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Jakubu V, Vrbova I, Bitar I, Cechova M, Malisova L, Zemlickova H. Evolution of mutations in the ftsI gene leading to amino acid substitutions in PBP3 in Haemophilus influenzae strains under the selective pressure of ampicillin and cefuroxime. Int J Med Microbiol 2024; 316:151626. [PMID: 38954914 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2024.151626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aminopenicillins are recommended agents for non-invasive Haemophilus influenzae infections. One of the mechanisms of resistance to β-lactams is the alteration of the transpeptidase region of penicillin binding protein 3 (PBP3) which is caused by mutations in the ftsI gene. It was shown that exposure to beta-lactams has a stimulating effect on increase of prevalence of H. influenzae strains with the non-enzymatic mechanism of resistance. OBJECTIVES The aim of our study was to compare the mutational potential of ampicillin and cefuroxime in H. influenzae strains, determination of minimum inhibitory concentration and the evolution of mutations over time, focusing on amino acid substitutions in PBP3. METHODS 30 days of serial passaging of strains in liquid broth containing increasing concentrations of ampicillin or cefuroxime was followed by whole-genome sequencing. RESULTS On average, cefuroxime increased the minimum inhibitory concentration more than ampicillin. The minimum inhibitory concentration was increased by a maximum of 32 fold. Substitutions in the PBP3 started to appear after 15 days of passaging. In PBP3, cefuroxime caused different substitutions than ampicillin. CONCLUSIONS Our experiment observed differences in mutation selection by ampicillin and cefuroxime. Selection pressure of antibiotics in vitro generated substitutions that do not occur in clinical strains in the Czech Republic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav Jakubu
- National Reference Laboratory for Antibiotics, Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Srobarova 49/48, 100 00 Prague 10, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Microbiology, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Kralovske Vinohrady University Hospital and National Institute of Public Health, Charles University, Ruska 87, 100 00 Prague 10, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Iveta Vrbova
- National Reference Laboratory for Antibiotics, Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Srobarova 49/48, 100 00 Prague 10, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ibrahim Bitar
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 1237/65, 301 00, Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Cechova
- National Reference Laboratory for Antibiotics, Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Srobarova 49/48, 100 00 Prague 10, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Malisova
- National Reference Laboratory for Antibiotics, Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Srobarova 49/48, 100 00 Prague 10, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Microbiology, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Kralovske Vinohrady University Hospital and National Institute of Public Health, Charles University, Ruska 87, 100 00 Prague 10, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Zemlickova
- National Reference Laboratory for Antibiotics, Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Srobarova 49/48, 100 00 Prague 10, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Microbiology, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Kralovske Vinohrady University Hospital and National Institute of Public Health, Charles University, Ruska 87, 100 00 Prague 10, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Kobras CM, Monteith W, Somerville S, Delaney JM, Khan I, Brimble C, Corrigan RM, Sheppard SK, Fenton AK. Loss of Pde1 function acts as an evolutionary gateway to penicillin resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2308029120. [PMID: 37796984 PMCID: PMC10576035 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2308029120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major human pathogen and rising resistance to β-lactam antibiotics, such as penicillin, is a significant threat to global public health. Mutations occurring in the penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) can confer high-level penicillin resistance but other poorly understood genetic factors are also important. Here, we combined strictly controlled laboratory experiments and population analyses to identify a new penicillin resistance pathway that is independent of PBP modification. Initial laboratory selection experiments identified high-frequency pde1 mutations conferring S. pneumoniae penicillin resistance. The importance of variation at the pde1 locus was confirmed in natural and clinical populations in an analysis of >7,200 S. pneumoniae genomes. The pde1 mutations identified by these approaches reduce the hydrolytic activity of the Pde1 enzyme in bacterial cells and thereby elevate levels of cyclic-di-adenosine monophosphate and penicillin resistance. Our results reveal rapid de novo loss of function mutations in pde1 as an evolutionary gateway conferring low-level penicillin resistance. This relatively simple genomic change allows cells to persist in populations on an adaptive evolutionary pathway to acquire further genetic changes and high-level penicillin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin M. Kobras
- School for Biosciences, Florey Institute for Host-Pathogen Interactions, University of Sheffield, SheffieldS10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - William Monteith
- Department of Biology, Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, University of Oxford, OxfordOX1 3SZ, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Somerville
- School for Biosciences, Florey Institute for Host-Pathogen Interactions, University of Sheffield, SheffieldS10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - James M. Delaney
- School for Biosciences, Florey Institute for Host-Pathogen Interactions, University of Sheffield, SheffieldS10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Imran Khan
- School for Biosciences, Florey Institute for Host-Pathogen Interactions, University of Sheffield, SheffieldS10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Camilla Brimble
- School for Biosciences, Florey Institute for Host-Pathogen Interactions, University of Sheffield, SheffieldS10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca M. Corrigan
- School for Biosciences, Florey Institute for Host-Pathogen Interactions, University of Sheffield, SheffieldS10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel K. Sheppard
- Department of Biology, Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, University of Oxford, OxfordOX1 3SZ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew K. Fenton
- School for Biosciences, Florey Institute for Host-Pathogen Interactions, University of Sheffield, SheffieldS10 2TN, United Kingdom
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3
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Li L, Ma J, Yu Z, Li M, Zhang W, Sun H. Epidemiological characteristics and antibiotic resistance mechanisms of Streptococcus pneumoniae: An updated review. Microbiol Res 2023; 266:127221. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Khan K, Jalal K, Khan A, Al-Harrasi A, Uddin R. Comparative Metabolic Pathways Analysis and Subtractive Genomics Profiling to Prioritize Potential Drug Targets Against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:796363. [PMID: 35222301 PMCID: PMC8866961 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.796363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a notorious pathogen that affects ∼450 million people worldwide and causes up to four million deaths per annum. Despite availability of antibiotics (i.e., penicillin, doxycycline, or clarithromycin) and conjugate vaccines (e.g., PCVs), it is still challenging to treat because of its drug resistance ability. The rise of antibiotic resistance in S. pneumoniae is a major source of concern across the world. Computational subtractive genomics is one of the most applied techniques in which the whole proteome of the bacterial pathogen is gradually reduced to a limited number of potential therapeutic targets. Whole-genome sequencing has greatly reduced the time required and provides more opportunities for drug target identification. The goal of this work is to evaluate and analyze metabolic pathways in serotype 14 of S. pneumonia to identify potential drug targets. In the present study, 47 potent drug targets were identified against S. pneumonia by employing the computational subtractive genomics approach. Among these, two proteins are prioritized (i.e., 4-oxalocrotonate tautomerase and Sensor histidine kinase uniquely present in S. pneumonia) as novel drug targets and selected for further structure-based studies. The identified proteins may provide a platform for the discovery of a lead drug candidate that may be capable of inhibiting these proteins and, therefore, could be helpful in minimizing the associated risk related to the drug-resistant S. pneumoniae. Finally, these enzymatic proteins could be of prime interest against S. pneumoniae to design rational targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanwal Khan
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Khurshid Jalal
- HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Ajmal Khan
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Reaz Uddin
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
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5
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Bottalico L, Charitos IA, Potenza MA, Montagnani M, Santacroce L. The war against bacteria, from the past to present and beyond. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2021; 20:681-706. [PMID: 34874223 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2022.2013809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The human defense against microorganisms dates back to the ancient civilizations, with attempts to use substances from vegetal, animal, or inorganic origin to fight infections. Today, the emerging threat of multidrug-resistant bacteria highlights the consequences of antibiotics inappropriate use, and the urgent need for novel effective molecules. METHODS AND MATERIALS We extensively researched on more recent data within PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, Elsevier's EMBASE, Cochrane Review for the modern pharmacology in between 1987 - 2021. The historical evolution included a detailed analysis of past studies on the significance of medical applications in the ancient therapeutic field. AREAS COVERED We examined the history of antibiotics development and discovery, the most relevant biochemical aspects of their mode of action, and the biomolecular mechanisms conferring bacterial resistance to antibiotics. EXPERT OPINION The list of pathogens showing low sensitivity or full resistance to most currently available antibiotics is growing worldwide. Long after the 'golden age' of antibiotic discovery, the most novel molecules should be carefully reserved to treat serious bacterial infections of susceptible bacteria. A correct diagnostic and therapeutic procedure can slow down the spreading of nosocomial and community infections sustained by multidrug-resistant bacterial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucrezia Bottalico
- Interdepartmental Research Center for Pre-Latin, Latin and Oriental Rights and Culture Studies (Cediclo), University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Ioannis Alexandros Charitos
- Interdepartmental Research Center for Pre-Latin, Latin and Oriental Rights and Culture Studies (Cediclo), University of Bari, Bari, Italy.,Emergency/Urgent Department, National Poisoning Center, Riuniti University Hospital of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Maria Assunta Potenza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology - Section of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro," Policlinico University Hospital of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Monica Montagnani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology - Section of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro," Policlinico University Hospital of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Luigi Santacroce
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Microbiology and Virology Unit, School of Medicine,University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
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Peters K, Schweizer I, Hakenbeck R, Denapaite D. New Insights into Beta-Lactam Resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae: Serine Protease HtrA Degrades Altered Penicillin-Binding Protein 2x. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081685. [PMID: 34442764 PMCID: PMC8400419 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced amounts of the essential penicillin-binding protein 2x (PBP2x) were detected in two cefotaxime-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae laboratory mutants C405 and C606. These mutants contain two or four mutations in the penicillin-binding domain of PBP2x, respectively. The transcription of the pbp2x gene was not affected in both mutants; thus, the reduced PBP2x amounts were likely due to post-transcriptional regulation. The mutants carry a mutation in the histidine protein kinase gene ciaH, resulting in enhanced gene expression mediated by the cognate response regulator CiaR. Deletion of htrA, encoding a serine protease regulated by CiaR, or inactivation of HtrA proteolytic activity showed that HtrA is indeed responsible for PBP2x degradation in both mutants, and that this affects β-lactam resistance. Depletion of the PBP2xC405 in different genetic backgrounds confirmed that HtrA degrades PBP2xC405. A GFP-PBP2xC405 fusion protein still localized at the septum in the absence of HtrA. The complementation studies in HtrA deletion strains showed that HtrA can be overexpressed in pneumococcal cells to specific levels, depending on the genetic background. Quantitative Western blotting revealed that the PBP2x amount in C405 strain was less than 20% compared to parental strain, suggesting that PBP2x is an abundant protein in S. pneumoniae R6 strain.
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7
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Varghese R, Neeravi A, Subramanian N, Baskar P, Anandhan K, Veeraraghavan B. Analysis of Amino Acid Sequences of Penicillin-Binding Proteins 1a, 2b, and 2x in Invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae Nonsusceptible to Penicillin Isolated from Children in India. Microb Drug Resist 2021; 27:311-319. [DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2020.0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rosemol Varghese
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, India
| | - Ayyanraj Neeravi
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, India
| | - Nithya Subramanian
- Department of Child Health, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, India
| | - Pavithra Baskar
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, India
| | - Kavipriya Anandhan
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, India
| | - Balaji Veeraraghavan
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, India
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8
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Kaiser S, Hoppstädter LM, Bilici K, Heieck K, Brückner R. Control of acetyl phosphate-dependent phosphorylation of the response regulator CiaR by acetate kinase in Streptococcus pneumoniae. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2021; 166:411-421. [PMID: 32553069 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The two-component regulatory system CiaRH of Streptococcus pneumoniae affects a large variety of physiological processes including ß-lactam resistance, competence development, maintenance of cell integrity, bacteriocin production, but also host colonization and virulence. The response regulator CiaR is active under a wide variety of conditions and the cognate CiaH kinase is not always needed to maintain CiaR activity. Using tetracycline-controlled expression of ciaR and variants, acetyl phosphate was identified in vivo as the alternative source of CiaR phosphorylation in the absence of CiaH. Concomitant inactivation of ciaH and the acetate kinase gene ackA led to very high levels of CiaR-mediated promoter activation. Strong transcriptional activation was accompanied by a high phosphorylation status of CiaR as determined by Phos-tag gel electrophoresis of S. pneumoniae cell extracts. Furthermore, AckA acted negatively upon acetyl phosphate-dependent phosphorylation of CiaR. Experiments using the Escherichia coli two-hybrid system based on adenylate cyclase reconstitution indicated binding of AckA to CiaR and therefore direct regulation. Subsequent in vitro CiaR phosphorylation experiments confirmed in vivo observations. Purified AckA was able to inhibit acetyl phosphate-dependent phosphorylation. Inhibition required the presence of ADP. AckA-mediated regulation of CiaR phosphorylation is the first example for a regulatory connection of acetate kinase to a response regulator besides controlling acetyl phosphate levels. It will be interesting to see if this novel regulation applies to other response regulators in S. pneumoniae or even in other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Kaiser
- Present address: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany.,Department of Microbiology, University of Kaiserslautern, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Lisa Marie Hoppstädter
- Department of Microbiology, University of Kaiserslautern, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Kevser Bilici
- Department of Microbiology, University of Kaiserslautern, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Kevin Heieck
- Present address: Werner Siemens Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Microbiology, University of Kaiserslautern, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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9
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Khara P, Biswas S, Biswas I. Induction of clpP expression by cell-wall targeting antibiotics in Streptococcus mutans. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2020; 166:641-653. [PMID: 32416745 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans is one of the major bacteria of the human oral cavity that is associated with dental caries. The pathogenicity of this bacterium is attributed to its ability to rapidly respond and adapt to the ever-changing conditions of the oral cavity. The major player in this adaptive response is ClpP, an intracellular protease involved in degradation of misfolded proteins during stress responses. S. mutans encodes a single clpP gene with an upstream region uniquely containing multiple tandem repeat sequences (RSs). Here, we explored expression of clpP with respect to various stresses and report some new findings. First, we found that at sub-inhibitory concentration, certain cell-wall damaging antibiotics were able to induce clpP expression. Specifically, third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins that target penicillin-binding protein 3 (PBP3) strongly enhanced the clpP expression. However, induction of clpP was weak when the first-generation cephalosporins with lower affinity to PBP3 were used. Surprisingly, carbapenems, which primarily target PBP2, induced expression of clpP the least. Second, we found that a single RS element was capable of inducing clpP expression as efficiently as with the wild-type seven RS elements. Third, we found that the RS-element-mediated modulation of clpP expression was strain dependent, suggesting that specific host factors might be involved in the transcription. And finally, we observed that ClpP regulates its own expression, as the expression of clpP-gusA was higher in a clpP-deficient mutant. This suggests that ClpP is involved in the degradation of activator(s) involved in its own transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratick Khara
- Present address: Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Saswati Biswas
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Indranil Biswas
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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Novel and Improved Crystal Structures of H. influenzae, E. coli and P. aeruginosa Penicillin-Binding Protein 3 (PBP3) and N. gonorrhoeae PBP2: Toward a Better Understanding of β-Lactam Target-Mediated Resistance. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:3501-3519. [PMID: 31301409 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Even with the emergence of antibiotic resistance, penicillin and the wider family of β-lactams have remained the single most important family of antibiotics. The periplasmic/extra-cytoplasmic targets of penicillin are a family of enzymes with a highly conserved catalytic activity involved in the final stage of bacterial cell wall (peptidoglycan) biosynthesis. Named after their ability to bind penicillin, rather than their catalytic activity, these key targets are called penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). Resistance is predominantly mediated by reducing the target drug concentration via β-lactamases; however, naturally transformable bacteria have also acquired target-mediated resistance by inter-species recombination. Here we focus on structural based interpretations of amino acid alterations associated with the emergence of resistance within clinical isolates and include new PBP3 structures along with new, and improved, PBP-β-lactam co-structures.
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Vollmer W, Massidda O, Tomasz A. The Cell Wall of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Microbiol Spectr 2019; 7:10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0018-2018. [PMID: 31172911 PMCID: PMC11026078 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0018-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae has a complex cell wall that plays key roles in cell shape maintenance, growth and cell division, and interactions with components of the human host. The peptidoglycan has a heterogeneous composition with more than 50 subunits (muropeptides)-products of several peptidoglycan-modifying enzymes. The amidation of glutamate residues in the stem peptide is needed for efficient peptide cross-linking, and peptides with a dipeptide branch prevail in some beta-lactam-resistant strains. The glycan strands are modified by deacetylation of N-acetylglucosamine residues and O-acetylation of N-acetylmuramic acid residues, and both modifications contribute to pneumococcal resistance to lysozyme. The glycan strands carry covalently attached wall teichoic acid and capsular polysaccharide. Pneumococci are unique in that the wall teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid contain the same unusually complex repeating units decorated with phosphoryl choline residues, which anchor the choline-binding proteins. The structures of lipoteichoic acid and the attachment site of wall teichoic acid to peptidoglycan have recently been revised. During growth, pneumococci assemble their cell walls at midcell in coordinated rounds of cell elongation and division, leading to the typical ovococcal cell shape. Cell wall growth depends on the cytoskeletal FtsA and FtsZ proteins and is regulated by several morphogenesis proteins that also show patterns of dynamic localization at midcell. Some of the key regulators are phosphorylated by StkP and dephosphorylated by PhpP to facilitate robust selection of the division site and plane and to maintain cell shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waldemar Vollmer
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, The Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Orietta Massidda
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
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12
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Zheng C, Li L, Ge H, Meng H, Li Y, Bei W, Zhou X. Role of two-component regulatory systems in the virulence of Streptococcus suis. Microbiol Res 2018; 214:123-128. [PMID: 30031474 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is an important zoonotic pathogen that causes severe infections and great economic losses worldwide. Understanding how this pathogen senses and responds to environmental signals during the infectious process can offer insight into its pathogenesis and may be helpful in the development of drug targets. Two-component regulatory systems (TCSs) play an essential role in this environmental response. In S. suis, at least 15 groups of TCSs have been predicted. Among them, several have been demonstrated to be involved in virulence and/or stress response. In this review, we discuss the progress in the study of TCSs in S. suis, focusing on the role of these systems in the virulence of this bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengkun Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety/Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology/The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Lingzhi Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety/Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Haojie Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety/Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Hongmei Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety/Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety/Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Weicheng Bei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology/The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Xiaohui Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety/Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA.
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Pan F, Zhang H, Dong X, Ye W, He P, Zhang S, Zhu JX, Zhong N. Comparative genomic analysis of multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates. Infect Drug Resist 2018; 11:659-670. [PMID: 29765237 PMCID: PMC5939923 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s147858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Multidrug resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae has emerged as a serious problem to public health. A further understanding of the genetic diversity in antibiotic-resistant S. pneumoniae isolates is needed. Methods We conducted whole-genome resequencing for 25 pneumococcal strains isolated from children with different antimicrobial resistance profiles. Comparative analysis focus on detection of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertions and deletions (indels) was conducted. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis was applied to investigate the genetic relationship among these strains. Results The genome size of the isolates was ~2.1 Mbp, covering >90% of the total estimated size of the reference genome. The overall G+C% content was ~39.5%, and there were 2,200–2,400 open reading frames. All isolates with different drug resistance profiles harbored many indels (range 131–171) and SNPs (range 16,103–28,128). Genetic diversity analysis showed that the variation of different genes were associated with specific antibiotic resistance. Known antibiotic resistance genes (pbps, murMN, ciaH, rplD, sulA, and dpr) were identified, and new genes (regR, argH, trkH, and PTS-EII) closely related with antibiotic resistance were found, although these genes were primarily annotated with functions in virulence as well as carbohydrate and amino acid transport and metabolism. Phylogenetic analysis unambiguously indicated that isolates with different antibiotic resistance profiles harbored similar genetic backgrounds. One isolate, 14-LC.ER1025, showed a much weaker phylogenetic relationship with the other isolates, possibly caused by genomic variation. Conclusion In this study, although pneumococcal isolates had similar genetic backgrounds, strains were diverse at the genomic level. These strains exhibited distinct variations in their indel and SNP compositions associated with drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Pan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Dong
- Department of Respiratory, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weixing Ye
- Shanghai Personal Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping He
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shulin Zhang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Nanbert Zhong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Respiratory, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.,New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA
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14
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van der Linden M, Rutschmann J, Maurer P, Hakenbeck R. PBP2a in β-Lactam-Resistant Laboratory Mutants and Clinical Isolates: Disruption Versus Reduced Penicillin Affinity. Microb Drug Resist 2017; 24:718-731. [PMID: 29195053 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2017.0302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in PBP2a have been recognized in cefotaxime-resistant laboratory mutants and β-lactam-resistant clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae. DNA sequencing revealed fundamental differences between these two settings. Internal stop codons in pbp2a occurred in all three laboratory mutants analyzed, caused by a mutation in pbp2a of mutant C604, and tandem duplications within pbp2a resulting in premature stop codons in another two mutants C403 and C406. In contrast, mosaic PBP2a genes were observed in several penicillin-resistant clinical isolates from South Africa, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and in the clone Poland23F-16, with sequence blocks diverging from sensitive strains by over 4%. Most of these pbp2a variants except pbp2a from the South African strain contained sequences related to pbp2a of Streptococcus mitis B6, confirming that this species serves as reservoir for penicillin-resistance determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark van der Linden
- 1 Department of Medical Microbiology, German National Reference Center for Streptococci , Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Patrick Maurer
- 3 School of Engineering, University of Applied Sciences , Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Regine Hakenbeck
- 4 Department of Microbiology, University of Kaiserslautern , Kaiserslautern, Germany
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15
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Diversity of Mosaic pbp2x Families in Penicillin-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae from Iran and Romania. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.01535-17. [PMID: 28971878 PMCID: PMC5700355 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01535-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae strains are found at high rates in Romania and Iran. The mosaic structure of PBP2x was investigated in 9 strains from Iran and in 15 strains from Romania to understand their evolutionary history. Mutations potentially important for β-lactam resistance were identified by comparison of the PBP2x sequences with the sequence of the related PBP2x of reference penicillin-sensitive S. mitis strains. Two main PBP2x mosaic gene families were recognized. Eight Iranian strains expressed PBP2x variants in group 1, which had a mosaic block highly related to PBP2x of the Spain23F-1 clone, which is widespread among international penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae clones. A second unique PBP2x group was observed in Romanian strains; furthermore, three PBP2x single mosaic variants were found. Sequence blocks of penicillin-sensitive strain S. mitis 658 were common among PBP2x variants from strains from both countries. Each PBP2x group contained specific signature mutations within the transpeptidase domain, documenting the existence of distinct mutational pathways for the development of penicillin resistance.
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