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Castro-Falcón G, Straetener J, Bornikoel J, Reimer D, Purdy TN, Berscheid A, Schempp FM, Liu DY, Linington RG, Brötz-Oesterhelt H, Hughes CC. Antibacterial Marinopyrroles and Pseudilins Act as Protonophores. ACS Chem Biol 2024; 19:743-752. [PMID: 38377384 PMCID: PMC10949930 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.3c00773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Elucidating the mechanism of action (MoA) of antibacterial natural products is crucial to evaluating their potential as novel antibiotics. Marinopyrroles, pentachloropseudilin, and pentabromopseudilin are densely halogenated, hybrid pyrrole-phenol natural products with potent activity against Gram-positive bacterial pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus. However, the exact way they exert this antibacterial activity has not been established. In this study, we explore their structure-activity relationship, determine their spatial location in bacterial cells, and investigate their MoA. We show that the natural products share a common MoA based on membrane depolarization and dissipation of the proton motive force (PMF) that is essential for cell viability. The compounds show potent protonophore activity but do not appear to destroy the integrity of the cytoplasmic membrane via the formation of larger pores or interfere with the stability of the peptidoglycan sacculus. Thus, our current model for the antibacterial MoA of marinopyrrole, pentachloropseudilin, and pentabromopseudilin stipulates that the acidic compounds insert into the membrane and transport protons inside the cell. This MoA may explain many of the deleterious biological effects in mammalian cells, plants, phytoplankton, viruses, and protozoans that have been reported for these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Castro-Falcón
- Center
for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Jan Straetener
- Department
of Microbial Bioactive Compounds, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology
and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Jan Bornikoel
- Department
of Microbial Bioactive Compounds, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology
and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Daniela Reimer
- Center
for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Trevor N. Purdy
- Center
for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Anne Berscheid
- Department
of Microbial Bioactive Compounds, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology
and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Florence M. Schempp
- Center
for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Dennis Y. Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Roger G. Linington
- Department
of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Heike Brötz-Oesterhelt
- Department
of Microbial Bioactive Compounds, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology
and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
- Cluster
of Excellence EXC 2124: Controlling Microbes to Fight Infection, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
- German
Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Chambers C. Hughes
- Center
for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
- Department
of Microbial Bioactive Compounds, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology
and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
- Cluster
of Excellence EXC 2124: Controlling Microbes to Fight Infection, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
- German
Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
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Promising Antiparasitic Natural and Synthetic Products from Marine Invertebrates and Microorganisms. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21020084. [PMID: 36827125 PMCID: PMC9965275 DOI: 10.3390/md21020084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic diseases still threaten human health. At present, a number of parasites have developed drug resistance, and it is urgent to find new and effective antiparasitic drugs. As a rich source of biological compounds, marine natural products have been increasingly screened as candidates for developing new antiparasitic drugs. The literature related to the study of the antigenic animal activity of marine natural compounds from invertebrates and microorganisms was selected to summarize the research progress of marine compounds and the structure-activity relationship of these compounds in the past five years and to explore the possible sources of potential antiparasitic drugs for parasite treatment.
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The Marine Compound Tartrolon E Targets the Asexual and Early Sexual Stages of Cryptosporidium parvum. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10112260. [PMID: 36422330 PMCID: PMC9693555 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10112260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
New therapeutic agents for cryptosporidiosis are a critical medical need. The marine organic compound, tartrolon E (trtE), is highly effective against multiple apicomplexan parasites, including Cryptosporidium. Understanding the mechanism of action of trtE is required to advance in the drug development pipeline. Here, we validate using Nluc C. parvum parasites for the study of trtE and pinpoint the life stage targeted by trtE. Results show that trtE kills Nluc and wild type C. parvum with equal efficiency, confirming the use of the Nluc C. parvum to study this compound. Results revealed that trtE kills the parasite within an hour of treatment and while the compound has no effect on viability of sporozoites, trtE does inhibit establishment of infection. Targeting treatment at particular life cycle stages demonstrated that trtE is effective against asexual of the parasite but has reduced efficacy against mature sexual stages. Gene expression analysis shows that trtE inhibits the early sexual stage of the parasite. Results from these studies will aid the development of trtE as a therapeutic for cryptosporidiosis.
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Anti-Toxoplasma gondii agent isolated from Orostachys malacophylla (Pallas) Fischer. Exp Parasitol 2022; 242:108397. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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