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Amorim CF, Iglesias BA, Pinheiro TR, Lacerda LE, Sokolonski AR, Pedreira BO, Moreira KS, Burgo TAL, Meyer R, Azevedo V, Portela RW. Photodynamic inactivation of different Candida species and inhibition of biofilm formation induced by water-soluble porphyrins. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 42:103343. [PMID: 36806829 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Candida spp. is the main fungal genus related to infections in humans, and its treatment has become a challenge due to the production of biofilm and its resistance/multi-resistance profile to conventional antifungals. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy stands out as a treatment characterized by a broad spectrum of antimicrobial action, being able to induce oxidative stress in pathogens, and porphyrins are photosensitizers with high selectivity to pathogens. Thus, this work aimed to analyze the photoinactivation of different species of Candida by two cationic (4-H2TMeP+ and 3-H2TMeP+) and one anionic (4-H2TPSP‒) porphyrins. MATERIALS AND METHODS Microdilution assays were performed to determine the MIC100, with subsequent determination of MFC100. Determination of oxidative species was done through the use of scavengers, while biofilm morphological features were investigated using the atomic force microscopy. RESULTS Cationic porphyrins were significantly efficient in inactivating Candida albicans and non-albicans species with 100% growth inhibition and fungicidal activity (MFC100/MIC100 ≤ 4.0). The cationic porphyrins were also able to interfere in Candida spp biofilm formation. The photo-oxidative mechanism activated by 3-H2TMeP+ in Candida spp. is concurrent with the production of singlet oxygen and oxygen radical species. In the AFM analysis, 3-H2TMeP+ was able to reduce yeast adhesion to the surface. CONCLUSIONS Cationic porphyrins can photo-inactivate different species of Candida in both planktonic and biofilm-associated forms, and reduce the adhesion of these fungi to the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Ferreira Amorim
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Health Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia State 40110-100, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Almeida Iglesias
- Bioinorganic and Porphyrinoid Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Ticiane Rosa Pinheiro
- Bioinorganic and Porphyrinoid Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Luiz Eduardo Lacerda
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Health Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia State 40110-100, Brazil
| | - Ana Rita Sokolonski
- Laboratory of Oral Biochemistry, Health Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia State 40110-100, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Oliveira Pedreira
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Health Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia State 40110-100, Brazil
| | - Kelly Schneider Moreira
- Coulomb Electrostatic and Mechanochemistry Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Thiago Augusto Lima Burgo
- Coulomb Electrostatic and Mechanochemistry Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Roberto Meyer
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Health Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia State 40110-100, Brazil
| | - Vasco Azevedo
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Wagner Portela
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Health Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia State 40110-100, Brazil.
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El-Hazek RM, Elkenawy NM, Zaher NH, El-Gazzar MG. Green synthesis of novel antifungal 1,2,4-triazoles effective against γ-irradiated Candida parapsilosis. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2021; 355:e2100287. [PMID: 34708424 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202100287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the green synthesis of 11 novel 3-substituted-4-amino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole derivatives using water as a readily available nontoxic solvent. Evaluation of their antimicrobial potential against several clinical pathogenic microorganisms was carried out. The newly synthesized cysteine derivative 6 showed promising antifungal activity against both γ-irradiated and nonirradiated Candida parapsilosis 216, with the lowest MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) value of 3.125 µg/ml, probably through inhibition of 14α-demethylase. In addition, compound 6 showed complete inhibition of gelatinase, a virulence enzyme of C. parapsilosis. Also, scanning electron microscopy was carried out. Interestingly, compound 6 acted as a dual agent as it also showed good antibacterial activity against strains of Gram-positive bacteria used in the study. The synthesized compounds showed no cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reham M El-Hazek
- Department of Drug Radiation Research, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nora M Elkenawy
- Department of Drug Radiation Research, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nashwa H Zaher
- Department of Drug Radiation Research, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marwa G El-Gazzar
- Department of Drug Radiation Research, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, Egypt
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Nandakumar N, Gopinath P, Gopas J, Muraleedharan KM. Benzisothiazolone Derivatives Exhibit Cytotoxicity in Hodgkin's Lymphoma Cells through NF-κB Inhibition and are Synergistic with Doxorubicin and Etoposide. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 20:715-723. [PMID: 32053083 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200213103513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The authors investigated the NF-κB inhibitory role of three Benzisothiazolone (BIT) derivatives (1, 2 and 3) in Hodgkin's Lymphoma cells (L428) which constitutively express activated NF-κB. All three compounds showed dose-dependent NF-κB inhibition (78.3, 70.7 and 34.6%) in the luciferase reporter gene assay and were found cytotoxic at IC50 values of 3.3μg/ml, 4.35μg/ml and 13.8μg/ml, respectively by the XTT assay. BIT 1and BIT 2 (but not BIT 3) suppressed both NF-κB subunits p50 and p65 in cytoplasmic and nuclear extracts in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, BIT 1 showed a moderate synergistic effect with the standard chemotherapy drugs etoposide and doxorubicin, whereas BIT 2 and 3 showed a moderate additive effect to antagonistic effect. Cisplatin exhibited an antagonist effect on all the compounds tested under various concentrations, except in the case of 1.56μg/ml of BIT 3 with 0.156μg/ml of cisplatin. The compounds also inhibited the migration of adherent human lung adenocarcinoma cells (A549) in vitro. We conclude that especially BIT 1 and BIT 2 have in vitro anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities, which can be further investigated for future potential therapeutic use. METHODS Inspired by the electrophilic sulfur in Nuphar alkaloids, monomeric and dimeric benzisothiazolones were synthesized from dithiodibenzoic acid and their NF-κB inhibitory role was explored. NF-κB inhibition and cytotoxicity of the synthesized derivatives were studied using luciferase reporter gene assay and XTTassay. Immunocytochemistry studies were performed using L428 cells. Cell migration assay was conducted using the A549 cell line. L428 cells were used to conduct combination studies and the results were plotted using CompuSyn software. RESULTS Benzisothiazolone derivatives exhibited cytotoxicity in Hodgkin's Lymphoma cells through NF-κB inhibition. Potent compounds showed suppression of both NF-κB subunits p50 and p65 in a concentrationdependent manner, both in cytoplasmic and nuclear extracts. Combination studies suggest that benzisothiazolone derivatives possess a synergistic effect with etoposide and doxorubicin. Furthermore, the compounds also inhibited the migration of A549 cells. CONCLUSION Benzisothiazolones bearing one or two electrophilic sulfur atoms as part of the heterocyclic framework exhibited cytotoxicity in Hodgkin's Lymphoma cells through NF-κB inhibition. In addition, these derivatives also exhibited a synergistic effect with etoposide and doxorubicin along with the ability to inhibit the migration of A549 cells. Our study suggests that BIT-based new chemical entities could lead to potential anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natarajan Nandakumar
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences and Oncology Laboratory, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.,Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
| | | | - Jacob Gopas
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences and Oncology Laboratory, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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Reactive oxygen mediated apoptosis as a therapeutic approach against opportunistic Candida albicans. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2021; 125:25-49. [PMID: 33931141 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Candida albicans are polymorphic fungal species commonly occurs in a symbiotic association with the host's usual microflora. Certain specific changes in its usual microenvironment can lead to diseases ranging from external mucosal to severally lethal systemic infections like invasive candidiasis hospital-acquired fatal infection caused by different species of Candida. The patient acquired with this infection has a high mortality and morbidity rate, ranging from 40% to 60%. This is an ill-posed problem by its very nature. Hence, early diagnosis and management is a crucial part. Antifungal drug resistance against the first and second generation of antifungal drugs has made it difficult to treat such fatal diseases. After a few dormant years, recently, there has been a rapid turnover of identifying novel drugs with low toxicity to limit the problem of drug resistance. After an initial overview of related work, we examine specific prior work on how a change in oxidative stress can facilitate apoptosis in C. albicans. Subsequently, it was investigated that Candida spp. suppresses the production of ROS mediated host defense system. Here, we have reviewed possibly all the small molecule inhibitors, natural products, antimicrobial peptide, and some naturally derived semi-synthetic compounds which are known to influence oxidative stress, to generate a proper apoptotic response in C. albicans and thus might be a novel therapeutic approach to augment the current treatment options.
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GC-MS-Based Metabolomics Analysis of Prawn Shell Waste Co-Fermentation by Lactobacillus plantarum and Bacillus subtilis. POLYSACCHARIDES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/polysaccharides1010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
GC-MS-based metabolomics were used to investigate metabolic changes in prawn shell waste during fermentation. Microbial strains Lactobacillus plantarum and Bacillus subtilis were co-fermented in a shake flask comprising of 5% (w/v) prawn shell waste and 20% (w/v) glucose as a carbon source. Analysis of the prawn shell waste fermentation showed a total of 376 metabolites detected in the culture supernatant, including 14 amino acids, 106 organic acids, and 90 antimicrobial molecules. Results show that the liquid fraction of the co-fermentation is promising for harvesting valuable metabolites for probiotics application.
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Li D, She X, Calderone R. The antifungal pipeline: the need is established. Are there new compounds? FEMS Yeast Res 2020; 20:5827531. [DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foaa023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Our review summarizes and compares the temporal development (eras) of antifungal drug discovery as well as antibacterial ventures. The innovation gap that occurred in antibacterial discovery from 1960 to 2000 was likely due to tailoring of existing compounds to have better activity than predecessors. Antifungal discovery also faced innovation gaps. The semi-synthetic antibiotic era was followed closely by the resistance era and the heightened need for new compounds and targets. With the immense contribution of comparative genomics, antifungal targets became part of the discovery focus. These targets by definition are absolutely required to be fungal- or even lineage (clade) specific. Importantly, targets need to be essential for growth and/or have important roles in disease and pathogenesis. Two types of antifungals are discussed that are mostly in the FDA phase I–III clinical trials. New antifungals are either modified to increase bioavailability and stability for instance, or are new compounds that inhibit new targets. One of the important developments in incentivizing new antifungal discovery has been the prolific number of publications of global and country-specific incidence. International efforts that champion global antimicrobial drug discovery are discussed. Still, interventions are needed. The current pipeline of antifungals and alternatives to antifungals are discussed including vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown University, NW 302 Med Dent Building, 3900 Reservoir Rd NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Xiaodong She
- Jiangsu Key laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Disease and STIs, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Richard Calderone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown University, NW 302 Med Dent Building, 3900 Reservoir Rd NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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Design and synthesis of new drugs inhibitors of Candida albicans hyphae and biofilm formation by upregulating the expression of TUP1 transcription repressor gene. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 148:105327. [PMID: 32272212 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans is a common human fungal pathogen that causes disease ranging from superficial to lethal infections. C. albicans grows as budding yeast which can transform into hyphae in response to various environmental or biological stimuli. Although both forms have been associated with virulence, the hyphae form is responsible for the formation of multi-drug resistance biofilm. Here, new compounds were designed to selectively inhibit C. albicans hyphae formation without affecting human cells to afford sufficient safety. The newly designed 5-[3-substitued-4-(4-substituedbenzyloxy)-benzylidene]-2-thioxo-thiazolidin-4-one derivatives, named SR, showed very specific and effective inhibition activity against C. albicans hyphae formation. SR compounds caused hyphae inhibition activity at concentrations 10-40 fold lower than the concentration required to inhibit Candida yeast and bacterial growths. The anti-hyphae inhibition activities of SR compounds were via activation of the hyphae transcription repressor gene, TUP1. Correlation studies between the expression of TUP1 gene and the activity of SR compounds confirmed that the anti-C. albicans activities of SR compounds were via inhibition of hyphae formation. The newly designed SR compounds showed 10-40% haemolytic activity on human erythrocytes when compared to 100% haemolysis by 0.1% triton employed as positive control. Furthermore, theoretical prediction of absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) of SR compounds confirmed their safety, efficient metabolism and possible oral bioavailability. With the minimal toxicity and significant activity of the newly-designed SR compounds, a future optimization of pharmaceutical formulation may develop a promising inhibitor of hyphal formation not only for C. albicans but also for other TUP1- dependent dimorphic fungal infections.
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Jamzivar F, Shams-Ghahfarokhi M, Khoramizadeh M, Yousefi N, Gholami-Shabani M, Razzaghi-Abyaneh M. Unraveling the importance of molecules of natural origin in antifungal drug development through targeting ergosterol biosynthesis pathway. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2019; 11:448-459. [PMID: 32148676 PMCID: PMC7048963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decades, the incidence of life-threatening fungal infections has increased dramatically in particular among patients with hampered immune function. Fungal infections cause around 1.5 million deaths annually, superior to malaria and tuberculosis. With respect to high toxicity, narrow spectrum of activity and drug resistance to current antifungals, there is an urgent need to discover novel leads from molecules of natural origin especially those derived from plants and microorganisms for antifungal drug discovery. Among antifungal drugs introduced into the clinic, those affecting ergosterol biosynthesis are still superior to other classes and the vital role of ergosterol in fungal growth and development. This review highlights current knowledge about available antifungal agents and further issues on antifungal drug discovery from compounds of natural origin which affect ergosterol biosynthesis. Special attention is made to the fungal sterol C24-methyltransferase (SMT), a crucial enzyme in ergosterol biosynthesis pathway as a novel target for rational drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mansoor Khoramizadeh
- School of Iranian Traditional Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Mehdi Razzaghi-Abyaneh
- Department of Mycology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding author: Mehdi Razzaghi-Abyaneh, PhD, Department of Mycology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran., Tel: +98 21 64112804, Fax: +98 21 64112804, &
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Chandrakar P, Gunaganti N, Parmar N, Kumar A, Singh SK, Rashid M, Wahajuddin M, Mitra K, Narender T, Kar S. β-Amino acid derivatives as mitochondrial complex III inhibitors of L. donovani: A promising chemotype targeting visceral leishmaniasis. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 182:111632. [PMID: 31499363 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
β-amino acids and their analogues are gathering increased attention not only because of their antibacterial and antifungal activity, but also for their use in designing peptidomimetics with increased oral bioavailability and resistance to metabolic degradation. In this study, a series of α-phenyl substituted chalcones, α-phenyl, β-amino substituted dihydrochalcones and β-amino acid derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their antileishmanial efficacy against experimental visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Among all synthesized derivatives, 10c showed promising antileishmanial efficacy against both extracellular promastigote and intracellular amastigote (IC50 8.2 μM and 20.5 μM respectively) of L. donovani with negligible cytotoxic effect towards J774 macrophages and Vero cells. 10c effectively reduced spleen and liver parasite burden (>90%) in both hamster and Balb/c model of VL without any hepatotoxicity. In vitro pharmacokinetic analysis showed that 10c was stable in gastric fluid and plasma of Balb/c mice at 10 μg/ml. Further analysis of the molecular mechanism revealed that 10c entered into the parasite by depolarizing the plasma membrane rather than forming nonspecific pores and induced molecular events like loss in mitochondrial membrane potential with a gradual decline in ATP production. This, in turn, did not induce programmed cell death of the parasite; rather 10c induced bioenergetic collapse of the parasite by decreasing ATP synthesis through specific inhibition of mitochondrial complex III activity. Altogether, our results allude to the therapeutic potential of β-amino acid derivatives as novel antileishmanials, identifying them as lead compounds for further exploration in the design of potent candidates for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Chandrakar
- Parasitology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Anusandhan Bhawan, New Delhi, India
| | - Naresh Gunaganti
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Naveen Parmar
- Parasitology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Anusandhan Bhawan, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar Singh
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Anusandhan Bhawan, New Delhi, India; Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Mamunur Rashid
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Anusandhan Bhawan, New Delhi, India; Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - M Wahajuddin
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Anusandhan Bhawan, New Delhi, India; Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Kalyan Mitra
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Anusandhan Bhawan, New Delhi, India
| | - Tadigopula Narender
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Anusandhan Bhawan, New Delhi, India.
| | - Susanta Kar
- Parasitology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Anusandhan Bhawan, New Delhi, India.
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Gurubasavaraj PM, Charantimath JS. Recent Advances in Azole Based Scaffolds as Anticandidal Agents. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180815666180917125916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aim:The present review aims to explore the development of novel antifungal agents, such as pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, spectrum of activity, safety, toxicity and other aspects that involve drug-drug interactions of the azole antifungal agents.Introduction:Fungal infections in critically ill and immune-compromised patients are increasing at alarming rates, caused mainly by Candida albicans an opportunistic fungus. Despite antifungal annihilators like amphotericin B, azoles and caspofungin, these infections are enormously increasing. The unconventional increase in such patients is a challenging task for the management of antifungal infections especially Candidiasis. Moreover, problem of toxicity associated with antifungal drugs on hosts and rise of drug-resistance in primary and opportunistic fungal pathogens has obstructed the success of antifungal therapy.Conclusion:Hence, to conflict these problems new antifungal agents with advanced efficacy, new formulations of drug delivery and novel compounds which can interact with fungal virulence are developed and used to treat antifungal infections.
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Sun N, Li D, Zhang Y, Killeen K, Groutas W, Calderone R. Repurposing an inhibitor of ribosomal biogenesis with broad anti-fungal activity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17014. [PMID: 29209049 PMCID: PMC5717060 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17147-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of new antifungal compounds with unique mechanisms of action is a concern for therapeutic management of patients. To identify inhibitors against human pathogenic fungi, we screened ~3000 compounds provided by the Developmental Therapeutics Program of NIH/NCI against a panel of pathogenic fungi including Candida species, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Cryptococcus neoformans. NSC319726 (a thiosemicarbazone) had broad antifungal activity in the range of 0.1–2.0 µg/ml and was also inhibitory to fluconazole-resistant isolates of Candida species. Synergy was demonstrated with NSC319726 and azoles, as well as caspofungin. The inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50) of NSC319726 was 35–800-fold higher than the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration 50% (MIC50 values), which indicates low compound toxicity to human cells in vitro. Transcriptome analysis of treated and untreated C. albicans using Gene Ontology (GO) revealed a large cluster of down regulated genes that encode translational proteins, especially those with ribosome biogenesis functions. As NSC319726 was first shown to have anti-cancer activity, its affects against human pathogenic fungi establish NSC319726 as a repurposed, off-patent compound that has potential antifungal activity. The minimal in vitro toxicity of lead optimized NSC319726 and its reasonable inhibitory activity against pathogens suggest advancing this compound to in vivo toxicity testing and protection studies against candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuo Sun
- Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, 20057, USA
| | - Dongmei Li
- Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, 20057, USA
| | - Yuhan Zhang
- Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, 20057, USA
| | - Kyle Killeen
- Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, 20057, USA
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Viani F, Rossi B, Panzeri W, Merlini L, Martorana AM, Polissi A, Galante YM. Synthesis and anti-bacterial activity of a library of 1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one (BIT) derivatives amenable of crosslinking to polysaccharides. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Broad spectrum anti-infective properties of benzisothiazolones and the parallels in their anti-bacterial and anti-fungal effects. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:1291-1295. [PMID: 28159413 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Various mono- and bis-benzisothiazolone derivatives were synthesized and screened against different strains of bacteria and fungi in order to understand the effect of multiple electrophilic sulfur atoms and substitution pattern in the immediate vicinity of reactive sulfur. Staphyllococcus aureus-ATCC 7000699, MRSA and S. aureus-ATCC 29213 (Quality Control strain) were more susceptible to this class of compounds, and the most potent derivative 1.15 had MIC50 of 0.4μg/mL (cf. Gentamicin=0.78μg/mL). CLogP value, optimally in the range of 2.5-3.5, appeared to contribute more to the activity than the steric and electronic effects of groups attached at nitrogen. By and large, their anti-fungal activities also followed a similar trend with respect to the structure and CLogP values. The best potency of IC50=0.1μg/mL was shown by N-benzyl derivative (1.7) against Aspergillus fumigatus; it was also potent against Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Sporothrix schenckii, and Candida parapsilosis with IC50 values ranging from 0.4 to 1.3μg/mL. Preliminary studies also showed that this class of compounds have the ability to target malaria parasite with IC50 values in low micromolar range, and improvement of selectivity is possible through structure optimization.
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Abstract
The development of next-generation antifungal agents with novel chemical scaffolds and new mechanisms of action is vital due to increased incidence and mortality of invasive fungal infections and severe drug resistance. This review will summarize current strategies to discover novel antifungal scaffolds. In particular, high-throughput screening, drug repurposing, antifungal natural products and new antifungal targets are focused on. New scaffolds with validated antifungal activity, their discovery and optimization process as well as structure–activity relationships are discussed in detail. Perspectives that could inspire future antifungal drug discovery are provided.
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15
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Xu F, Chen Y, Fan E, Sun Z. Synthesis of 3-Substituted Aryl[4,5]isothiazoles through an All-Heteroatom Wittig-Equivalent Process. Org Lett 2016; 18:2777-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b01338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fanghui Xu
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, 333 Longteng Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, 333 Longteng Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Erkang Fan
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Washington, 1705 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Zhihua Sun
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, 333 Longteng Road, Shanghai 201620, China
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16
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Abstract
The search for new antifungal drugs and cell targets continues. During the discovery process, mechanism-of-action (MOA) studies are critical to the continued progress of the compound through the pipeline. There are many approaches that can be utilized in understanding the MOA. One of these approaches is a genetic screen utilizing the availability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant libraries. Both null and heterozygous library mutants covering the entire genome of this model yeast are available. The desired phenotype when screening the new compound is either resistance (null mutants) or haploinsufficiency or loss of fitness (heterozygote mutants). Both types of mutants can be clustered by software into common targets that provide clues as to a pathway or other cell process. Below, methods are described for genetic screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Gay-Andrieu
- Department of Pathology, GU-MedStar Hospital, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, USA.
| | - Deepu Alex
- Department of Pathology, GU-MedStar Hospital, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, USA.
| | - Richard Calderone
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, 20057, USA
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17
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Han XY, Zhong YF, Li SB, Liang GC, Zhou G, Wang XK, Chen BH, Song YL. Synthesis, Characterization and Antifungal Evaluation of Novel Thiochromanone Derivatives Containing Indole Skeleton. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2016; 64:1411-6. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c16-00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Han
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University
| | - Yi-Fan Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University
| | - Sheng-Bin Li
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University
| | - Guo-Chao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University
| | - Guan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University
| | - Xiao-Ke Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University
| | - Bao-Hua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University
| | - Ya-Li Song
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University
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18
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Krysan DJ. Toward improved anti-cryptococcal drugs: Novel molecules and repurposed drugs. Fungal Genet Biol 2014; 78:93-8. [PMID: 25514636 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Cryptococcosis is one of the most important fungal infections of humans. It primarily, but not exclusively, afflicts people with compromised immune function. Cryptococcosis is most commonly caused by Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii with C. neoformans var. neoformans and C. gatti also contributing to the disease. Cryptococcosis is primarily manifested as meningoencephalitis although pneumonia occurs frequently as well. Globally, the burden of disease is highest among those living with HIV/AIDS and is one of the most common causes of death in this patient population. Cryptococcal meningitisis almost invariably fatal if untreated. The current gold standard therapy is amphotericin B combined with 5-flucytosine. Unfortunately, this therapy has significant toxicity and is not widely available in resource-limited regions. Fluconazole, which is associated with poorer outcomes, is frequently as an alternative. Here, I present the characteristics of an ideal anti-cryptococcal agent and review recent progress toward identifying both novel and repurposed drugs as potential new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian J Krysan
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, United States.
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19
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Kim JH, Lee HO, Cho YJ, Kim J, Chun J, Choi J, Lee Y, Jung WH. A vanillin derivative causes mitochondrial dysfunction and triggers oxidative stress in Cryptococcus neoformans. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89122. [PMID: 24586538 PMCID: PMC3930674 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vanillin is a well-known food and cosmetic additive and has antioxidant and antimutagenic properties. It has also been suggested to have antifungal activity against major human pathogenic fungi, although it is not very effective. In this study, the antifungal activities of vanillin and 33 vanillin derivatives against the human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans, the main pathogen of cryptococcal meningitis in immunocompromised patients, were investigated. We found a structural correlation between the vanillin derivatives and antifungal activity, showing that the hydroxyl or alkoxy group is more advantageous than the halogenated or nitrated group in benzaldehyde. Among the vanillin derivatives with a hydroxyl or alkoxy group, o-vanillin and o-ethyl vanillin showed the highest antifungal activity against C. neoformans. o-Vanillin was further studied to understand the mechanism of antifungal action. We compared the transcriptome of C. neoformans cells untreated or treated with o-vanillin by using RNA sequencing and found that the compound caused mitochondrial dysfunction and triggered oxidative stress. These antifungal mechanisms of o-vanillin were experimentally confirmed by the significantly reduced growth of the mutants lacking the genes involved in mitochondrial functions and oxidative stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hyo Kim
- Chemical Safety Division, National Academy of Agriculture Science, Rural Development of Administration, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Ok Lee
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Joon Cho
- ChunLab, Inc., Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongmi Kim
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongsik Chun
- ChunLab, Inc., Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehyuk Choi
- Research Division for Biotechnology, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongup, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Hee Jung
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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20
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Calderone R, Sun N, Gay-Andrieu F, Groutas W, Weerawarna P, Prasad S, Alex D, Li D. Antifungal drug discovery: the process and outcomes. Future Microbiol 2014; 9:791-805. [PMID: 25046525 PMCID: PMC4144029 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.14.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
New data suggest that the global incidence of several types of fungal diseases have traditionally been under-documented. Of these, mortality caused by invasive fungal infections remains disturbingly high, equal to or exceeding deaths caused by drug-resistant tuberculosis and malaria. It is clear that basic research on new antifungal drugs, vaccines and diagnostic tools is needed. In this review, we focus upon antifungal drug discovery including in vitro assays, compound libraries and approaches to target identification. Genome mining has made it possible to identify fungal-specific targets; however, new compounds to these targets are apparently not in the antimicrobial pipeline. We suggest that 'repurposing' compounds (off patent) might be a more immediate starting point. Furthermore, we examine the dogma on antifungal discovery and suggest that a major thrust in technologies such as structural biology, homology modeling and virtual imaging is needed to drive discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nuo Sun
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - William Groutas
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, USA
| | | | | | - Deepu Alex
- Department of Pathology, MedStar, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Dongmei Li
- Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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21
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Liu Y, Wang Y, Dong G, Zhang Y, Wu S, Miao Z, Yao J, Zhang W, Sheng C. Novel benzothiazole derivatives with a broad antifungal spectrum: design, synthesis and structure–activity relationships. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md00215b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Gopinath P, Ramalingam K, Muraleedharan KM, Karunagaran D. Benzisothiazolones arrest the cell cycle at the G2/M phase and induce apoptosis in HeLa cells. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md00034f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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