for novel biological activity on the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis in primary bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs). We found that RANKL-induced osteoclast formation and differentiation from BMMs was significantly inhibited by MF in a dose-dependent manner without cytotoxicity. RANKL-induced F-actin ring formation and bone resorption activity in BMMs which was attenuated by MF. In addition, MF suppressed the expression of osteoclast-related genes, including c-myc, RANK, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1), cathepsin K and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9). Furthermore, the protein expression NFATc1, c-Fos, MMP9, cathepsin K and phosphorylation of Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38 and Akt were also down-regulated by MF treatment. Interestingly, MF promoted pre-osteoblast cell differentiation on Alizarin Red-mineralization activity, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and the expression of osteoblastogenic markers including Runx2, Osterix, Smad4, ALP, type I collagen alpha 1 (Col1α), osteopontin (OPN), and osteocalcin (OCN) via activation of the BMP-2/smad/Akt/Runx2 pathway on MC3T3-E1. Taken together, these results indicate that MF may be useful as a therapeutic agent to enhance bone health and treat osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Li
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Mahesh Sapkota
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Ming Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyukjae Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yunjo Soh
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea.
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Jin J, Choi SH, Lee JE, Joo JD, Han JH, Park SY, Kim CY. Antitumor activity of 7-O-succinyl macrolactin A tromethamine salt in the mouse glioma model. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:3767-3773. [PMID: 28529591 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.5918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoradiotherapy with temozolomide is the current standard treatment option for patients with glioblastoma. However, the majority of patients with glioblastoma survive for <2 years. Therefore, it is necessary to develop more effective therapeutic strategies for the treatment of glioblastoma. 7-O-succinyl macrolactin A tromethamine salt (SMA salt), a macrolactin compound, is known to possess an antiangiogenic activity. The present study investigated the antitumor effects of SMA salt in the treatment of glioblastoma by evaluating in vitro and in vivo antitumor effects of SMA salt in an experimental glioblastoma model. The antitumor effects of the drug on human glioblastoma U87MG, U251MG and LN229 cell lines were assessed using in vitro cell viability, migration and invasion assays. Nude mice with established U87MG glioblastoma were assigned to either the control or SMA salt treatment group. The volume of tumors and the duration of survival were also measured. SMA salt affected cell viability and caused a concentration-dependent inhibition effect on the migration and invasion of glioblastoma cell lines. Animals in the SMA salt treatment group demonstrated a significant reduction in tumor volume and an increase in survival (P<0.05). Treatment with SMA salt presented more cytotoxic effects as well as anti-migration and anti-invasion activity compared with the control group in vitro and in vivo. These results suggest that SMA salt has significant antitumor effects on glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Jin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13620, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Suh Hee Choi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Eun Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Deok Joo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13620, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Ho Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13620, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Young Park
- Research and Development Center, Daewoo Pharmaceutical Ind. Co., Ltd., Busan 49393, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae-Yong Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13620, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
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Backman JT, Filppula AM, Niemi M, Neuvonen PJ. Role of Cytochrome P450 2C8 in Drug Metabolism and Interactions. Pharmacol Rev 2016; 68:168-241. [PMID: 26721703 DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.011411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last 10-15 years, cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C8 has emerged as an important drug-metabolizing enzyme. CYP2C8 is highly expressed in human liver and is known to metabolize more than 100 drugs. CYP2C8 substrate drugs include amodiaquine, cerivastatin, dasabuvir, enzalutamide, imatinib, loperamide, montelukast, paclitaxel, pioglitazone, repaglinide, and rosiglitazone, and the number is increasing. Similarly, many drugs have been identified as CYP2C8 inhibitors or inducers. In vivo, already a small dose of gemfibrozil, i.e., 10% of its therapeutic dose, is a strong, irreversible inhibitor of CYP2C8. Interestingly, recent findings indicate that the acyl-β-glucuronides of gemfibrozil and clopidogrel cause metabolism-dependent inactivation of CYP2C8, leading to a strong potential for drug interactions. Also several other glucuronide metabolites interact with CYP2C8 as substrates or inhibitors, suggesting that an interplay between CYP2C8 and glucuronides is common. Lack of fully selective and safe probe substrates, inhibitors, and inducers challenges execution and interpretation of drug-drug interaction studies in humans. Apart from drug-drug interactions, some CYP2C8 genetic variants are associated with altered CYP2C8 activity and exhibit significant interethnic frequency differences. Herein, we review the current knowledge on substrates, inhibitors, inducers, and pharmacogenetics of CYP2C8, as well as its role in clinically relevant drug interactions. In addition, implications for selection of CYP2C8 marker and perpetrator drugs to investigate CYP2C8-mediated drug metabolism and interactions in preclinical and clinical studies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne T Backman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki (J.T.B., A.M.F., M.N., P.J.N.), and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (J.T.B., M.N., P.J.N.)
| | - Anne M Filppula
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki (J.T.B., A.M.F., M.N., P.J.N.), and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (J.T.B., M.N., P.J.N.)
| | - Mikko Niemi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki (J.T.B., A.M.F., M.N., P.J.N.), and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (J.T.B., M.N., P.J.N.)
| | - Pertti J Neuvonen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki (J.T.B., A.M.F., M.N., P.J.N.), and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (J.T.B., M.N., P.J.N.)
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11
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Liu Y, Qin W, Liu Q, Zhang J, Li H, Xu S, Ren P, Tian L, Li W. Genome-wide identification and characterization of macrolide glycosyltransferases from a marine-derived Bacillus strain and their phylogenetic distribution. Environ Microbiol 2016; 18:4770-4781. [PMID: 27130432 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Clarifying glycosyltrasferases (GTs) function is of significance for the development of GT inhibitors as drugs, and the use of GTs to glycodiversify small molecules in the search of drug leads. While many Actinomyces natural-product GTs had been functionally characterized, our understanding towards Bacillus natural-product GTs is so far very limited. Herein, genome-wide identification of macrolide GT genes from marine-derived Bacillus methylotrophicus B-9987 revealed the presence of three macrolide GT genes bmmGT1-3. While bmmGT1 was previously revealed to be involved in the biosynthesis of trans-acyltransferase (AT) polyketides compounds macrolactins (MLNs) and bacillaenes (BAEs), the functions of bmmGT2 and bmmGT3 were probed, demonstrating that they are capable to biochemically catalyze glycosylation of MLNs and BAEs as well but interestingly with different regioselectivity, affording four new MLNs analogs. Notably, further genome mining revealed that the orthologs of these three macrolide GT genes showed a regular distribution in the subtilis- and the cereus-clade Bacillus strains; interestingly, bmmGT1 orthologs only occurred in the subtilis-clade Bacillus, and they were also found in the genomes of Streptomyces strains, suggesting their close phylogenetic relationship. These results provide the first significant insight into the important roles of Bacillus macrolide GTs in the biology of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Wen Qin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Quanquan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Huayue Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Shanshan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Pengfei Ren
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Li Tian
- First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, 6 Xianxialing Road Qingdao, SD, 266061, P. R. China.,Qingdao University of Science & Technology, 53 Zhen Zhou Road Qingdao, SD, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Wenli Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
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12
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Mancuso R, Raut DS, Della Ca' N, Fini F, Carfagna C, Gabriele B. Catalytic Oxidative Carbonylation of Amino Moieties to Ureas, Oxamides, 2-Oxazolidinones, and Benzoxazolones. CHEMSUSCHEM 2015; 8:2204-2211. [PMID: 26089244 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201500343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The direct syntheses of ureas, oxamides, 2-oxazolidinones, and benzoxazolones by the oxidative carbonylation of amines, β-amino alcohols, and 2-aminophenols allows us to obtain high value added molecules, which have a large number of important applications in several fields, from very simple building blocks. We have found that it is possible to perform these transformations using the PdI2 /KI catalytic system in an ionic liquid, such as 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, as the solvent, the solvent/catalyst system can be recycled several times with only a slight loss of activity, and the product can be recovered easily by crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Mancuso
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci, 12/C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS) (Italy).
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica, Energetica e Gestionale, Università della Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS) (Italy).
| | - Dnyaneshwar S Raut
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci, 12/C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS) (Italy)
| | - Nicola Della Ca'
- Dipartimento di Chimica and CIRCC, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17 A, 43124 Parma (Italy)
| | - Francesco Fini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università di Urbino, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino (PU) (Italy)
| | - Carla Carfagna
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna (Italy)
| | - Bartolo Gabriele
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci, 12/C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS) (Italy).
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