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AL-Muzahmi M, Rizvi M, AL-Quraini M, AL-Muharrmi Z, AL-Jabri Z. Comparative Genomic Analysis Reveals the Emergence of ST-231 and ST-395 Klebsiella pneumoniae Strains Associated with the High Transmissibility of blaKPC Plasmids. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2411. [PMID: 37894068 PMCID: PMC10608898 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Conjugative transposons in Gram-negative bacteria have a significant role in the dissemination of antibiotic-resistance-conferring genes between bacteria. This study aims to genomically characterize plasmids and conjugative transposons carrying integrons in clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae. The genetic composition of conjugative transposons and phenotypic assessment of 50 multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae isolates from a tertiary-care hospital (SQUH), Muscat, Oman, were investigated. Horizontal transferability was investigated by filter mating conjugation experiments. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed to determine the sequence type (ST), acquired resistome, and plasmidome of integron-carrying strains. Class 1 integrons were detected in 96% of isolates and, among integron-positive isolates, 18 stains contained variable regions. Horizontal transferability by conjugation confirmed the successful transfer of integrons between cells and WGS confirmed their presence in conjugative plasmids. Dihydrofolate reductase (dfrA14) was the most prevalent (34.8%) gene cassette in class 1 integrons. MLST analysis detected predominantly ST-231 and ST-395. BlaOXA-232 and blaCTX-M-15 were the most frequently detected carbapenemases and beta-lactamases in the sequenced isolates. This study highlighted the high transmissibility of MDR-conferring conjugative plasmids in clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae. Therefore, the wise use of antibiotics and the adherence to effective infection control measures are necessary to limit the further dissemination of multidrug-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meher Rizvi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman;
| | - Munawr AL-Quraini
- Microbiology and Immunology Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat 123, Oman; (M.A.-Q.); (Z.A.-M.)
| | - Zakariya AL-Muharrmi
- Microbiology and Immunology Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat 123, Oman; (M.A.-Q.); (Z.A.-M.)
| | - Zaaima AL-Jabri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman;
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Algarni S, Ricke SC, Foley SL, Han J. The Dynamics of the Antimicrobial Resistance Mobilome of Salmonella enterica and Related Enteric Bacteria. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:859854. [PMID: 35432284 PMCID: PMC9008345 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.859854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The foodborne pathogen Salmonella enterica is considered a global public health risk. Salmonella enterica isolates can develop resistance to several antimicrobial drugs due to the rapid spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes, thus increasing the impact on hospitalization and treatment costs, as well as the healthcare system. Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) play key roles in the dissemination of AMR genes in S. enterica isolates. Multiple phenotypic and molecular techniques have been utilized to better understand the biology and epidemiology of plasmids including DNA sequence analyses, whole genome sequencing (WGS), incompatibility typing, and conjugation studies of plasmids from S. enterica and related species. Focusing on the dynamics of AMR genes is critical for identification and verification of emerging multidrug resistance. The aim of this review is to highlight the updated knowledge of AMR genes in the mobilome of Salmonella and related enteric bacteria. The mobilome is a term defined as all MGEs, including plasmids, transposons, insertion sequences (ISs), gene cassettes, integrons, and resistance islands, that contribute to the potential spread of genes in an organism, including S. enterica isolates and related species, which are the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suad Algarni
- Division of Microbiology, FDA National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, United States
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Steven C. Ricke
- Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Steven L. Foley
- Division of Microbiology, FDA National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, United States
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Jing Han
- Division of Microbiology, FDA National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, United States
- *Correspondence: Jing Han,
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Pong CH, Hall RM. An X1α plasmid from a Salmonella enterica serovar Ohio isolate carrying a novel IS26-bounded tet(C) pseudo-compound transposon. Plasmid 2021; 114:102561. [PMID: 33485833 DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2021.102561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The sequence of a conjugative plasmid, pSRC22-2, found in a multiply antibiotic resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Ohio isolate SRC22 originally cultured from swine in 1999, was determined. Plasmid pSRC22-2 has a copy number of approximately 40 and transfers tetracycline resistance at very high frequency. It was typed as IncX1 using the three typing schemes proposed for X-type plasmids, which utilize the replication region, iteron region and taxC conjugation gene and pSRC22-2 belongs to the X1α subgroup. The plasmid backbone, derived by removing mobile elements, is shared with pOLA52, which was the first fully sequenced IncX1 plasmid, and five other X1α plasmids. The pSRC22-2 backbone is interrupted by a complete copy of an IS903 isoform, partial copies of IS1 and IS903 on either side of a 5930 bp IS26-bounded pseudo-compound transposon (PCT), and a novel 256 bp miniature inverted repeat transposable element (MITE). The MITE belongs to the Tn3 family and was named MITESen1. The PCT, which carries a tet(C) tetracycline resistance determinant, is bounded by copies of a novel IS26 variant, IS26-v4, and was designated PTn6184. Comparison of PTn6184 with other tet(C)-carrying PCTs revealed that it can be derived from the largest, PTntet(C), via a two-step process that re-orders the central fragment and involves both an IS26-mediated event and homologous recombination. IS26-v4, which encodes a variant transposase, Tnp26 G184D, has appeared in only 46 entries in the GenBank non-redundant database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol H Pong
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ruth M Hall
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Evolution of IS26-bounded pseudo-compound transposons carrying the tet(C) tetracycline resistance determinant. Plasmid 2020; 112:102541. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2020.102541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Pholwat S, Pongpan T, Chinli R, Rogawski McQuade ET, Thaipisuttikul I, Ratanakorn P, Liu J, Taniuchi M, Houpt ER, Foongladda S. Antimicrobial Resistance in Swine Fecal Specimens Across Different Farm Management Systems. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1238. [PMID: 32625181 PMCID: PMC7311580 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial use in agricultural animals is known to be associated with increases in antimicrobial resistance. Most prior studies have utilized culture and susceptibility testing of select organisms to document these phenomena. In this study we aimed to detect 66 antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes for 10 antimicrobial agent classes directly in swine fecal samples using our previously developed antimicrobial resistance TaqMan array card (AMR-TAC) across three different swine farm management systems. This included 38 extensive antimicrobial use (both in treatment and feed), 30 limited antimicrobial use (treatment only), and 30 no antimicrobial use farms. The number of resistance genes detected in extensive antimicrobial use farms was higher than in limited and no antimicrobial use farms (28.2 genes ± 4.2 vs. 24.0 genes ± 4.1 and 22.8 genes ± 3.6, respectively, p < 0.05). A principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering of the AMR gene data showed the extensive use farm samples were disparate from the limited and no antimicrobial use farms. The prevalence of resistance genes in extensive use farms was significantly higher than the other farm categories for 18 resistance genes including bla SHV, bla CTX-M1 group, bla CTX-M9 group, bla VEB, bla CMY2-LAT, aac(6')-lb-cr, qnrB1, gyrA83L-E. coli, armA, rmtB, aac(3)-IIa, mphA, 23S rRNA 2075G-Campylobacter spp., mcr-1, catA1, floR, dfrA5-14, and dfrA17. These genotypic findings were supported by phenotypic susceptibility results on fecal E. coli isolates. To examine the timing of AMR gene abundance in swine farms, we also performed a longitudinal study in pigs. The results showed that AMR prevalence occurred both early, presumably from mothers, as well as after weaning, presumably from the environment. In summary, detection of AMR genes directly in fecal samples can be used to qualitatively and quantitatively monitor AMR in swine farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suporn Pholwat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Tawat Pongpan
- Swine Veterinarian Service, Charoen Pokphand Foods PCL, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rattapha Chinli
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Elizabeth T. Rogawski McQuade
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Iyarit Thaipisuttikul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Parntep Ratanakorn
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Jie Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Mami Taniuchi
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Eric R. Houpt
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Suporn Foongladda
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Cao G, Allard M, Hoffmann M, Muruvanda T, Luo Y, Payne J, Meng K, Zhao S, McDermott P, Brown E, Meng J. Sequence Analysis of IncA/C and IncI1 Plasmids Isolated from Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella Newport Using Single-Molecule Real-Time Sequencing. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2018; 15:361-371. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2017.2385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Guojie Cao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland
| | - Marc Allard
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland
| | - Maria Hoffmann
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland
| | - Tim Muruvanda
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland
| | - Yan Luo
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland
| | - Justin Payne
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland
| | - Kevin Meng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Shaohua Zhao
- Division of Animal and Food Microbiology, Office of Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland
| | - Patrick McDermott
- Division of Animal and Food Microbiology, Office of Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland
| | - Eric Brown
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland
| | - Jianghong Meng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
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7
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Impact of co-carriage of IncA/C plasmids with additional plasmids on the transfer of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella enterica isolates. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 271:77-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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8
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Compatibility and entry exclusion of IncA and IncC plasmids revisited: IncA and IncC plasmids are compatible. Plasmid 2018; 96-97:7-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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9
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PCR-based typing of IncC plasmids. Plasmid 2016; 87-88:37-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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Harmer CJ, Hall RM. The A to Z of A/C plasmids. Plasmid 2015; 80:63-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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11
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In Vivo Transmission of an IncA/C Plasmid in Escherichia coli Depends on Tetracycline Concentration, and Acquisition of the Plasmid Results in a Variable Cost of Fitness. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:3561-70. [PMID: 25769824 DOI: 10.1128/aem.04193-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
IncA/C plasmids are broad-host-range plasmids enabling multidrug resistance that have emerged worldwide among bacterial pathogens of humans and animals. Although antibiotic usage is suspected to be a driving force in the emergence of such strains, few studies have examined the impact of different types of antibiotic administration on the selection of plasmid-containing multidrug resistant isolates. In this study, chlortetracycline treatment at different concentrations in pig feed was examined for its impact on selection and dissemination of an IncA/C plasmid introduced orally via a commensal Escherichia coli host. Continuous low-dose administration of chlortetracycline at 50 g per ton had no observable impact on the proportions of IncA/C plasmid-containing E. coli from pig feces over the course of 35 days. In contrast, high-dose administration of chlortetracycline at 350 g per ton significantly increased IncA/C plasmid-containing E. coli in pig feces (P < 0.001) and increased movement of the IncA/C plasmid to other indigenous E. coli hosts. There was no evidence of conjugal transfer of the IncA/C plasmid to bacterial species other than E. coli. In vitro competition assays demonstrated that bacterial host background substantially impacted the cost of IncA/C plasmid carriage in E. coli and Salmonella. In vitro transfer and selection experiments demonstrated that tetracycline at 32 μg/ml was necessary to enhance IncA/C plasmid conjugative transfer, while subinhibitory concentrations of tetracycline in vitro strongly selected for IncA/C plasmid-containing E. coli. Together, these experiments improve our knowledge on the impact of differing concentrations of tetracycline on the selection of IncA/C-type plasmids.
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12
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Harmer CJ, Holt KE, Hall RM. A type 2 A/C2 plasmid carrying the aacC4 apramycin resistance gene and the erm(42) erythromycin resistance gene recovered from two Salmonella enterica serovars. J Antimicrob Chemother 2014; 70:1021-5. [PMID: 25468903 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dku489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the relationships between RepA/C2 plasmids carrying several antibiotic resistance genes found in isolates of Salmonella enterica serovars Ohio and Senftenberg from pigs. METHODS Illumina HiSeq was used to sequence seven S. enterica isolates. BLAST searches identified relevant A/C2 plasmid contigs and contigs were assembled using PCR. RESULTS Two serovar Ohio isolates were ST329 and the five Senftenberg isolates were ST210. The A/C2 plasmids recovered from the seven isolates belong to type 2 and contain two resistance islands. Their backbones are closely related, differing by five or fewer SNPs. The sul2-containing resistance island ARI-B is 19.9 kb and also contains the kanamycin and neomycin resistance gene aphA1, the tetracycline resistance gene tetA(D) and an erythromycin resistance gene, erm(42), not previously seen in A/C2 plasmids. A second 30.3 kb resistance island, RI-119, is in a unique location in the A/C2 backbone 8.2 kb downstream of rhs. RI-119 contained genes conferring resistance to apramycin, netilmicin and tobramycin (aacC4), hygromycin (hph), sulphonamides (sul1) and spectinomycin and streptomycin (aadA2). In one of the seven plasmids, this resistance region contained two IS26-mediated deletions. A discrete 5.7 kb segment containing the aacC4 and hph genes and bounded by IS26 on one side and the inverted repeat of Tn5393 on the other was identified. CONCLUSIONS The presence of almost identical A/C2 plasmids in two serovars indicates a common origin. Type 2 A/C2 plasmids continue to evolve via addition of new resistance regions such as RI-119 and evolution of existing ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Harmer
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kathryn E Holt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ruth M Hall
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Harmer CJ, Hall RM. pRMH760, a Precursor of A/C2 Plasmids Carrying blaCMY and blaNDM Genes. Microb Drug Resist 2014; 20:416-23. [DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2014.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruth M. Hall
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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14
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Frye JG, Jackson CR. Genetic mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance identified in Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, and Enteroccocus spp. isolated from U.S. food animals. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:135. [PMID: 23734150 PMCID: PMC3661942 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AR) in bacteria isolated from U.S. food animals has increased over the last several decades as have concerns of AR foodborne zoonotic human infections. Resistance mechanisms identified in U.S. animal isolates of Salmonella enterica included resistance to aminoglycosides (e.g., alleles of aacC, aadA, aadB, ant, aphA, and StrAB), β-lactams (e.g., blaCMY−2, TEM−1, PSE−1), chloramphenicol (e.g., floR, cmlA, cat1, cat2), folate pathway inhibitors (e.g., alleles of sul and dfr), and tetracycline [e.g., alleles of tet(A), (B), (C), (D), (G), and tetR]. In the U.S., multi-drug resistance (MDR) mechanisms in Salmonella animal isolates were associated with integrons, or mobile genetic elements (MGEs) such as IncA/C plasmids which can be transferred among bacteria. It is thought that AR Salmonella originates in food animals and is transmitted through food to humans. However, some AR Salmonella isolated from humans in the U.S. have different AR elements than those isolated from food animals, suggesting a different etiology for some AR human infections. The AR mechanisms identified in isolates from outside the U.S. are also predominantly different. For example the extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) are found in human and animal isolates globally; however, in the U.S., ESBLs thus far have only been found in human and not food animal isolates. Commensal bacteria in animals including Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. may be reservoirs for AR mechanisms. Many of the AR genes and MGEs found in E. coli isolated from U.S. animals are similar to those found in Salmonella. Enterococcus spp. isolated from animals frequently carry MGEs with AR genes, including resistances to aminoglycosides (e.g., alleles of aac, ant, and aph), macrolides [e.g., erm(A), erm(B), and msrC], and tetracyclines [e.g., tet(K), (L), (M), (O), (S)]. Continuing investigations are required to help understand and mitigate the impact of AR bacteria on human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G Frye
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture Athens, GA, USA
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15
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Doyle MP, Loneragan GH, Scott HM, Singer RS. Antimicrobial Resistance: Challenges and Perspectives. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Doyle
- Center for Food Safety; The Univ. of Georgia; 1109 Experiment St. Griffin; GA 30223; USA
| | - Guy H. Loneragan
- Intl. Center for Food Industry Excellence; Texas Tech Univ., Dept. of Animal and Food Sciences; P.O. Box 42141; Lubbock; TX 79409; U.S.A
| | - H. Morgan Scott
- Dept. of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology; Kansas State Univ.; 332 Coles Hall; Manhattan; KS 66506; USA
| | - Randall S. Singer
- Dept. of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Univ. of Minnesota; 1971 Commonwealth Ave.; St. Paul; MN 55108; USA
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16
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Glenn LM, Englen MD, Lindsey RL, Frank JF, Turpin JE, Berrang ME, Meinersmann RJ, Fedorka-Cray PJ, Frye JG. Analysis of antimicrobial resistance genes detected in multiple-drug-resistant Escherichia coli isolates from broiler chicken carcasses. Microb Drug Resist 2012; 18:453-63. [PMID: 22385320 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2011.0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-drug-resistant (MDR) bacteria in food animals are a potential problem in both animal and human health. In this study, MDR commensal Escherichia coli isolates from poultry were examined. Thirty-two E. coli isolates from broiler carcass rinses were selected based on their resistance to aminoglycosides, β-lactams, chloramphenicols, tetracyclines, and sulfonamide antimicrobials. Microarray analysis for the presence of antimicrobial resistance and plasmid genes identified aminoglycoside [aac(6), aac(3), aadA, aph, strA, and strB], β-lactam (bla(AmpC), bla(TEM), bla(CMY), and bla(PSE-1)), chloramphenicol (cat, flo, and cmlA), sulfamethoxazole (sulI and sulII), tetracycline [tet(A), tet(C), tet(D), and tetR], and trimethoprim (dfrA) resistance genes. IncA/C plasmid core genes were detected in 27 isolates, while IncHI1 plasmid genes were detected in one isolate, indicating the likely presence of these plasmids. PCR assays for 18 plasmid replicon types often associated with MDR in Enterobacteriaceae also detected one or more replicon types in all 32 isolates. Class I integrons were investigated by PCR amplification of the integrase I gene, intI1, and the cassette region flanked by conserved sequences. Twenty-five isolates were positive for the intI1 gene, and class I integrons ranging in size from ~1,000 to 3,300 bp were identified in 19 of them. The presence of class I integrons, IncA/C plasmid genes, and MDR-associated plasmid replicons in the isolates indicates the importance of these genetic elements in the accumulation and potential spread of antimicrobial resistance genes in the microbial community associated with poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lashanda M Glenn
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA
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17
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Stokes HW, Gillings MR. Gene flow, mobile genetic elements and the recruitment of antibiotic resistance genes into Gram-negative pathogens. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2011; 35:790-819. [PMID: 21517914 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00273.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics were one of the great discoveries of the 20th century. However, resistance appeared even in the earliest years of the antibiotic era. Antibiotic resistance continues to become worse, despite the ever-increasing resources devoted to combat the problem. One of the most important factors in the development of resistance to antibiotics is the remarkable ability of bacteria to share genetic resources via Lateral Gene Transfer (LGT). LGT occurs on a global scale, such that in theory, any gene in any organism anywhere in the microbial biosphere might be mobilized and spread. With sufficiently strong selection, any gene may spread to a point where it establishes a global presence. From an antibiotic resistance perspective, this means that a resistance phenotype can appear in a diverse range of infections around the globe nearly simultaneously. We discuss the forces and agents that make this LGT possible and argue that the problem of resistance can ultimately only be managed by understanding the problem from a broad ecological and evolutionary perspective. We also argue that human activities are exacerbating the problem by increasing the tempo of LGT and bacterial evolution for many traits that are important to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatch W Stokes
- The i3 Institute, University of Technology, Broadway 2007, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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