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Khanra S, Das S, Sarraf NR, Datta S, Das AK, Manna M, Roy S. Antimony resistance mechanism in genetically different clinical isolates of Indian Kala-azar patients. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1021464. [PMID: 36405965 PMCID: PMC9667115 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1021464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The central theme of this enterprise is to find common features, if any, displayed by genetically different antimony (Sb)-resistant viscerotropic Leishmania parasites to impart Sb resistance. In a limited number of clinical isolates (n = 3), we studied the breadth of variation in the following dimensions: (a) intracellular thiol content, (b) cell surface expression of glycan having N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl residue as the terminal sugar, and (c) gene expression of thiol-synthesizing enzymes (CBS, MST, gamma-GCS, ODC, and TR), antimony-reducing enzymes (TDR and ACR2), and antimonial transporter genes (AQP1, MRPA, and PRP1). One of the isolates, T5, that was genotypically characterized as Leishmania tropica, caused Indian Kala-azar and was phenotypically Sb resistant (T5-LT-SSG-R), while the other two were Leishmania donovani, out of which one isolate, AG83, is antimony sensitive (AG83-LD-SSG-S) and the other isolate, T8, is Sb resistant (T8-LD-SSG-R). Our study showed that the Sb-resistant parasites, regardless of their genotype, showed significantly higher intracellular thiol compared with Sb-sensitive AG83-LD-SSG-S. Seemingly, T5-LT-SSG-R showed about 1.9-fold higher thiol content compared with T8-LD-SSG-R which essentially mirrored cell surface N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl expression. Except TR, the expression of the remaining thiol-synthesizing genes was significantly higher in T8-LD-SSG-R and T5-LT-SSG-R than the sensitive one, and between the Sb-resistant parasites, the latter showed a significantly higher expression. Furthermore, the genes for Sb-reducing enzymes increased significantly in resistant parasites regardless of genotype compared with the sensitive one, and between two resistant parasites, there was hardly any difference in expression. Out of three antimony transporters, AQP1 was decreased with the concurrent increase in MRPA and PRP1 in resistant isolates when compared with the sensitive counterpart. Interestingly, no difference in expression of the above-mentioned transporters was noted between two Sb-resistant isolates. The enduring image that resonated from our study is that the genetically diverse Sb-resistant parasites showed enhanced thiol-synthesizing and antimony transporter gene expression than the sensitive counterpart to confer a resistant phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Khanra
- Department of Zoology, Barasat Government College, Kolkata, India
| | - Shantanabha Das
- Department of Zoology, Diamond Harbour Women’s University, Sarisha, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Sanchita Datta
- Department of Zoology, Barasat Government College, Kolkata, India
| | - Anjan Kumar Das
- Department of Medicine, Calcutta National Medical College, Kolkata, India
| | - Madhumita Manna
- Department of Zoology, Barasat Government College, Kolkata, India
| | - Syamal Roy
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
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Sarangi NK, Prabhakaran A, Keyes TE. Interaction of Miltefosine with Microcavity Supported Lipid Membrane: Biophysical Insights from Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. ELECTROANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202060424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nirod Kumar Sarangi
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Centre for Sensor Research Dublin City University DCU Glasnevin Campus Dublin 9 D09 W6Y4 Ireland
| | - Amrutha Prabhakaran
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Centre for Sensor Research Dublin City University DCU Glasnevin Campus Dublin 9 D09 W6Y4 Ireland
| | - Tia E. Keyes
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Centre for Sensor Research Dublin City University DCU Glasnevin Campus Dublin 9 D09 W6Y4 Ireland
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Valente M, Vidal AE, González-Pacanowska D. Targeting Kinetoplastid and Apicomplexan Thymidylate Biosynthesis as an Antiprotozoal Strategy. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:4262-4279. [PMID: 30259810 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180926154329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Kinetoplastid and apicomplexan parasites comprise a group of protozoans responsible for human diseases, with a serious impact on human health and the socioeconomic growth of developing countries. Chemotherapy is the main option to control these pathogenic organisms and nucleotide metabolism is considered a promising area for the provision of antimicrobial therapeutic targets. Impairment of thymidylate (dTMP) biosynthesis severely diminishes the viability of parasitic protozoa and the absence of enzymatic activities specifically involved in the formation of dTMP (e.g. dUTPase, thymidylate synthase, dihydrofolate reductase or thymidine kinase) results in decreased deoxythymidine triphosphate (dTTP) levels and the so-called thymineless death. In this process, the ratio of deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) versus dTTP in the cellular nucleotide pool has a crucial role. A high dUTP/dTTP ratio leads to uracil misincorporation into DNA, the activation of DNA repair pathways, DNA fragmentation and eventually cell death. The essential character of dTMP synthesis has stimulated interest in the identification and development of drugs that specifically block the biochemical steps involved in thymine nucleotide formation. Here, we review the available literature in relation to drug discovery studies targeting thymidylate biosynthesis in kinetoplastid (genera Trypanosoma and Leishmania) and apicomplexan (Plasmodium spp and Toxoplasma gondii) protozoans. The most relevant findings concerning novel inhibitory molecules with antiparasitic activity against these human pathogens are presented herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Valente
- Instituto de Parasitologia y Biomedicina "Lopez-Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio E Vidal
- Instituto de Parasitologia y Biomedicina "Lopez-Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - Dolores González-Pacanowska
- Instituto de Parasitologia y Biomedicina "Lopez-Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
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Staderini M, Piquero M, Abengózar MÁ, Nachér-Vázquez M, Romanelli G, López-Alvarado P, Rivas L, Bolognesi ML, Menéndez JC. Structure-activity relationships and mechanistic studies of novel mitochondria-targeted, leishmanicidal derivatives of the 4-aminostyrylquinoline scaffold. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 171:38-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Semicarbazone derivatives as promising therapeutic alternatives in leishmaniasis. Exp Parasitol 2019; 201:57-66. [PMID: 31004571 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the in vitro and in vivo leishmanicidal activity of synthetic compounds, containing a semicarbazone scaffold as a peptide mimetic framework. The leishmanicidal effect against amastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis was also evaluated at concentration of 100 μM-0.01 nM. The derivatives 2e, 2f, 2g and 1g, beyond the standards miltefosine and pentamidine, significantly diminished the number of L. amazonensis amastigotes in macrophages. These derivatives were also active against amastigotes of L. braziliensis. As 2g presented potent leishmanicidal activity against the amastigotes of L. amazonensis in macrophages, we also investigated the in vivo leishmanicidal activity of this compound against L. amazonensis. Approximately 105L. amazonensis promastigotes were subcutaneously inoculated into the dermis of the right ear of BALB/c mice, which were subsequently treated with 2g (p.o. or i.p.), miltefosine (p.o.) or glucantime (i.p.) at 30 μmol/kg/day x 28 days. Thus, a similar reduction in the lesion size was observed after the administration of 2g through oral (63.7 ± 10.1%) and intraperitoneal (61.8 ± 3.7%) routes. A larger effect was observed after treatment with miltefosine (97.7 ± 0.4%), and glucantime did not exhibit activity at the dose administered. With respect to the ear parasite load, 2g diminished the number of parasites by p.o. (30.5 ± 5.1%) and i.p. (33.3 ± 4.3%) administration. In addition, 2g induced in vitro apoptosis, autophagy and cell cycle alterations on L. amazonensis promastigotes. In summary, the derivative 2g might represent a lead candidate for antileishmanial drugs, as this compound displayed pronounced leishmanicidal activity.
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Banerjee M, Parai D, Dhar P, Roy M, Barik R, Chattopadhyay S, Mukherjee SK. Andrographolide induces oxidative stress-dependent cell death in unicellular protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei. Acta Trop 2017; 176:58-67. [PMID: 28739368 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
African sleeping sickness is a parasitic disease in humans and livestock caused by Trypanosoma brucei throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Absence of appropriate vaccines and prevalence of drug resistance proclaim that a new way of therapeutic interventions is essential against African trypanosomiasis. In the present study, we have looked into the effect of andrographolide (andro), a diterpenoid lactone from Andrographis paiculata on Trypanosoma brucei PRA 380. Although andro has been recognized as a promosing anti-cancer drug, its usefulness against Trypanosoma spp remained unexplored. Andro showed promising anti-trypanosomal activity with an IC50 value of 8.3μM assessed through SYBR Green cell viability assay and also showed no cytotoxicity towards normal murine macrophages. Cell cycle analysis revealed that andro could induce sub-G0/G1 phase arrest. Flow cytometric analysis also revealed that incubation with andro caused exposure of phosphatidyl serine to the outer leaflet of plasma membrane in T. brucei PCF. This event was preceded by andro-induced depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δym) and elevation of cytosolic calcium. Andro also caused elevation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as lipid peroxidation level, and depletion in reduced thiol levels. Taken together, these data indicate that andro has promising antitrypanosomal activity mediated by promoting oxidative stress and depolarizing the mitochondrial membrane potential and thereby triggering an apoptosis-like programmed cell death. Therefore, this study merits further investigation to the therapeutic possibility of using andro for the treatment of African trypanosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malabika Banerjee
- Department of Microbiology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, WB, India; TCG Life Science Ltd., Bengal Intelligent Park, Tower-B, Block-EP & GP, Sector-5, Salt Lake, Kolkata, 700091, India
| | - Debaprasad Parai
- Department of Microbiology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, WB, India
| | - Pranab Dhar
- TCG Life Science Ltd., Bengal Intelligent Park, Tower-B, Block-EP & GP, Sector-5, Salt Lake, Kolkata, 700091, India
| | - Manab Roy
- TCG Life Science Ltd., Bengal Intelligent Park, Tower-B, Block-EP & GP, Sector-5, Salt Lake, Kolkata, 700091, India
| | - Rajib Barik
- TCG Life Science Ltd., Bengal Intelligent Park, Tower-B, Block-EP & GP, Sector-5, Salt Lake, Kolkata, 700091, India
| | - Subrata Chattopadhyay
- TCG Life Science Ltd., Bengal Intelligent Park, Tower-B, Block-EP & GP, Sector-5, Salt Lake, Kolkata, 700091, India
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Khanra S, Sarraf NR, Das AK, Roy S, Manna M. Miltefosine Resistant Field Isolate From Indian Kala-Azar Patient Shows Similar Phenotype in Experimental Infection. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10330. [PMID: 28871097 PMCID: PMC5583325 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09720-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergence of resistance to drugs used to treat the Indian Kala-azar patients makes control strategy shattered. In this bleak situation, Miltefosine (MIL) was introduced to treat mainly antimonial unresponsive cases. Within years, resistance to MIL has been reported. While checking the MIL sensitivity of the recent KA clinical isolates (n = 26), we came across one isolate which showed four times more EC50 for MIL than that of MIL-Sensitive (MIL-S) isolates and considered as putative MIL-Resistant (MIL-R). The expressions of LdMT and LdRos3 genes of this isolate were found down regulated. Th1/Th2 cytokines, ROS and NO, FACS dot plots and mitochondrial trans membrane potential measurement were performed. In vivo hamster model with this MIL-R isolate showed much lesser reduction in liver weight (17.5%) compared to average reduction in liver weight (40.2%) of the animals infected with MIL-S isolates. The splenic and hepatic stamps smears of MIL-R infected hamsters revealed the retention of parasite load of about 51.45%. The splenocytes of these animals failed to proliferate anti leishmanial T-cells and lack of cell mediated immunity hampered recovery. Thus, these phenotypic expressions of experimental model may be considered similar to that of the MIL unresponsive patients. This is first such kind of report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Khanra
- Department of Zoology, Barasat Govt. College, 10, K.N.C Road, Kolkata, 700124, India.,Crystallography and Molecular Biology Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata, 700064, India
| | - Nibedeeta R Sarraf
- Department of Zoology, Barasat Govt. College, 10, K.N.C Road, Kolkata, 700124, India
| | - Anjan K Das
- Department of Pathology, Calcutta National Medical College, 32, Gorachand Road, Kolkata, 700014, India
| | - Syamal Roy
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India. .,Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University, Vivekananda Road, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, 736101, India.
| | - Madhumita Manna
- Department of Zoology, Barasat Govt. College, 10, K.N.C Road, Kolkata, 700124, India. .,Bidhannagar College, EB 2, Salt Lake, Sector I, Kolkata, 700064, India.
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Nyíri K, Vértessy BG. Perturbation of genome integrity to fight pathogenic microorganisms. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1861:3593-3612. [PMID: 27217086 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance against antibiotics is unfortunately still a major biomedical challenge for a wide range of pathogens responsible for potentially fatal diseases. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this study, we aim at providing a critical assessment of the recent advances in design and use of drugs targeting genome integrity by perturbation of thymidylate biosynthesis. MAJOR CONCLUSION We find that research efforts from several independent laboratories resulted in chemically highly distinct classes of inhibitors of key enzymes within the routes of thymidylate biosynthesis. The present article covers numerous studies describing perturbation of this metabolic pathway in some of the most challenging pathogens like Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Plasmodium falciparum, and Staphylococcus aureus. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Our comparative analysis allows a thorough summary of the current approaches to target thymidylate biosynthesis enzymes and also include an outlook suggesting novel ways of inhibitory strategies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Science for Life" Guest Editor: Dr. Austen Angell, Dr. Salvatore Magazù and Dr. Federica Migliardo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Nyíri
- Dept. Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 4 Szent Gellért tér, Budapest HU 1111, Hungary; Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Magyar tudósok körútja, Budapest HU 1117, Hungary.
| | - Beáta G Vértessy
- Dept. Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 4 Szent Gellért tér, Budapest HU 1111, Hungary; Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Magyar tudósok körútja, Budapest HU 1117, Hungary.
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9
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15d-Prostaglandin J2 induced reactive oxygen species-mediated apoptosis during experimental visceral leishmaniasis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2016; 94:695-710. [PMID: 26830627 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-016-1384-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED 15-Deoxy-delta (12,14)-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PgJ2) is a potent bioactive lipid mediator, known to possess several roles in cell regulation and differentiation along with antimicrobial efficacy against different bacterial and viral infections. In the present study, we investigated the therapeutic efficacy and mechanism of action of 15d-PgJ2 in vitro in Leishmania donovani promastigotes and infected J774 macrophages, and in vivo in Balb/c mice/golden hamster model of experimental visceral leishmaniasis. 15d-PgJ2 effectively killed L. donovani promastigotes and amastigotes in vitro with IC50 of 104.6 and 80.09 nM, respectively. At 2 mg/kg (mice) and 4 mg/kg (hamster) doses, 15d-PgJ2 decreased >90 % spleen and liver parasite burden. It significantly reduced interleukin (IL)-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β synthesis in infected macrophages and splenocytes. 15d-PgJ2 induced reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent apoptosis of promastigotes by triggering phosphatidyl serine externalization, mitochondrial membrane damage and inducing caspase-like activity. In vitro drug interaction studies revealed an indifference to the synergistic association of 15d-PgJ2 with Miltefosine and Amphotericin-B (Amp-B). Moreover, when combined with sub-curative doses of Miltefosine and Amphotericin-B, 15d-PgJ2 resulted in >95 % parasite removal. Our results suggested that 15d-PgJ2 induces mitochondria-dependent apoptosis of L. donovani and is a good therapeutic candidate for adjunct therapy against experimental visceral leishmaniasis. KEY MESSAGE 15d-PgJ2 effectively eliminated both promastigotes and amastigotes form of L. donovani. 15d-PgJ2 decreased parasite burden from infected mice and hamsters with reduced Th2 cytokines. 15d-PgJ2 induced ROS-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis of L. donovani promastigotes. 15d-PgJ2 is a good therapeutic candidate for adjunct therapy with Miltefosine and Amp-B.
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Banerjee TS, Hazra A, Mondal NB, Das S. The quinoline compound, S4 effectively antagonizes alcohol intake in mice: Possible association with the histone H3 modifications. Neurochem Int 2015; 87:117-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Mallick S, Dey S, Mandal S, Dutta A, Mukherjee D, Biswas G, Chatterjee S, Mallick S, Lai TK, Acharya K, Pal C. A novel triterpene from Astraeus hygrometricus induces reactive oxygen species leading to death in Leishmania donovani. Future Microbiol 2015; 10:763-89. [PMID: 26000650 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.14.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Aim: The effect of astrakurkurone, a novel triterpene, isolated from Indian mushroom Astraeus hygrometricus has been investigated to elucidate the mechanisms involved in selective cell death of Leishmania donovani. Materials & methods: The hypotheses were investigated using flow-cytometry, scanning electron microscopy and confocal microscopy. Results: The time dependent elevation of astrakurkurone-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) was found intimately associated with apoptosis. The involvement of ROS in promastigote death was found confirmed as NAC and GSH could decrease the ROS level and restored the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ m). It also inhibited the intracellular amastigotes. Conclusion: We claim the present invention as substantial in depth evidences that mushroom derived active molecules can be exploited as target specific, comparatively nontoxic leads for antileishmanial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvadip Mallick
- Cellular Immunology & Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India
| | - Somaditya Dey
- Cellular Immunology & Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India
| | - Supratim Mandal
- Cellular Immunology & Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India
| | - Aritri Dutta
- Cellular Immunology & Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India
| | - Debarati Mukherjee
- Cellular Immunology & Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India
| | - Gunjan Biswas
- Molecular & Applied Mycology & Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, West Bengal, India
| | - Soumya Chatterjee
- Molecular & Applied Mycology & Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, West Bengal, India
| | - Sanjaya Mallick
- CU BD Centre of Excellence for Nanobiotechnology, University of Calcutta, West Bengal, India
| | - Tapan Kumar Lai
- Department of Chemistry, Vidyasagar Evening College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Krishnendu Acharya
- Molecular & Applied Mycology & Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, West Bengal, India
| | - Chiranjib Pal
- Cellular Immunology & Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India
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Yousuf M, Mukherjee D, Pal A, Dey S, Mandal S, Pal C, Adhikari S. Synthesis and biological evaluation of ferrocenylquinoline as a potential antileishmanial agent. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:546-54. [PMID: 25619822 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201402537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of resistance against antileishmanial drugs in current use necessitates the search for new classes of antileishmanial compounds. Herein we report the design, synthesis, and evaluation of a novel ferrocenylquinoline for activity against Leishmania donovani. 7-Chloro-N-[2-(1H-5-ferrocenyl-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)ethyl]quinolin-4-amine (1) was generated by coupling an iron(II) ethynylferrocene species with 4-(2-ethylazido)amino-7-chloroquinoline using click chemistry. The synthesized compound 1 was tested for its antileishmanial activity using both promastigote and amastigote stages of L. donovani. Compound 1 showed promising anti-promastigote activity, with an IC50 value of 15.26 μM and no cytotoxicity toward host splenocytes. From the battery of tests conducted in this study, it appears that this compound induces parasite death by promoting oxidative stress and depolarizing the mitochondrial membrane potential, thereby triggering apoptosis. These results suggest that ferrocenylquinoline 1 is a suitable lead for the development of new antileishmanial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Yousuf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 A.P.C. Road, Kolkata 700 009 (India)
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Abstract
Introduction: The armamentarium of antileishmanial drugs is small. It is further being threatened by the development of resistance and decreasing sensitivity to the available drugs. The development of newer drugs is sorely needed. Areas covered: The authors have based their review on a literature search performed using PubMed. The article specifically looks at investigational drugs, which have demonstrated, at the very least, in vitro and in vivo activities against the leishmania species that cause visceral leishmaniasis. Specifically, the authors review the nitroimidazole compound fexinidazole, which is one of the few drugs which have reached Phase II trials. The article also discusses the R enantiomer of (S)-PA-824, which has shown good antileishmanial activity. Finally, the article also highlights the many novel delivery systems and oral formulations of amphotericin B, which are both cheap and less toxic and are currently under investigation. Expert opinion: Very few new drugs have reached the clinic for this neglected tropical disease and there is an urgent need for new efficacious therapeutics. The authors believe that support from public-private partnerships would help in enabling the prompt development of drug candidates that could potentially make the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Sundar
- Banaras Hindu University, Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Medicine , Varanasi 221 005, UP , India + 91 542 2369632 ; + 91 542 2367568 ;
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Cationic liposomal sodium stibogluconate (SSG), a potent therapeutic tool for treatment of infection by SSG-sensitive and -resistant Leishmania donovani. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 59:344-55. [PMID: 25367907 DOI: 10.1128/aac.03305-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pentavalent antimonials have been the first-line treatment for leishmaniasis for decades. However, the development of resistance to sodium stibogluconate (SSG) has limited its use, especially for treating visceral leishmaniasis (VL). The present work aims to optimize a cationic liposomal formulation of SSG for the treatment of both SSG-sensitive (AG83) and SSG-resistant (GE1F8R and CK1R) Leishmania donovani infections. Parasite killing was determined by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and microscopic counting of Giemsa-stained macrophages. Macrophage uptake studies were carried out by confocal microscopic imaging. Parasite-liposome interactions were visualized through transmission electron microscopy. Toxicity tests were performed using assay kits. Organ parasite burdens were determined by microscopic counting and limiting dilution assays. Cytokines were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and flow cytometry. Although all cationic liposomes studied demonstrated leishmanicidal activity, phosphatidylcholine (PC)-dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide (DDAB) vesicles were most effective, followed by PC-stearylamine (SA) liposomes. Since entrapment of SSG in PC-DDAB liposomes demonstrated enhanced ultrastructural alterations in promastigotes, PC-DDAB-SSG vesicles were further investigated in vitro and in vivo. PC-DDAB-SSG could effectively alleviate SSG-sensitive and SSG-resistant L. donovani infections in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow of BALB/c mice at a dose of SSG (3 mg/kg body weight) not reported previously. The parasiticidal activity of these vesicles was attributed to better interactions with the parasite membranes, resulting in direct killing, and generation of a strong host-protective environment, necessitating a very low dose of SSG for effective cures.
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Baquedano Y, Moreno E, Espuelas S, Nguewa P, Font M, Gutierrez KJ, Jiménez-Ruiz A, Palop JA, Sanmartín C. Novel hybrid selenosulfonamides as potent antileishmanial agents. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 74:116-23. [PMID: 24448421 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Diselenide and sulfonamide derivatives have recently attracted considerable interest as leishmanicidal agents in drug discovery. In this study, a novel series of sixteen hybrid selenosulfonamides has been synthesized and screened for their in vitro activity against Leishmania infantum intracellular amastigotes and THP-1 cells. These assays revealed that most of the compounds exhibited antileishmanial activity in the low micromolar range and led us to identify three lead compounds (derivatives 2, 7 and 14) with IC50 values ranging from 0.83 to 1.47 μM and selectivity indexes (SI) over 17, much higher than those observed for the reference drugs miltefosine and edelfosine. When evaluated against intracellular amastigotes, hybrid compound 7 emerged as the most active compound (IC50 = 2.8 μM), showing higher activity and much less toxicity against THP-1 cells than edelfosine. These compounds could potentially serve as templates for future drug-optimization and drug-development efforts for their use as therapeutic agents in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ylenia Baquedano
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea, 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain; Instituto de Salud Tropical, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea, 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Esther Moreno
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea, 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain; Instituto de Salud Tropical, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea, 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Socorro Espuelas
- Instituto de Salud Tropical, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea, 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Paul Nguewa
- Instituto de Salud Tropical, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea, 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - María Font
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea, 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain; Instituto de Salud Tropical, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea, 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Kilian Jesús Gutierrez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Alcalá, Carretera Madrid-Barcelona km 33,600, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Jiménez-Ruiz
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Alcalá, Carretera Madrid-Barcelona km 33,600, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Palop
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea, 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain; Instituto de Salud Tropical, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea, 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Carmen Sanmartín
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea, 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain; Instituto de Salud Tropical, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea, 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
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Traceless synthetic approach towards oxaza-dicyclopenta[a,h]naphthalenes under solvent-free condition: a basic alumina-supported green protocol. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.03.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Maity A, Hazra A, Palit P, Mondal S, Lala S, Mondal NB. The cytotoxic effects of diketopiperaizes against Leishmania donovani promastigotes and amastigotes. Med Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-012-0355-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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