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High Genetic Diversity and Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli Highlight Arapaima gigas (Pisces: Arapaimidae) as a Reservoir of Quinolone-Resistant Strains in Brazilian Amazon Rivers. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10040808. [PMID: 35456858 PMCID: PMC9030826 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10040808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli in distinct ecological niches, comprising water sources and food-producing animals, such as fish species, has been widely reported. In the present study, quinolone-resistant E. coli isolates from Arapirama gigas, a major fish species in the Brazilian Amazon rivers and fish farms, were characterized regarding their antimicrobial susceptibility, virulence, and genetic diversity. A total of forty (40) specimens of A. gigas, including 20 farmed and 20 wild fish, were included. Thirty-four quinolone-resistant E. coli isolates were phenotypically tested by broth microdilution, while resistance and virulence genes were detected by PCR. Molecular epidemiology and genetic relatedness were analyzed by MLST and PFGE typing. The majority of isolates were classified as MDR and detected harboring blaCTX-M, qnrA and qnrB genes. Enterotoxigenic E. coli pathotype (ETEC) isolates were presented in low prevalence among farmed animals. MLST and PFGE genotyping revealed a wide genetic background, including the detection of internationally spread clones. The obtained data point out A. gigas as a reservoir in Brazilian Amazon aquatic ecosystems and warns of the interference of AMR strains in wildlife and environmental matrices.
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Kumar M, Sarma DK, Shubham S, Kumawat M, Verma V, Nina PB, JP D, Kumar S, Singh B, Tiwari RR. Futuristic Non-antibiotic Therapies to Combat Antibiotic Resistance: A Review. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:609459. [PMID: 33574807 PMCID: PMC7870489 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.609459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The looming problem of resistance to antibiotics in microorganisms is a global health concern. The drug-resistant microorganisms originating from anthropogenic sources and commercial livestock farming have posed serious environmental and health challenges. Antibiotic-resistant genes constituting the environmental "resistome" get transferred to human and veterinary pathogens. Hence, deciphering the origin, mechanism and extreme of transfer of these genetic factors into pathogens is extremely important to develop not only the therapeutic interventions to curtail the infections, but also the strategies to avert the menace of microbial drug-resistance. Clinicians, researchers and policymakers should jointly come up to develop the strategies to prevent superfluous exposure of pathogens to antibiotics in non-clinical settings. This article highlights the present scenario of increasing antimicrobial-resistance in pathogenic bacteria and the clinical importance of unconventional or non-antibiotic therapies to thwart the infectious pathogenic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | | | - Swasti Shubham
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Manoj Kumawat
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Vinod Verma
- Stem Cell Research Centre, Department of Hematology, SGPGIMS, Lucknow, India
| | | | - Devraj JP
- ICMR- National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
| | - Santosh Kumar
- ICMR- National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
| | - Birbal Singh
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Regional Station, Palampur, India
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3
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Koga VL, Maluta RP, da Silveira WD, Ribeiro RA, Hungria M, Vespero EC, Nakazato G, Kobayashi RKT. Characterization of CMY-2-type beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolated from chicken carcasses and human infection in a city of South Brazil. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:174. [PMID: 31362706 PMCID: PMC6664532 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1550-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food-producing animals, mainly poultry, have been associated with the maintenance and dissemination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, such as plasmid-mediated AmpC (pAmpC)-producing Enterobacteriaceae, to humans, thus impacting food safety. Many studies have shown that Escherichia coli strains isolated from poultry and humans infections share identical cephalosporin resistance, suggesting that transmission of resistance from poultry meat to humans may occur. The aim of this study was to characterize pAmpC-producing E. coli strains isolated from chicken carcasses and human infection in a restrict area and to determine their antimicrobial resistance profiles, and molecular type by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). RESULTS A total of 14 pAmpC-producing E. coli strains were isolated, including eight strains from chicken carcasses and six strains from human infections (from urine, tissue and secretion). The blaCMY-2 gene was identified in all pAmpC-producing E. coli strains by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing. High percentages of strains resistant to tetracycline, nalidixic acid and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (78-92%) were detected, all of which were considered multidrug-resistant. Among the non-beta-lactam resistance genes, the majority of the strains showed tetA, tetB, sulI and sulII. No strain was considered an extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) producer, and the blaTEM-1 gene was found in 2 strains isolated from human infection. Six strains from chicken carcasses and four strains from humans infections were linked to an ISEcp1-like element. Through MLST, 11 sequence types were found. Three strains isolated from human infection and one strain isolated from chicken carcasses belonged to the same sequence type (ST354). However, considerable heterogeneity between the strains from chicken carcasses and humans was confirmed by PFGE analysis. CONCLUSION This study showed the prevalence of E. coli strains producing blaCMY-2 linked to ISEcp1 that were present in both chickens and humans in a restricted area. Our results also suggest the presence of a highly diverse strains that harbor pAmpC, indicating no clonal dissemination. Therefore, continuous monitoring and comparative analyses of resistant bacteria from humans and food-producing animals are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa L Koga
- Basic and Applied Bacteriology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Renato P Maluta
- Bacterial Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Wanderley D da Silveira
- Bacterial Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Renan A Ribeiro
- Soil Biotechnology Laboratory, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Mariangela Hungria
- Soil Biotechnology Laboratory, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Eliana C Vespero
- Department of Pathology and Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Gerson Nakazato
- Basic and Applied Bacteriology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Renata K T Kobayashi
- Basic and Applied Bacteriology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina, PR, Brazil.
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A Survey of gyrA Target-Site Mutation and qnr Genes among Clinical Isolates of Escherichia coli in the North of Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2018. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.67293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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5
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Fróes AM, da Mota FF, Cuadrat RRC, Dávila AMR. Distribution and Classification of Serine β-Lactamases in Brazilian Hospital Sewage and Other Environmental Metagenomes Deposited in Public Databases. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1790. [PMID: 27895627 PMCID: PMC5108929 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
β-lactam is the most used antibiotic class in the clinical area and it acts on blocking the bacteria cell wall synthesis, causing cell death. However, some bacteria have evolved resistance to these antibiotics mainly due the production of enzymes known as β-lactamases. Hospital sewage is an important source of dispersion of multidrug-resistant bacteria in rivers and oceans. In this work, we used next-generation DNA sequencing to explore the diversity and dissemination of serine β-lactamases in two hospital sewage from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (South Zone, SZ and North Zone, NZ), presenting different profiles, and to compare them with public environmental data available. Also, we propose a Hidden-Markov-Model approach to screen potential serine β-lactamases genes (in public environments samples and generated hospital sewage data), exploring its evolutionary relationships. Due to the high variability in β-lactamases, we used a position-specific scoring matrix search method (RPS-BLAST) against conserved domain database profiles (CDD, Pfam, and COG) followed by visual inspection to detect conserved motifs, to increase the reliability of the results and remove possible false positives. We were able to identify novel β-lactamases from Brazilian hospital sewage and to estimate relative abundance of its types. The highest relative abundance found in SZ was the Class A (50%), while Class D is predominant in NZ (55%). CfxA (65%) and ACC (47%) types were the most abundant genes detected in SZ, while in NZ the most frequent were OXA-10 (32%), CfxA (28%), ACC (21%), CEPA (20%), and FOX (19%). Phylogenetic analysis revealed β-lactamases from Brazilian hospital sewage grouped in the same clade and close to sequences belonging to Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes groups, but distant from potential β-lactamases screened from public environmental data, that grouped closer to β-lactamases of Proteobacteria. Our results demonstrated that HMM-based approach identified homologs of serine β-lactamases, indicating the specificity and high sensitivity of this approach in large datasets, contributing for the identification and classification of a large number of homologous genes, comprising possible new ones. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the potential reservoir of β-lactam resistance genes in the environment, contributing to understanding the evolution and dissemination of these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana M Fróes
- Laboratório de Biologia Computacional e Sistemas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fábio F da Mota
- Laboratório de Biologia Computacional e Sistemas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael R C Cuadrat
- Laboratório de Biologia Computacional e Sistemas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alberto M R Dávila
- Laboratório de Biologia Computacional e Sistemas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Sampaio JLM, Gales AC. Antimicrobial resistance in Enterobacteriaceae in Brazil: focus on β-lactams and polymyxins. Braz J Microbiol 2016; 47 Suppl 1:31-37. [PMID: 27825605 PMCID: PMC5156504 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last 30 years there has been a dissemination of plasmid-mediated β-lactamases in Enterobacteriaceae in Brazil. Extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) are widely disseminated in the hospital setting and are detected in a lower frequency in the community setting. Cefotaximases are the most frequently detected ESBL type and Klebsiella pneumoniae is the predominant species among ESBL producers. Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae became widely disseminated in Brazil during the last decade and KPC production is currently the most frequent resistance mechanism (96.2%) in carbapenem resistant K. pneumoniae. To date KPC-2 is the only variant reported in Brazil. Polymyxin B resistance in KPC-2-producing K. pneumoniae has come to an alarming rate of 27.1% in 2015 in São Paulo, the largest city in Brazil. New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase was detected in Brazil in 2013, has been reported in different Brazilian states but are not widely disseminated. Antimicrobial resistance in Enterobacteriaceae in Brazil is a very serious problem that needs urgent actions which includes both more strict adherence to infection control measures and more judicious use of antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Luiz Mello Sampaio
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Fleury Medicina e Saúde, Seção de Microbiologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Ana Cristina Gales
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina Interna, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Lopatkin AJ, Sysoeva TA, You L. Dissecting the effects of antibiotics on horizontal gene transfer: Analysis suggests a critical role of selection dynamics. Bioessays 2016; 38:1283-1292. [PMID: 27699821 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201600133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is a major mechanism responsible for the spread of antibiotic resistance. Conversely, it is often assumed that antibiotics promote HGT. Careful dissection of the literature, however, suggests a lack of conclusive evidence supporting this notion in general. This is largely due to the lack of well-defined quantitative experiments to address this question in an unambiguous manner. In this review, we discuss the extent to which HGT is responsible for the spread of antibiotic resistance and examine what is known about the effect of antibiotics on the HGT dynamics. We focus on conjugation, which is the dominant mode of HGT responsible for spreading antibiotic resistance on the global scale. Our analysis reveals a need to design experiments to quantify HGT in such a way to facilitate rigorous data interpretation. Such measurements are critical for developing novel strategies to combat resistance spread through HGT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tatyana A Sysoeva
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lingchong You
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Davies YM, Cunha MPV, Oliveira MGX, Oliveira MCV, Philadelpho N, Romero D, Milanelo L, Guimarães MB, Ferreira AJP, Moreno AM, Sá LRM, Knöbl T. Virulence and antimicrobial resistance ofKlebsiella pneumoniaeisolated from passerine and psittacine birds. Avian Pathol 2016; 45:194-201. [DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2016.1142066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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9
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Abstract
Three mechanisms for plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) have been discovered since 1998. Plasmid genes qnrA, qnrB, qnrC, qnrD, qnrS, and qnrVC code for proteins of the pentapeptide repeat family that protects DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV from quinolone inhibition. The qnr genes appear to have been acquired from chromosomal genes in aquatic bacteria, are usually associated with mobilizing or transposable elements on plasmids, and are often incorporated into sul1-type integrons. The second plasmid-mediated mechanism involves acetylation of quinolones with an appropriate amino nitrogen target by a variant of the common aminoglycoside acetyltransferase AAC(6')-Ib. The third mechanism is enhanced efflux produced by plasmid genes for pumps QepAB and OqxAB. PMQR has been found in clinical and environmental isolates around the world and appears to be spreading. The plasmid-mediated mechanisms provide only low-level resistance that by itself does not exceed the clinical breakpoint for susceptibility but nonetheless facilitates selection of higher-level resistance and makes infection by pathogens containing PMQR harder to treat.
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10
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Le V, Nhu NTK, Cerdeno-Tarraga A, Campbell JI, Tuyen HT, Nhu TDH, Tam PTT, Schultsz C, Thwaites G, Thomson NR, Baker S. Genetic characterization of three qnrS1-harbouring multidrug-resistance plasmids and qnrS1-containing transposons circulating in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. J Med Microbiol 2015; 64:869-878. [PMID: 26272054 PMCID: PMC4635468 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) refers to a family of closely related genes that confer decreased susceptibility to fluoroquinolones. PMQR genes are generally associated with integrons and/or plasmids that carry additional antimicrobial resistance genes active against a range of antimicrobials. In Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), Vietnam, we have previously shown a high frequency of PMQR genes within commensal Enterobacteriaceae. However, there are limited available sequence data detailing the genetic context in which the PMQR genes reside, and a lack of understanding of how these genes spread across the Enterobacteriaceae. Here, we aimed to determine the genetic background facilitating the spread and maintenance of qnrS1, the dominant PMQR gene circulating in HCMC. We sequenced three qnrS1-carrying plasmids in their entirety to understand the genetic context of these qnrS1-embedded plasmids and also the association of qnrS1-mediated quinolone resistance with other antimicrobial resistance phenotypes. Annotation of the three qnrS1-containing plasmids revealed a qnrS1-containing transposon with a closely related structure. We screened 112 qnrS1-positive commensal Enterobacteriaceae isolated in the community and in a hospital in HCMC to detect the common transposon structure. We found the same transposon structure to be present in 71.4 % (45/63) of qnrS1-positive hospital isolates and in 36.7 % (18/49) of qnrS1-positive isolates from the community. The resulting sequence analysis of the qnrS1 environment suggested that qnrS1 genes are widely distributed and are mobilized on elements with a common genetic background. Our data add additional insight into mechanisms that facilitate resistance to multiple antimicrobials in Gram-negative bacteria in Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vien Le
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nguyen Thi Khanh Nhu
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - James I Campbell
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, UK
| | - Ha Thanh Tuyen
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tran Do Hoang Nhu
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Pham Thi Thanh Tam
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Constance Schultsz
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guy Thwaites
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, UK
| | - Nicholas R Thomson
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Stephen Baker
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, UK.,Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Seija V, Medina Presentado JC, Bado I, Papa Ezdra R, Batista N, Gutierrez C, Guirado M, Vidal M, Nin M, Vignoli R. Sepsis caused by New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (blaNDM-1) and qnrD-producing Morganella morganii, treated successfully with fosfomycin and meropenem: case report and literature review. Int J Infect Dis 2014; 30:20-6. [PMID: 25447717 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to describe the microbiological characteristics of an extensively drug-resistant (XDR) isolate of Morganella morganii obtained from a patient with sepsis of urinary origin and to describe the patient's clinical characteristics. We further aimed to perform a literature review of the situation in Latin America regarding Gram-negative bacillus (GNB) carriers of New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM-1) and qnr genes and current reports on the treatment of infections caused by XDR enterobacteria, with particular attention to colistin-resistant isolates. METHODS The patient's clinical data were obtained from his medical history. Microbiological identification and susceptibility testing were done using the VITEK 2 Compact System. Resistance genes were detected by PCR and sequencing. RESULTS Blood and urine cultures grew an M. morganii isolate (Mm4232) harboring NDM-1 and qnrD1. The patient was treated successfully with fosfomycin and double doses of meropenem. There are no previous reports of the use of fosfomycin and meropenem to treat infections by XDR enterobacteria harboring NDM-1 carbapenemase. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of qnrD1 in South America. We consider that this report could be helpful to physicians implementing treatments for infections caused by XDR GNB, including colistin-carbapenem-resistant GNB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Seija
- Departamento de Laboratorio Clínico, Área Microbiología, Hospital de Clínicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Julio César Medina Presentado
- Cátedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Inés Bado
- Departamento de Bacteriología y Virología, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Alfredo Navarro 3051, CP 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Romina Papa Ezdra
- Departamento de Bacteriología y Virología, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Alfredo Navarro 3051, CP 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Noelia Batista
- Departamento de Laboratorio Clínico, Área Microbiología, Hospital de Clínicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Claudia Gutierrez
- Departamento de Laboratorio Clínico, Área Microbiología, Hospital de Clínicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Mariana Guirado
- Cátedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Macarena Vidal
- Cátedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Marcelo Nin
- Centro de Nefrología Hospital de Clínicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Rafael Vignoli
- Departamento de Bacteriología y Virología, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Alfredo Navarro 3051, CP 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay.
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Samanta I, Joardar S, Das P, Sar T, Bandyopadhyay S, Dutta T, Sarkar U. Prevalence and antibiotic resistance profiles ofSalmonella serotypes isolated from backyard poultry flocks in West Bengal, India. J APPL POULTRY RES 2014. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2013-00929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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13
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Samanta I, Joardar SN, Das PK, Das P, Sar TK, Dutta TK, Bandyopadhyay S, Batabyal S, Isore DP. Virulence Repertoire, Characterization, and Antibiotic Resistance Pattern Analysis ofEscherichia coliIsolated from Backyard Layers and Their Environment in India. Avian Dis 2014; 58:39-45. [DOI: 10.1637/10586-052913-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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14
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Bonelli RR, Moreira BM, Picão RC. Antimicrobial resistance among Enterobacteriaceae in South America: history, current dissemination status and associated socioeconomic factors. Drug Resist Updat 2014; 17:24-36. [PMID: 24618111 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
South America exhibits some of the higher rates of antimicrobial resistance in Enterobactericeae worldwide. This continent includes 12 independent countries with huge socioeconomic differences, where the ample access to antimicrobials, including counterfeit ones, coexists with ineffective health systems and sanitation problems, favoring the emergence and dissemination of resistant strains. This work presents a literature review concerning the evolution and current status of antimicrobial resistance threats found among Enterobacteriaceae in South America. Resistance to β-lactams, fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides was emphasized along with description of key epidemiological studies that highlight the success of specific resistance determinants in different parts of the continent. In addition, a discussion regarding political and socioeconomic factors possibly related to the dissemination of antimicrobial resistant strains in clinical settings and at the community is presented. Finally, in order to assess the possible sources of resistant bacteria, we compile the current knowledge about the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in isolates in South American' food, food-producing animals and off-hospitals environments. By addressing that intensive intercontinental commerce and tourism neutralizes the protective effect of geographic barriers, we provide arguments reinforcing that globally integrated efforts are needed to decelerate the emergence and dissemination of antimicrobial resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Regina Bonelli
- LIM Laboratório Integrado de Microbiologia, Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Meurer Moreira
- LIM Laboratório Integrado de Microbiologia, Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renata Cristina Picão
- LIM Laboratório Integrado de Microbiologia, Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Martínez-Martínez L, Eliecer Cano M, Manuel Rodríguez-Martínez J, Calvo J, Pascual Á. Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 6:685-711. [DOI: 10.1586/14787210.6.5.685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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16
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Ferrari R, Galiana A, Cremades R, Rodríguez JC, Magnani M, Tognim MCB, Oliveira TCRM, Royo G. Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) and mutations in the topoisomerase genes of Salmonella enterica strains from Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2013; 44:651-6. [PMID: 24294265 PMCID: PMC3833171 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822013000200046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify mutations in the Quinolone Resistance Determining sources Regions (QRDR) of the gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE genes and to determine if any of the qnr variants or the aac(6')-Ib-cr variant were present in strains of Salmonella spp. isolated in Brazil. A total of 126 Salmonella spp. strains from epidemic (n = 114) and poultry (n = 12) origin were evaluated. One hundred and twelve strains (88.8%) were resistant to nalidixic acid (NAL) and 29 (23.01%) showed a reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (Cip). The mutations identified were substitutions limited to the QRDR of the gyrA gene in the codons for Serine 83, Aspartate 87 and Alanine 131. The sensitivity to NAL seems to be a good phenotypic indication of distinguishing mutated and non-mutated strains in the QRDR, however the double mutation in gyrA did not cause resistance to ciprofloxacin. The qnrA1 and qnrB19 genes were detected, respectively, in one epidemic strain of S. Enteritidis and one strain of S. Corvallis of poultry origin. Despite previous detection of qnr genes in Brazil, this is the first report of qnr gene detection in Salmonella, and also the first detection of qnrB19 gene in this country. The results alert for the continuous monitoring of quinolone resistance determinants in order to minimize the emergence and selection of Salmonella spp. strains showing reduced susceptibility or resistance to quinolones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Ferrari
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
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Campana EH, Barbosa PP, Fehlberg LCC, Gales AC. Frequency of plasmid-mediated AmpC in Enterobacteriaceae isolated in a Brazilian Teaching Hospital. Braz J Microbiol 2013; 44:477-80. [PMID: 24294242 PMCID: PMC3833148 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822013000200023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In Brazil, the presence of plasmid-mediated AmpC (pAmpC)-producing isolates has been sporadically reported. We evaluated the frequency of pAmpC among 133 Enterobacteriaceae clinical isolates. The blaCMY-2-like gene was detected in a single Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate. In our study, the pAmpC frequency was very low as previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloiza H Campana
- Laboratório ALERTA, Disciplina de Infectologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Viana ALM, Cayô R, Avelino CC, Gales AC, Franco MC, Minarini LAR. Extended-spectrum β-lactamases in Enterobacteriaceae isolated in Brazil carry distinct types of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes. J Med Microbiol 2013; 62:1326-1331. [PMID: 23741024 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.055970-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
One hundred and six nalidixic acid-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolates from two Brazilian hospitals isolated from June to October 2010 were evaluated to characterize the co-existence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistant (PMQR) and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) determinants. The qnr genetic environment was determined by PCR and sequencing. Conjugation and hybridization experiments determined whether qnr-carrying plasmids were self-transferable. The aac(6')-Ib-cr and qepA genes were also screened. Thirteen qnr-like genes (12.3 %) were identified, with qnrB1 the most common, followed by qnrS1, qnrB2 and qnrB19. No qnrA, qnrC, qnrD or qepA determinant was detected. All qnr-positive strains possessed chromosomal substitutions in gyrase- and topoisomerase-encoding genes and four harboured a aac(6')-Ib-cr gene. The co-production of blaCTX-M was observed in ten qnr-positive strains. These results indicate the dissemination of PMQR genes shown in clinical isolates from Brazil, and their co-existence with ESBL genes emphasizes the complexity of plasmid-mediated resistance determinants among Enterobacteriaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- André L M Viana
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas - UNIFAL, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Cayô
- Laboratório ALERTA, Disciplina de Infectologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cassia C Avelino
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas - UNIFAL, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana C Gales
- Laboratório ALERTA, Disciplina de Infectologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marília C Franco
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Alfenas - UNIFAL, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luciene A R Minarini
- Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil.,Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas - UNIFAL, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Paiva MC, Nascimento AMA, Camargo ILBC, Lima-Bittencourt CI, Nardi RMD. The first report of the qnrB19, qnrS1 and aac(6´)-Ib-cr genes in urinary isolates of ciprofloxacin-resistant Escherichia coli in Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2013; 107:687-9. [PMID: 22850962 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762012000500018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the presence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes among 101 ciprofloxacin-resistant urinary Escherichia coli isolates and searched for mutations in the quinolone-resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) of the DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV genes in PMQR-carrying isolates. Eight isolates harboured the qnr and aac(6')-Ib-cr genes (3 qnrS1, 1 qnrB19 and 4 aac(6')-Ib-cr). A mutational analysis of the QRDRs in qnr and aac(6')-Ib-cr-positive isolates revealed mutations in gyrA, parC and parE that might be associated with high levels of resistance to quinolones. No mutation was detected in gyrB. Rare gyrA, parC and parE mutations were detected outside of the QRDRs. This is the first report of qnrB19, qnrS1 and aac(6')-Ib-cr -carrying E. coli isolates in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magna Cristina Paiva
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil, 31270-901
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Mahanti A, Samanta I, Bandopaddhay S, Joardar SN, Dutta TK, Batabyal S, Sar TK, Isore DP. Isolation, molecular characterization and antibiotic resistance of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli (STEC) from buffalo in India. Lett Appl Microbiol 2013; 56:291-8. [PMID: 23350641 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In total, 363 Escherichia coli were isolated from 165 faecal samples of healthy buffaloes in West Bengal, India. Twenty-four of these isolates (6·61%) were found to carry at least one gene characteristic for Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). These STEC strains belonged to 13 different O-serogroups. The stx1 gene was present in 23 (95·8%) of total STEC isolates, whereas 20 (83·3%) STEC isolates carried the gene stx2. Twelve strains of E. coli (50% of total STEC isolates) possessed enterohaemolysin (ehxA) gene in combination with others. Fourteen (58·33%) isolates found to possess saa gene. However, no E. coli was detected harbouring gene for intimin protein (eaeA). Of 23 stx1 -positive isolates, seven (30·43%) were positive for genes of the stx1C subtype. Of the 20 isolates with the stx2 gene, 25% (5/20) possessed stx2C and 10% (2/20) possessed stx2d gene. The phylogenetic analysis after RAPD of STEC strains revealed six major clusters. The isolated STEC strains were resistant most frequently to erythromycin (95·83%), cephalothin (62·5%), amikacin (54·17%), kanamycin (45·83%) and gentamicin (41·67%) group of antibiotics. No ESBL-producing (blaCTXM , blaTEM , blaSHV ) or quinolone resistance gene (qnrA) was detected in the STEC isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mahanti
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Richter SN, Frasson I, Bergo C, Manganelli R, Cavallaro A, Palù G. Characterisation of qnr plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance in Enterobacteriaceae from Italy: association of the qnrB19 allele with the integron element ISCR1 in Escherichia coli. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2010; 35:578-83. [PMID: 20356715 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2010.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The spread of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants (qnr-like determinants) was evaluated in a collection of 232 ciprofloxacin-resistant or extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing enterobacterial isolates recovered between November 2007 and May 2008 at Padua University Hospital, Italy. qnr genes were mainly found in Klebsiella pneumoniae (68%) and to a lesser extent in Escherichia coli (5.1%). Among the qnrA1, qnrS1 and qnrB19 alleles found, the latter was by far the most frequent. Genetic environment analysis revealed that one qnrB19 gene in E. coli was embedded in an ISCR1 complex class 1 integron. All other qnrB19 genes were flanked by an ISEcp1C region as part of the Tn2012 transposon. qnrA1- and qnrS1-containing strains were not clonally related. Both topoisomerase II mutations and ESBL (mainly SHV-12, TEM-1 and TEM-150 types) were present in most of the qnr-positive strains. qnrB19 is extremely frequent in K. pneumoniae isolates from Italy. In addition, association of qnrB19 with the ISCR1 mobile element in E. coli suggests a broad distribution of this resistance gene in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara N Richter
- Department of Histology, Microbiology and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Padua, via Gabelli 63, 35121 Padua, Italy.
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Colombo AL, Janini M, Salomão R, Medeiros EAS, Wey SB, Pignatari ACC. Surveillance programs for detection and characterization of emergent pathogens and antimicrobial resistance: results from the Division of Infectious Diseases, UNIFESP. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2010; 81:571-87. [PMID: 19722025 DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652009000300020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2008] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Several epidemiological changes have occurred in the pattern of nosocomial and community acquired infectious diseases during the past 25 years. Social and demographic changes possibly related to this phenomenon include a rapid population growth, the increase in urban migration and movement across international borders by tourists and immigrants, alterations in the habitats of animals and arthropods that transmit disease, as well as the raise of patients with impaired host defense abilities. Continuous surveillance programs of emergent pathogens and antimicrobial resistance are warranted for detecting in real time new pathogens, as well as to characterize molecular mechanisms of resistance. In order to become more effective, surveillance programs of emergent pathogens should be organized as a multicenter laboratory network connected to the main public and private infection control centers. Microbiological data should be integrated to guide therapy, adapting therapy to local ecology and resistance patterns. This paper presents an overview of data generated by the Division of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo, along with its participation in different surveillance programs of nosocomial and community acquired infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaldo L Colombo
- Divisão de Doenças Infecciosas, Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
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Abstract
Although plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) was thought not to exist before its discovery in 1998, the past decade has seen an explosion of research characterizing this phenomenon. The best-described form of PMQR is determined by the qnr group of genes. These genes, likely originating in aquatic organisms, code for pentapeptide repeat proteins. These proteins reduce susceptibility to quinolones by protecting the complex of DNA and DNA gyrase or topoisomerase IV enzymes from the inhibitory effect of quinolones. Two additional PMQR mechanisms were recently described. aac(6')-Ib-cr encodes a variant aminoglycoside acetyltransferase with two amino acid alterations allowing it to inactivate ciprofloxacin through the acetylation of its piperazinyl substituent. oqxAB and qepA encode efflux pumps that extrude quinolones. All of these genes determine relatively small increases in the MICs of quinolones, but these changes are sufficient to facilitate the selection of mutants with higher levels of resistance. The contribution of these genes to the emergence of quinolone resistance is being actively investigated. Several factors suggest their importance in this process, including their increasing ubiquity, their association with other resistance elements, and their emergence simultaneous with the expansion of clinical quinolone resistance. Of concern, these genes are not yet being taken into account in resistance screening by clinical microbiology laboratories.
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Class 1 and class 2 integrons and plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance in coliforms isolated from ten rivers in northern Turkey. J Microbiol 2009; 47:19-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-008-0206-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Accepted: 10/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Castanheira M, Mendes RE, Rhomberg PR, Jones RN. Rapid emergence of blaCTX-M among Enterobacteriaceae in U.S. Medical Centers: molecular evaluation from the MYSTIC Program (2007). Microb Drug Resist 2008; 14:211-6. [PMID: 18707552 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2008.0827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 220 gram-negative isolates showing distinct beta-lactam resistance profiles recovered in U.S. medical centers during the MYSTIC Program 2007 were evaluated to determine the presence of selected beta-lactamase genes. CTX-M-encoding genes, considered rare in the United States, were detected in 38.8% (28/70; three species) of the extended spectrum beta-lactamase-positive isolates and were observed in 80.0% of the participating hospitals. CTX-M-14 and -15 were found in multiple institutions (eight and nine medical centers, respectively), and CTX-M-3 was detected in only one isolate. The OXA-2 and -10 were identified in nine Enterobacteriaceae strains, and plasmid-mediated AmpC enzymes CMY-2 and FOX-5 were identified in six and four isolates, respectively, displaying negative clavulanate inhibition. Genes encoding OXA-23 and -24 were detected in 30.0% (15/50) of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter spp. strains. Retrospective sampling showed that these OXA enzymes were present since 2004 in the MYSTIC Program isolates. The KPC serine carbapenemases were observed in the majority of the carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (usually Klebsiella pneumoniae), confirming an epidemic problem in the New York City area. The association of beta-lactamase production and transferable quinolone resistance genes (qnr; 6.7%) in Enterobacteriaceae strains was higher than previously reported. This study illustrates the emergence and rapid dissemination of some beta-lactamases, such as CTX-M, broad-spectrum oxacillinases, and serine carbapenemases, that compromised the treatment of gram-negative infections in numerous U.S. hospitals participating in the MYSTIC Program in 2007.
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Guessennd N, Bremont S, Gbonon V, Kacou-Ndouba A, Ekaza E, Lambert T, Dosso M, Courvalin P. [Qnr-type quinolone resistance in extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing enterobacteria in Abidjan, Ivory Coast]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 56:439-46. [PMID: 18926644 DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2008.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Accepted: 07/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to show the emergence of the qnr genes in extended spectrum beta-lactamases producing enterobacteria in Abidjan between 2005 and 2006. The whole of 151 strains of extended spectrum beta-lactamases producing enterobacteria were studied: 64 Escherichia coli, 66 Klebsiella pneumoniae, seven Klebsiella oxytoca and 14 Enterobacter spp. isolated from various biological products and from in- and out-patients. The techniques of disks diffusion, double-disk synergy, E-test were respectively used for the antimicrobial susceptibility test, the detection of extended spectrum beta-lactamases and the minimal inhibiting concentration. The bla genes(SHV, TEM, CTXM groups 1, 2, 8, 9), and AmpC were determined by PCR and characterized by sequencing. A global prevalence of 27,2 % (41/151) and rates of 9,9, 14,6, 2,7 % for the qnr genes A, B, A and S were observed. The distribution was 42,9 % for Enterobacter spp, 31,2 % for Escherichia coli, 20,5 % for Klebsiella; 30 strains expressed at least two bla genes; four strains were associated with AmpC. The strains were resistant to the cotrimoxazole (97,6 %), to the céfépime (73,2 %), to the céfoxitine (56,1 %), to the imipénème (0 %) and 43,9 % to all the aminosides. This high qnr gene prevalence associated with several types of bla genes in epidemic matter, the high level of resistance to antibiotics make fear a high risk of the transmission of multi-resistants bacteria and challenge the authorities for a resistance monitoring policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Guessennd
- Laboratoire de bactériologie-virologie, institut Pasteur, BP 1563, Abidjan 08, Côte d'Ivoire.
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Yue L, Jiang HX, Liao XP, Liu JH, Li SJ, Chen XY, Chen CX, Lü DH, Liu YH. Prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance qnr genes in poultry and swine clinical isolates of Escherichia coli. Vet Microbiol 2008; 132:414-20. [PMID: 18573620 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2008] [Revised: 05/08/2008] [Accepted: 05/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of qnr genes was investigated in veterinary clinical isolates of Escherichia coli in Guangdong province, China, and the aac (6')-Ib gene and the mutations in QRDRs of gyrase and topoisomerase IV were examined in qnr-positive strains. A total of 232 E. coli strains isolated from pig and poultry were screened for the presence of the qnrA, qnrB and qnrS genes by PCR and sequencing. The aac (6')-Ib gene was detected in qnr-bearing strains by PCR and sequencing. For all strains carrying qnr, MICs for six quinolones were determined. Mutations within the gyrase and topoisomerase were analyzed by PCR and sequencing for all the QRDRs of gyrA, gyrB, parC and parE. Among 232 E. coli isolates, 14 (6%) isolates were positive for the qnr gene, including one for qnrB, 13 for qnrS, but no qnrA was identified in this population. Detection of the aac (6')-Ib gene showed that one qnrS-positive isolate from pig and one qnrB-positive isolate from duck carried aac (6')-Ib gene, and both were the cr variant allele of aac (6')-Ib. All of the 14 isolates had MICs of ciprofloxacin more than 0.25 mg/L. Mutations in the QRDR of gyrA mutations were observed in 5 (35.7%) of the 14 strains. Three fluoroquinolone-resisting strains showed one mutation S83L of gyrA, while one S83I. One high-level resistance strains harboured gyrA S83L and A87N of gyrA. A singe mutation in site 58 of parC was detected in 3 (21.4%) strains. None mutations were found in QRDRs of gyrB and parE. The emergence of qnr genes in veterinary clinical E. coli isolates is described for the first time. This is also the first report of aac (6')-Ib-cr gene in E. coli isolates from food-producing animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yue
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
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