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Wei DX, Zhang XW. Biosynthesis, Bioactivity, Biosafety and Applications of Antimicrobial Peptides for Human Health. BIOSAFETY AND HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bsheal.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Ishchuk OP, Ahmad KM, Koruza K, Bojanovič K, Sprenger M, Kasper L, Brunke S, Hube B, Säll T, Hellmark T, Gullstrand B, Brion C, Freel K, Schacherer J, Regenberg B, Knecht W, Piškur J. RNAi as a Tool to Study Virulence in the Pathogenic Yeast Candida glabrata. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1679. [PMID: 31396189 PMCID: PMC6667738 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The yeast Candida glabrata is a major opportunistic pathogen causing mucosal and systemic infections in humans. Systemic infections caused by this yeast have high mortality rates and are difficult to treat due to this yeast’s intrinsic and frequently adapting antifungal resistance. To understand and treat C. glabrata infections, it is essential to investigate the molecular basis of C. glabrata virulence and resistance. We established an RNA interference (RNAi) system in C. glabrata by expressing the Dicer and Argonaute genes from Saccharomyces castellii (a budding yeast with natural RNAi). Our experiments with reporter genes and putative virulence genes showed that the introduction of RNAi resulted in 30 and 70% gene-knockdown for the construct-types antisense and hairpin, respectively. The resulting C. glabrata RNAi strain was used for the screening of a gene library for new virulence-related genes. Phenotypic profiling with a high-resolution quantification of growth identified genes involved in the maintenance of cell integrity, antifungal drugs, and ROS resistance. The genes identified by this approach are promising targets for the treatment of C. glabrata infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena P Ishchuk
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Systems and Synthetic Biology, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Marcel Sprenger
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Lydia Kasper
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Sascha Brunke
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany.,Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Torbjörn Säll
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | - Christian Brion
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Genomics and Microbiology, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
| | - Kelle Freel
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Genomics and Microbiology, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
| | - Joseph Schacherer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Genomics and Microbiology, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
| | - Birgitte Regenberg
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Wolfgang Knecht
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Protein Production Platform, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jure Piškur
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Kwon Y, Chiang J, Tran G, Giaever G, Nislow C, Hahn BS, Kwak YS, Koo JC. Signaling pathways coordinating the alkaline pH response confer resistance to the hevein-type plant antimicrobial peptide Pn-AMP1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PLANTA 2016; 244:1229-1240. [PMID: 27510723 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2579-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide screening of Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed that signaling pathways related to the alkaline pH stress contribute to resistance to plant antimicrobial peptide, Pn-AMP1. Plant antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are considered to be promising candidates for controlling phytopathogens. Pn-AMP1 is a hevein-type plant AMP that shows potent and broad-spectrum antifungal activity. Genome-wide chemogenomic screening was performed using heterozygous and homozygous diploid deletion pools of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a chemogenetic model system to identify genes whose deletion conferred enhanced sensitivity to Pn-AMP1. This assay identified 44 deletion strains with fitness defects in the presence of Pn-AMP1. Strong fitness defects were observed in strains with deletions of genes encoding components of several pathways and complex known to participate in the adaptive response to alkaline pH stress, including the cell wall integrity (CWI), calcineurin/Crz1, Rim101, SNF1 pathways and endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT complex). Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of these genes revealed that the most highly overrepresented GO term was "cellular response to alkaline pH". We found that 32 of the 44 deletion strains tested (72 %) showed significant growth defects compared with their wild type at alkaline pH. Furthermore, 9 deletion strains (20 %) exhibited enhanced sensitivity to Pn-AMP1 at ambient pH compared to acidic pH. Although several hundred plant AMPs have been reported, their modes of action remain largely uncharacterized. This study demonstrates that the signaling pathways that coordinate the adaptive response to alkaline pH also confer resistance to a hevein-type plant AMP in S. cerevisiae. Our findings have broad implications for the design of novel and potent antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngho Kwon
- Division of Applied Life Science and IALS, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jennifer Chiang
- University of British Columbia, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Grant Tran
- University of British Columbia, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Guri Giaever
- University of British Columbia, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Corey Nislow
- University of British Columbia, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Bum-Soo Hahn
- National Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, 560-500, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Sig Kwak
- Division of Applied Life Science and IALS, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ja-Choon Koo
- Division of Science Education and Institute of Science Education, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 761-756, Republic of Korea.
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Chemical genomic screening of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae genomewide mutant collection reveals genes required for defense against four antimicrobial peptides derived from proteins found in human saliva. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012. [PMID: 23208710 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01439-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To compare the effects of four antimicrobial peptides (MUC7 12-mer, histatin 12-mer, cathelicidin KR20, and a peptide containing lactoferricin amino acids 1 to 11) on the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we employed a genomewide fitness screen of combined collections of mutants with homozygous deletions of nonessential genes and heterozygous deletions of essential genes. When an arbitrary fitness score cutoffs of 1 (indicating a fitness defect, or hypersensitivity) and -1 (indicating a fitness gain, or resistance) was used, 425 of the 5,902 mutants tested exhibited altered fitness when treated with at least one peptide. Functional analysis of the 425 strains revealed enrichment among the identified deletions in gene groups associated with the Gene Ontology (GO) terms "ribosomal subunit," "ribosome biogenesis," "protein glycosylation," "vacuolar transport," "Golgi vesicle transport," "negative regulation of transcription," and others. Fitness profiles of all four tested peptides were highly similar, particularly among mutant strains exhibiting the greatest fitness defects. The latter group included deletions in several genes involved in induction of the RIM101 signaling pathway, including several components of the ESCRT sorting machinery. The RIM101 signaling regulates response of yeasts to alkaline and neutral pH and high salts, and our data indicate that this pathway also plays a prominent role in regulating protective measures against all four tested peptides. In summary, the results of the chemical genomic screens of S. cerevisiae mutant collection suggest that the four antimicrobial peptides, despite their differences in structure and physical properties, share many interactions with S. cerevisiae cells and consequently a high degree of similarity between their modes of action.
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Endocytosis-mediated vacuolar accumulation of the human ApoE apolipoprotein-derived ApoEdpL-W antimicrobial peptide contributes to its antifungal activity in Candida albicans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55:4670-81. [PMID: 21807970 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00319-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The 18-amino-acid cationic, tryptophan-rich ApoEdpL-W peptide derived from human ApoE apolipoprotein was shown to have antifungal activity against pathogenic yeasts of the Candida genus (except C. glabrata). ApoEdpL-W was active against planktonic cells and early-stage biofilms but less active against mature biofilms, possibly because of its affinity for extracellular matrix beta-glucans. Moreover, ApoEdpL-W absorbed to medically relevant materials partially prevented the formation of biofilms on these materials. The exposure of C. albicans cells to sublethal doses of ApoEdpL-W triggered a transcriptional response reminiscent of that associated with the inactivation of the MYO5 gene required for endocytosis as well as the upregulation of amino acid transporter genes. A fluorescent derivative of ApoEdpL-W accumulated at the cytoplasmic membrane and subsequently was translocated to the vacuole. Strikingly, the inactivation of MYO5 or addition of latrunculin, an inhibitor of endocytosis, prevented the vacuolar accumulation of fluorescein-labeled ApoEdpL-W and reduced the antifungal activity of ApoEdpL-W. This, together with the insensitivity of ApoEdpL-W to alterations in membrane fluidity and high salt, suggested that the ApoEdpL-W mode of action was dependent upon vacuolar targeting and differed significantly from that of other antifungal peptides, such as Histatin-5 and Magainin 2.
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López-García B, Gandía M, Muñoz A, Carmona L, Marcos JF. A genomic approach highlights common and diverse effects and determinants of susceptibility on the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae exposed to distinct antimicrobial peptides. BMC Microbiol 2010; 10:289. [PMID: 21078184 PMCID: PMC2996382 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-10-289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mechanism of action of antimicrobial peptides (AMP) was initially correlated with peptide membrane permeation properties. However, recent evidences indicate that action of a number of AMP is more complex and involves specific interactions at cell envelopes or with intracellular targets. In this study, a genomic approach was undertaken on the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to characterize the antifungal effect of two unrelated AMP. Results Two differentiated peptides were used: the synthetic cell-penetrating PAF26 and the natural cytolytic melittin. Transcriptomic analyses demonstrated distinctive gene expression changes for each peptide. Quantitative RT-PCR confirmed differential expression of selected genes. Gene Ontology (GO) annotation of differential gene lists showed that the unique significant terms shared by treatment with both peptides were related to the cell wall (CW). Assays with mutants lacking CW-related genes including those of MAPK signaling pathways revealed genes having influence on sensitivity to peptides. Fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry demonstrated PAF26 interaction with cells and internalization that correlated with cell killing in sensitive CW-defective mutants such as Δecm33 or Δssd1. GO annotation also showed differential responses between peptides, which included ribosomal biogenesis, ARG genes from the metabolism of amino groups (specifically induced by PAF26), or the reaction to unfolded protein stress. Susceptibility of deletion mutants confirmed the involvement of these processes. Specifically, mutants lacking ARG genes from the metabolism of arginine pathway were markedly more resistant to PAF26 and had a functional CW. In the deletant in the arginosuccinate synthetase (ARG1) gene, PAF26 interaction occurred normally, thus uncoupling peptide interaction from cell killing. The previously described involvement of the glycosphingolipid gene IPT1 was extended to the peptides studied here. Conclusions Reinforcement of CW is a general response common after exposure to distinct AMP, and likely contributes to shield cells from peptide interaction. However, a weakened CW is not necessarily indicative of a higher sensitivity to AMP. Additional processes modulate susceptibility to specific peptides, exemplified in the involvement of the metabolism of amino groups in the case of PAF26. The relevance of the response to unfolded protein stress or the sphingolipid biosynthesis, previously reported for other unrelated AMP, was also independently confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén López-García
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), CSIC, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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Lis M, Liu TT, Barker KS, Rogers PD, Bobek LA. Antimicrobial peptide MUC7 12-mer activates the calcium/calcineurin pathway in Candida albicans. FEMS Yeast Res 2010; 10:579-86. [PMID: 20491945 DOI: 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2010.00638.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
MUC7 12-mer is a cationic antimicrobial peptide derived from the N-terminal region of human low-molecular-weight salivary mucin. In order to gain new insights into the modes of action of the 12-mer against opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans, we examined changes in the gene expression profile of C. albicans upon exposure to this peptide. Cells at an early logarithmic phase were exposed to 6 muM peptide and grown until an OD(600 nm) of approximately 0.4 was reached. Changes in gene expression were determined by microarray analysis and showed that 19 out of the total of 531 genes, whose expression was elevated in response to the peptide, are regulated by the calcium/calcineurin signalling pathway. Inactivation of this pathway by deletions, or by FK506, caused hypersensitivity to the peptide, demonstrating the importance of this pathway to the defense of C. albicans against the MUC7 peptide. Other differentially expressed genes that were detected include those encoding subunits of proteasome, and genes involved in cell stress, iron metabolism, cell wall maintenance and small-molecule transport. The presented results suggest that the calcium/calcineurin signalling pathway plays a role in the adaptation of C. albicans to the MUC7 antimicrobial peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Lis
- Department of Oral Biology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA
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Current awareness on yeast. Yeast 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.1715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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