1
|
Saila R, Zakaria BS, Mirsoleimani Azizi SM, Mostafa A, Dhar BR. Impact of polystyrene nanoplastics on primary sludge fermentation under acidic and alkaline conditions: Significance of antibiotic resistance genes. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 364:142777. [PMID: 38971444 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
As a part of industrial or commercial discharge, the influx of nanoplastics (NPs) to the wastewater treatment plants is inevitable. Consequently, it has become a must to understand the effects of these NPs on different unit processes. This study aimed to investigate the impact of three different concentrations of polystyrene nanoplastics (PsNPs) on the fermentation of primary sludge (PrS), implemented in batch anaerobic bioreactors, at pH 5 and 10, considering the pH-dependent nature of the fermentation process. The results showed that PsNPs stimulated hydrogen gas production at a lower dose (50 μg/L), while a significant gas suppression was denoted at higher concentrations (150 μg/L, 250 μg/L). In both acidic and alkaline conditions, propionic and acetic acid predominated, respectively, followed by n-butyric acid. Under both acidic and alkaline conditions, exposure to PsNPs boosted the propagation of various antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), including tetracycline, macrolide, β-lactam and sulfonamide resistance genes, and integrons. Notably, under alkaline condition, the abundance of sul2 gene in the 250 μg PsNPs/L batch exhibited a 2.4-fold decrease compared to the control batch. The response of the microbial community to PsNPs exposure exhibited variations at different pH values. Bacteroidetes prevailed at both pH conditions, with their relative abundance increasing after PsNPs exposure, indicating a positive impact of PsNPs on PrS solubilization. Adverse impacts, however, were detected in Firmicutes, Chloroflexi and Actinobacteria. The observed variations in the survival rates of various microbes stipulate that they do not have the same tolerance levels under different pH conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Romana Saila
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, T6G 1H9
| | - Basem S Zakaria
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, T6G 1H9; Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA; Advanced Biofuels and Bioproducts Process Development Unit, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Seyed Mohammad Mirsoleimani Azizi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, T6G 1H9; Stantec, 10220 103 Ave NW #300, Edmonton, AB, T5J 0K4, Canada
| | - Alsayed Mostafa
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, T6G 1H9
| | - Bipro Ranjan Dhar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, T6G 1H9.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kalalah AA, Koenig SSK, Bono JL, Bosilevac JM, Eppinger M. Pathogenomes and virulence profiles of representative big six non-O157 serogroup Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1364026. [PMID: 38562479 PMCID: PMC10982417 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1364026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) of non-O157:H7 serotypes are responsible for global and widespread human food-borne disease. Among these serogroups, O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, and O145 account for the majority of clinical infections and are colloquially referred to as the "Big Six." The "Big Six" strain panel we sequenced and analyzed in this study are reference type cultures comprised of six strains representing each of the non-O157 STEC serogroups curated and distributed by the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) as a resource to the research community under panel number ATCC MP-9. The application of long- and short-read hybrid sequencing yielded closed chromosomes and a total of 14 plasmids of diverse functions. Through high-resolution comparative phylogenomics, we cataloged the shared and strain-specific virulence and resistance gene content and established the close relationship of serogroup O26 and O103 strains featuring flagellar H-type 11. Virulence phenotyping revealed statistically significant differences in the Stx-production capabilities that we found to be correlated to the strain's individual stx-status. Among the carried Stx1a, Stx2a, and Stx2d phages, the Stx2a phage is by far the most responsive upon RecA-mediated phage mobilization, and in consequence, stx2a + isolates produced the highest-level of toxin in this panel. The availability of high-quality closed genomes for this "Big Six" reference set, including carried plasmids, along with the recorded genomic virulence profiles and Stx-production phenotypes will provide a valuable foundation to further explore the plasticity in evolutionary trajectories in these emerging non-O157 STEC lineages, which are major culprits of human food-borne disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anwar A. Kalalah
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases (STCEID), San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Sara S. K. Koenig
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases (STCEID), San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - James L. Bono
- U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, United States
| | - Joseph M. Bosilevac
- U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, United States
| | - Mark Eppinger
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases (STCEID), San Antonio, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shindoh S, Kadoya A, Kanechi R, Watanabe K, Suzuki S. Marine bacteria harbor the sulfonamide resistance gene sul4 without mobile genetic elements. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1230548. [PMID: 37779713 PMCID: PMC10539471 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1230548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine bacteria are possible reservoirs of antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs) originating not only from clinical and terrestrial hot spots but also from the marine environment. We report here for the first time a higher rate of the sulfonamide-resistance gene sul4 in marine bacterial isolates compared with other sul genes. Among four sulfonamide-resistance genes (sul1, sul2, sul3, and sul4), sul4 was most abundant (45%) in 74 sulfonamide-resistant marine isolates by PCR screening. The order of abundance was sul4 (33 isolates) >sul2 (6 isolates) >sul3 (5 isolates) >sul1 (1 isolate). Whole-genome sequencing of 23 isolates of sul4-expressing α- and γ-proteobacteria and bacilli revealed that sul4 was not accompanied by known mobile genetic elements. This suggests that sul4 in these marine isolates is clonally transferred and not horizontally transferable. Folate metabolism genes formed a cluster with sul4, suggesting that the cluster area plays a role in folate metabolism, at which sul4 functions as a dihydropteroate synthase. Thus, sul4 might be expressed in marine species and function in folate synthesis, but it is not a transferable ARG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzune Shindoh
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Aya Kadoya
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Reo Kanechi
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Kozo Watanabe
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Satoru Suzuki
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Whelan S, Lucey B, Finn K. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC)-Associated Urinary Tract Infections: The Molecular Basis for Challenges to Effective Treatment. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2169. [PMID: 37764013 PMCID: PMC10537683 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections, especially among women and older adults, leading to a significant global healthcare cost burden. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) are the most common cause and accounts for the majority of community-acquired UTIs. Infection by UPEC can cause discomfort, polyuria, and fever. More serious clinical consequences can result in urosepsis, kidney damage, and death. UPEC is a highly adaptive pathogen which presents significant treatment challenges rooted in a complex interplay of molecular factors that allow UPEC to evade host defences, persist within the urinary tract, and resist antibiotic therapy. This review discusses these factors, which include the key genes responsible for adhesion, toxin production, and iron acquisition. Additionally, it addresses antibiotic resistance mechanisms, including chromosomal gene mutations, antibiotic deactivating enzymes, drug efflux, and the role of mobile genetic elements in their dissemination. Furthermore, we provide a forward-looking analysis of emerging alternative therapies, such as phage therapy, nano-formulations, and interventions based on nanomaterials, as well as vaccines and strategies for immunomodulation. This review underscores the continued need for research into the molecular basis of pathogenesis and antimicrobial resistance in the treatment of UPEC, as well as the need for clinically guided treatment of UTIs, particularly in light of the rapid spread of multidrug resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shane Whelan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland;
| | - Brigid Lucey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland;
| | - Karen Finn
- Department of Analytical, Biopharmaceutical and Medical Sciences, Atlantic Technological University Galway City, Dublin Road, H91 T8NW Galway, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dhaouadi S, Romdhani A, Bouglita W, Chedli S, Chaari S, Soufi L, Cherif A, Mnif W, Abbassi MS, Elandoulsi RB. High Biofilm-Forming Ability and Clonal Dissemination among Colistin-Resistant Escherichia coli Isolates Recovered from Cows with Mastitis, Diarrheic Calves, and Chickens with Colibacillosis in Tunisia. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020299. [PMID: 36836656 PMCID: PMC9959077 DOI: 10.3390/life13020299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Escherichia coli (E. coli) is one of the main etiological agents responsible for bovine mastitis (BM), neonatal calf diarrhea (NCD), and avian colibacillosis (AC). This study aimed to assess resistance and virulence genes content, biofilm-forming ability, phylogenetic groups, and genetic relatedness in E. coli isolates recovered from clinical cases of BM, NCD, and AC. MATERIALS/METHODS A total of 120 samples including samples of milk (n = 70) and feces (n = 50) from cows with BM and calves with NCD, respectively, were collected from different farms in Northern Tunisia. Bacterial isolation and identification were performed. Then, E. coli isolates were examined by disk diffusion and broth microdilution method for their antimicrobial susceptibility and biofilm-forming ability. PCR was used to detect antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs), virulence genes (VGs), phylogenetic groups, and Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR (ERIC-PCR) for their clonal relationship. RESULTS Among the 120 samples, 67 E. coli isolates (25 from BM, 22 from AC, and 20 from NCD) were collected. Overall, 83.6% of isolates were multidrug resistant. Thirty-six (53.73%) isolates were phenotypically colistin-resistant (CREC), 28.3% (19/67) were ESBL producers (ESBL-EC), and forty-nine (73.1%) formed biofilm. The blaTEM gene was found in 73.7% (14/19) of isolates from the three diseases, whilst the blaCTXM-g-1 gene was detected in 47.3% (9/19) of isolates, all from AC. The most common VG was the fimA gene (26/36, 72.2%), followed by aer (12/36, 33.3%), cnf1 (6/36, 16.6%), papC (4/36, 11.1%), and stx1 and stx2 genes (2/36; 5.5% for each). Phylogenetic analysis showed that isolates belonged to three groups: A (20/36; 55.5%), B2 (7/36; 19.4%), and D (6/36; 16.6%). Molecular typing by ERIC-PCR showed high genetic diversity of CREC and ESBL E. coli isolates from the three animal diseases and gave evidence of their clonal dissemination within farms in Tunisia. CONCLUSION The present study sheds new light on the biofilm-forming ability and clonality within CREC and ESBL-EC isolated from three different animal diseases in Tunisian farm animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sana Dhaouadi
- ISBST, BVBGR-LR11ES31, Biotechpole Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Ariana 2020, Tunisia
| | - Amel Romdhani
- ISBST, BVBGR-LR11ES31, Biotechpole Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Ariana 2020, Tunisia
| | - Wafa Bouglita
- Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Sidi Thabet, Biotechpole Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Ariana 2020, Tunisia
| | - Salsabil Chedli
- ISBST, BVBGR-LR11ES31, Biotechpole Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Ariana 2020, Tunisia
| | - Soufiene Chaari
- MEDIVET, Immeuble les Mimosas, 159 Avenue de l’UMA, La Soukra 2036, Tunisia
| | - Leila Soufi
- ISBST, BVBGR-LR11ES31, Biotechpole Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Ariana 2020, Tunisia
| | - Ameur Cherif
- ISBST, BVBGR-LR11ES31, Biotechpole Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Ariana 2020, Tunisia
| | - Wissem Mnif
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Arts in Balgarn, University of Bisha, P.O. Box 199, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (W.M.); (R.B.E.)
| | - Mohamed Salah Abbassi
- Institute of Veterinary Research of Tunisia, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1006, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Bacteriological Research, Tunis 1006, Tunisia
| | - Ramzi Boubaker Elandoulsi
- ISBST, BVBGR-LR11ES31, Biotechpole Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Ariana 2020, Tunisia
- Correspondence: (W.M.); (R.B.E.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Suhartono S, Mahdani W, Khalizazia K. Prevalence and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Proteus mirabilis Isolated from Clinical Specimens in the Zainoel Abidin General Hospital, Banda Aceh, Indonesia. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.10695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Proteus mirabilis is Gram-negative bacteria from the Enterobacteriaceae family causing various infections.
AIM: This study aimed to determine the prevalence and distribution of Proteus mirabilis isolated from clinical specimens based on patients’ age, gender, type of specimen, and patient wards and their antibiotic sensitivity.
METHODS: This study involved isolating, identifying, and testing antibiotic susceptibility to Proteus mirabilis isolates recoverred from clinical specimens of dr. Zainoel Abidin general hospital Banda Aceh during March 2020-March 2022.
RESULTS: This study showed that 121 isolates of Proteus mirabilis were obtained from clinical specimens during the study with prevalence of almost 2%. Proteus mirabilis distribution based on the specimen type was most predominantly found in pus specimens and from patients in the the operating room and post surgery ward accounting for 84.29% and 35.53%. Proteus mirabilis was detected most frequently in individuals aged 46-55 years old (30.57 %), whereas it was found more frequently in men (71%) based on gender. The susceptibility of Proteus mirabilis to antibiotics was highest to cefoperazone, piperacillin/tazobactam, and amikacin reaching reaching 97.5%, 97.5, and 96.66%, respectively.
CONCLUSION: The distribution of Proteus mirabilis isolates predominantly in pus specimens indicating its association with wound infections. Despite some antibiotics remain effective, implementation of the regular surveillance programs along with rational use of antibiotics may prevent the bacterial pathogen to spread particularly within healthcare settings.
Collapse
|
7
|
Núncio ASP, Webber B, Pottker ES, Cardoso B, Esposito F, Fontana H, Lincopan N, Girardello R, Pilotto F, dos Santos LR, Rodrigues LB. Genomic characterization of multidrug-resistant Salmonella Heidelberg E2 strain isolated from chicken carcass in southern Brazil. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 379:109863. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
|
8
|
Scarim CB, Pavan FR. An overview of sulfonamide-based conjugates: Recent advances for tuberculosis treatment. Drug Dev Res 2022; 83:567-577. [PMID: 35040503 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In 2019, tuberculosis (TB) caused approximately 1.4 million deaths around the world. TB is an infectious respiratory disease mainly caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The lack of new drugs to treat drug-resistant strains is a principal factor for the continuous slow rise in TB infections. Sulfonamides are active moieties in various drugs used against several sicknesses, including TB. Our aim is to aid the development of new TB treatments and drugs by describing recent improvements (2011-2021) to sulfonamide-based compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cauê Benito Scarim
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center (UMMC), Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Fernando Rogério Pavan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Elizabeth R, Wangkheimayum J, Melson Singha K, Dhar D, Bhattacharjee A. Propagation of mcr-1 through Inc FIA in Escherichia coli ST5162 in a tertiary referral hospital of North-East India. GENE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
10
|
Das BJ, Wangkheimayum J, Singha KM, Bhowmik D, Dhar (Chanda) D, Bhattacharjee A. Propagation of blaKPC-2 within two sequence types of Escherichia coli in a tertiary referral hospital of northeast India. GENE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
11
|
Lee HJ, Woo YK, Choi BK, Jeong OM, Kim JH, Kim DW, Jeong JY, Kwon YK, Kang MS. High prevalence of a gene cluster conferring resistance to streptomycin, sulfonamide, and tetracycline in Escherichia coli isolated from indigenous wild birds. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2021; 67:81-84. [PMID: 33487603 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A total of 116 Escherichia coli isolates from cecal contents of 81 indigenous wild birds in Korea were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. Seventy-one isolates from sparrows (Passer montanus) and one isolate from doves (Columba livia) were resistant to three antimicrobials, including streptomycin, sulfonamide, and tetracycline (SSuT). PCR and subsequent sequence analysis revealed the SSuT gene cluster region (approximately 13 kb) harboring genes encoding resistance to streptomycin (strA and strB), sulfonamide (sul2), and tetracycline (tetB, tetC, tetD, and tetR). In particular, tetracycline resistance genes were located on the transposon Tn10-like element. The SSuT element-harboring E. coli can be an important source of the transmission of antimicrobial resistance to other pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, strict sanitary measures in human and animal environments are necessary to prevent the spread of resistant bacteria through fecal residues of wild birds.
Collapse
|
12
|
Ma Q, Zhu C, Yao M, Yuan G, Sun Y. Correlation between the sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim resistance of Shigella flexneri and the sul genes. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e24970. [PMID: 33725864 PMCID: PMC7969299 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000024970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to discuss the correlation between the sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim resistance of Shigella flexneri (S. flexneri) and the antibiotic resistance genes sul1, sul2, and sul3 and SXT element.From May 2013 to October 2018, 102 isolates of S. flexneri were collected from the clinical samples in Jinan. The Kirby-Bauer (K-B) test was employed to determine the antibiotic susceptibility of the S. flexneri isolates. The antibiotic resistance rate was analyzed with the WHONET5.4 software. The isolates were subject to the PCR amplification of the sul genes (sul1, sul2, and sul3) and the SXT element. On the basis of the sequencing results, the correlation between the sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim resistance of the S. flexneri isolates and the sul genes was analyzed.The antibiotic resistance rates of the 102 S. flexneri isolates to ampicillin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim were 90.2%, 90.2%, 88.2%, 88.2%, and 62.7%, respectively. The antibiotic resistance rates of these isolates to cefotaxime, ceftazidime, and ciprofloxacin varied between 20% and 35%. However, these isolates were 100% susceptible to cefoxitin. Positive fragments were amplified from 59.8% (61/102) of the 102 S. flexneri isolates, the sizes of the sul1 and sul2 genes being 338 bp and 286 bp, respectively. The sequence alignment revealed the presence of the sul1 and sul2 genes encoding for dihydrofolate synthase. The carrying rate of the sul1 gene was 13.7% (14/102), and that of the sul2 gene was 48.0% (49/102). No target gene fragments were amplified from the 3 isolates resistant to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. The sul3 gene and SXT element were not amplified from any of the isolates. The testing and statistical analysis showed that the resistance of the S. flexneri isolates to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim correlated to the sul1 and sul2 genes.The acquired antibiotic resistance genes sul1 and sul2 were closely associated with the resistance of the 102 S. flexneri isolates to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quanping Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fourth People's Hospital of Jinan
| | - Chengbao Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinan Infectious Disease Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University
| | - Mingxiao Yao
- Department of Viral Infectious Diseases Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan
| | - Guangying Yuan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinan Infectious Disease Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Taishan Medical University, Taian, Shandong Province 271016, China
| | - Yuguo Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fourth People's Hospital of Jinan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Carroll LM, Huisman JS, Wiedmann M. Twentieth-century emergence of antimicrobial resistant human- and bovine-associated Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium lineages in New York State. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14428. [PMID: 32879348 PMCID: PMC7467927 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71344-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) boasts a broad host range and can be transmitted between livestock and humans. While members of this serotype can acquire resistance to antimicrobials, the temporal dynamics of this acquisition is not well understood. Using New York State (NYS) and its dairy cattle farms as a model system, 87 S. Typhimurium strains isolated from 1999 to 2016 from either human clinical or bovine-associated sources in NYS were characterized using whole-genome sequencing. More than 91% of isolates were classified into one of four major lineages, two of which were largely susceptible to antimicrobials but showed sporadic antimicrobial resistance (AMR) gene acquisition, and two that were largely multidrug-resistant (MDR). All four lineages clustered by presence and absence of elements in the pan-genome. The two MDR lineages, one of which resembled S. Typhimurium DT104, were predicted to have emerged circa 1960 and 1972. The two largely susceptible lineages emerged earlier, but showcased sporadic AMR determinant acquisition largely after 1960, including acquisition of cephalosporin resistance-conferring genes after 1985. These results confine the majority of AMR acquisition events in NYS S. Typhimurium to the twentieth century, largely within the era of antibiotic usage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Carroll
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jana S Huisman
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martin Wiedmann
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tian Z, Palomo A, Zhang H, Luan X, Liu R, Awad M, Smets BF, Zhang Y, Yang M. Minimum influent concentrations of oxytetracycline, streptomycin and spiramycin in selecting antibiotic resistance in biofilm type wastewater treatment systems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 720:137531. [PMID: 32325576 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that antibiotic resistance could be induced and selected under high antibiotic concentrations in biological wastewater treatment systems. However, little is available regarding the minimum concentrations of antibiotics for selecting antibiotic resistance during wastewater treatment. Herein, the minimum influent concentrations of oxytetracycline, streptomycin, and spiramycin in selecting antibiotic resistance in biofilm type wastewater treatment systems were investigated by spiking respective antibiotic into wastewater with an antibiotic dose increasing from 0 to 0.1, 1, 5, 25, 50 mg/L stepwise over a period of 606 days. Significant increase (p < .01) in the total abundance of antibiotic resistance genes was observed for both streptomycin and oxytetracycline at a dose of 0.1 mg/L according to metagenomic sequencing, while the concentration levels leading to significant increases (p < .05) in resistant bacteria ratio were higher: 5 mg/L for streptomycin and 25 mg/L for oxytetracycline. Although resistome abundance increased with the increase of spiramycin dose, neither the corresponding Macrolide-Lincosamide-Streptogramin (MLS) resistance genes nor the resistant bacteria ratio showed perceptible increase. Partial canonical correspondence analysis showed that both bacterial community shift and mobile genetic elements alteration contributed to the enrichment of resistomes under the presence of streptomycin and oxytetracycline. Regarding spiramycin which is mainly targeting on Gram-positive bacteria, the dominance of the intrinsically resisting Gram-negative bacteria in the biofilm microbiota might be responsible for the vague change of MLS resistant determinants under the spiramycin stress. The results demonstrated that it is possible to prevent the development of antibiotic resistance during wastewater treatment by controlling the influent streptomycin and oxytetracyline concentrations below 0.1 mg/L. This work proposed an actionable approach for the management of antibiotic production wastewater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Wastewater Treatment, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Alejandro Palomo
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Hong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xiao Luan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ruyin Liu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mohammed Awad
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Barth F Smets
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Wastewater Treatment, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Min Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Wastewater Treatment, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Co-occurrence of mcr-1 mediated colistin resistance and β-lactamase-encoding genes in multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli from broiler chickens with colibacillosis in Tunisia. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2020; 22:538-545. [PMID: 32251867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2020.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Colibacillosis caused by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is considered a major hindrance in poultry farming worldwide. This study aimed to characterize the genetic content and the relatedness between multidrug-resistant E. coli isolates from broiler chickens died due to colibacillosis from three farms from Tunisia. METHODS One hundred samples were collected from chickens' fresh carcasses from three poultry farms in Tunisia. E. coli isolation and identification were performed. Then, antimicrobial susceptibility regarding antibiotics, the ability to produce β-lactamases and minimum inhibitory concentration for colistin were determined according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. β-Lactam and non-β-lactam antimicrobial resistance genes, integrons, virulence genes, and phylogenetic groups were investigated using polymerase chain reaction. The genetic relatedness of the E. coli isolates was analysed by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). RESULTS A high infection rate of E. coli (50%) in infected organs of chickens was observed. The majority of E. coli isolates were multidrug resistant (96%); among them, 24% were colistin resistant and 30% were ESBL producing. Seven of 12 colistin-resistant isolates harboured the mcr-1 gene; among them, 10 were ESBL producing and carried blaCTX-M-1, blaTEM, and blaSHV β-lactamase-encoding genes. E. coli isolates were assigned to different phylogroups but most of them (74%) belonged to the pathogenic phylogroup B2. Molecular typing by PFGE showed that some E. coli isolates harbouring ESBL-mcr-1 genes were clonally related. MLST revealed the presence of four different ST lineages among ESBL- and mcr-1-carrying E. coli: ST4187, ST3882; ST5693, and ST8932 with clonal dissemination of E. coli ST4187 between two of the farms. CONCLUSION This is the first report of ESBL-mcr-1-carrying E. coli isolates of a clinically relevant phylogenetic group (B2) from chickens that died due to colibacillosis in Tunisian poultry farms.
Collapse
|
16
|
Liu Y, Dyall-Smith M, Marenda M, Hu HW, Browning G, Billman-Jacobe H. Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Antibiotic-Free Chicken Farms. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9030120. [PMID: 32183177 PMCID: PMC7148458 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9030120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rising concern about the use of antibiotics in food production has resulted in many studies on the occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in animal-associated bacterial communities. There are few baseline data on the abundance of ARGs on farms where chickens are intensively raised with little or no use of antibiotics. This study used a high-throughput quantitative PCR array to survey two antibiotic-free chicken farms for the occurrence of ARGs and mobile genetic elements known to enhance the spread of ARGs. No antibiotics had been used on the study farms for five years prior to this study. The results provide a baseline for the occurrence of resistance genes in the chicken production system without direct selective pressure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Liu
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (Y.L.); (M.D.-S.); (M.M.); (G.B.)
- National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, The Peter Doherty Institute, Elizabeth St Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Michael Dyall-Smith
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (Y.L.); (M.D.-S.); (M.M.); (G.B.)
| | - Marc Marenda
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (Y.L.); (M.D.-S.); (M.M.); (G.B.)
| | - Hang-Wei Hu
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - Glenn Browning
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (Y.L.); (M.D.-S.); (M.M.); (G.B.)
- National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, The Peter Doherty Institute, Elizabeth St Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Helen Billman-Jacobe
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (Y.L.); (M.D.-S.); (M.M.); (G.B.)
- National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, The Peter Doherty Institute, Elizabeth St Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Maloupazoa Siawaya AC, Kuissi Kamgaing E, Minto'o Rogombe S, Obiang T, Moungoyi Massala E, Magossou Mbadinga MJV, Leboueny M, Mvoundza Ndjindji O, Mveang-Nzoghe A, Ondo JP, Mintsa Ndong A, N Essone P, Agnandji ST, Kaba M, Ategbo S, Djoba Siawaya JF. HIV-exposed uninfected compared with unexposed infants show the presence of leucocytes, lower lactoferrin levels and antimicrobial-resistant micro-organisms in the stool. Paediatr Int Child Health 2019; 39:249-258. [PMID: 30762489 DOI: 10.1080/20469047.2019.1577063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Background: HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU)-infants have been shown to be particularly vulnerable to infections. In this population, disturbance of the gut micro-environment might increase their susceptibility to enteric diseases and even favour the translocation of bacteria in the bloodstream. Methods: The gastro-intestinal micro-environment was explored in 22 HEU infants and 16 HIV-unexposed (HU) infants aged 6-24 weeks. Faecal leucocytes, firmicutes (gram-positive bacteria) and gracilicutes (gram-negative bacteria) were assessed by cytology. Faecal lactoferrin and sIgA were measured by ELISA. The spectrum of micro-organisms in infants' stool was analysed by culturing. Results: HEU infants were 14 times more likely to have leucocytes in their stool than HU infants (p < 0.005). The lactoferrin level was significantly lower in HEU infants than in HU infants (p = 0.02). Potentially pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli were more prevalent in HEU than in HU infants (64% vs 23.5%). Also, E. coli strains resistant to key antibiotics including co-trimoxazole, β-lactam (cephalosporins included) and tetraclines were observed in some HEU infants. Conclusion: HEU infants are more likely to present an inflamed digestive tract as highlighted by the presence of leucocytes. In addition, there is a real risk of colonisation of HEU infants' microbiota by resistant micro-organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A C Maloupazoa Siawaya
- Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, Unités de Recherche et de Diagnostics Spécialisés , Libreville , Gabon.,Service Laboratoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Mère-Enfant Fondation Jeanne Ebori , Libreville , Gabon
| | - E Kuissi Kamgaing
- Département de Pédiatrie, Université des Sciences de la Santé , Libreville , Gabon
| | - S Minto'o Rogombe
- Département de Pédiatrie, Université des Sciences de la Santé , Libreville , Gabon
| | - T Obiang
- Département de Pédiatrie, Université des Sciences de la Santé , Libreville , Gabon
| | - E Moungoyi Massala
- Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences, Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku , Franceville , Gabon
| | - M J V Magossou Mbadinga
- Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, Unités de Recherche et de Diagnostics Spécialisés , Libreville , Gabon.,Service Laboratoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Mère-Enfant Fondation Jeanne Ebori , Libreville , Gabon
| | - M Leboueny
- Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, Unités de Recherche et de Diagnostics Spécialisés , Libreville , Gabon.,Service Laboratoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Mère-Enfant Fondation Jeanne Ebori , Libreville , Gabon
| | - O Mvoundza Ndjindji
- Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, Unités de Recherche et de Diagnostics Spécialisés , Libreville , Gabon.,Service Laboratoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Mère-Enfant Fondation Jeanne Ebori , Libreville , Gabon
| | - A Mveang-Nzoghe
- Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, Unités de Recherche et de Diagnostics Spécialisés , Libreville , Gabon.,Service Laboratoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Mère-Enfant Fondation Jeanne Ebori , Libreville , Gabon
| | - J P Ondo
- Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences, Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku , Franceville , Gabon
| | - A Mintsa Ndong
- Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, Unité de Virologie , Libreville , Gabon
| | - P N Essone
- Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, Unités de Recherche et de Diagnostics Spécialisés , Libreville , Gabon.,Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné , Lambaréné , Gabon.,Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany
| | - S T Agnandji
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné , Lambaréné , Gabon.,Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany
| | - M Kaba
- Division of Medical Microbiology, University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa
| | - S Ategbo
- Département de Pédiatrie, Université des Sciences de la Santé , Libreville , Gabon
| | - J F Djoba Siawaya
- Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, Unités de Recherche et de Diagnostics Spécialisés , Libreville , Gabon.,Service Laboratoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Mère-Enfant Fondation Jeanne Ebori , Libreville , Gabon
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tian Z, Liu R, Zhang H, Yang M, Zhang Y. Developmental dynamics of antibiotic resistome in aerobic biofilm microbiota treating wastewater under stepwise increasing tigecycline concentrations. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 131:105008. [PMID: 31336253 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the impact of tigecycline, the third generation tetracycline, on the antibiotic resistance development in environmental microbiota. Two biological contact oxidation reactors containing aerobic biofilm microbiota were constructed, one of which was constantly fed with synthetic wastewater spiked with increasing concentrations of tigecycline (0 to 25 mg/L) under a hydrolytic retention time of 24 h. Over a period of 636 days, chemical oxygen demand removal over 90% and complete nitrification were achieved for both the control and tigecycline-exposed reactors, and effluent tigecycline concentrations in the tigecycline-exposed system were always <0.051 mg/L. Significant increases (p < 0.01) in resistome abundance and resistant bacteria ratio were detected at a tigecycline dose of 10 and 25 mg/L, respectively, revealed by metagenomic sequencing and culture-based method. The increase of resistome in the tigecycline system was mainly attributed to the enrichment of tetX, one cooperative tetracycline degrading gene. Partial canonical correspondence analysis showed that the change of resistome was mainly driven by bacterial community shift (vertical pathway). Network and genome binning analyses further suggested that the proliferation of Flavobacterium harboring tetX contributed to a relatively low community-wide resistance development in the aerobic biofilm microbiota under tigecycline selection by reducing the antibiotic concentration. This work provides scientific bases for the management and evaluation of the resistance risk induced by this novel antibiotic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Wastewater Treatment, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ruyin Liu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Min Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Wastewater Treatment, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Wastewater Treatment, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Jiang H, Cheng H, Liang Y, Yu S, Yu T, Fang J, Zhu C. Diverse Mobile Genetic Elements and Conjugal Transferability of Sulfonamide Resistance Genes ( sul1, sul2, and sul3) in Escherichia coli Isolates From Penaeus vannamei and Pork From Large Markets in Zhejiang, China. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1787. [PMID: 31428076 PMCID: PMC6690019 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
High prevalence rates of sulfonamide resistance genes sul1, sul2, and sul3 have been observed in Gram-negative bacteria isolated from humans, domestic animals, and aquaculture species worldwide. We investigated the distribution characteristics, location, conjugative transferability, and genetic environments of sul genes from Escherichia coli isolates collected from Penaeus vannamei and pork samples from three large markets in Zhejiang, China. The prevalence rates of sul genes in sulfonamide-resistant E. coli isolates from P. vannamei and pork samples were 90.0 and 88.6%, respectively, and the prevalence of sul1 and sul2 was significantly higher than that of sul3 (p < 0.05). Twenty-four representative sul-positive E. coli isolates were analyzed in detail. Southern blot hybridization confirmed that sul genes of E. coli isolates were located on plasmids and/or chromosomes. Transfer of resistance through conjugation was observed in all 18 E. coli isolates harboring sul genes on plasmids. Replicon typing identified seven different incompatibility groups and IncF was the dominant replicon type among sul gene-containing plasmids from both sources. PCR walking analysis indicated that 87.5% (35/40) of sul gene-related fragments carried insertion sequences (ISs) belonging to a variety of families in diverse sites, with IS26 occurring most frequently. In addition, the sul1 gene was detected mainly in fragments carrying class 1 integrons. Co-location on the same fragment with resistance genes that may contribute to the persistence and dissemination of sul1 and/or sul2 genes. The diversity of mobile genetic elements and resistance genes adjacent to sul3 was much lower than those adjacent to sul1 and sul2, especially those located in chromosomes, which reduced the transmission potential of the sul3 gene. In conclusion, combined with the results of clonal relatedness analysis by PFGE and MLST of 24 representative E. coli isolates from P. vannamei and pork samples, it showed that a small number of sul genes were vertically transmitted among E. coli from P. vannamei and that horizontal gene transfer was likely the main transmission mechanism of sul genes from both sources. Our results provide important information to better understand the risk of transmission of sul genes from seafood and meat to humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Food Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Food Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Liang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Food Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shengtao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Food Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ting Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Food Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiehong Fang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Food Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Food Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Rozwandowicz M, Brouwer MSM, Fischer J, Wagenaar JA, Gonzalez-Zorn B, Guerra B, Mevius DJ, Hordijk J. Plasmids carrying antimicrobial resistance genes in Enterobacteriaceae. J Antimicrob Chemother 2019; 73:1121-1137. [PMID: 29370371 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkx488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 507] [Impact Index Per Article: 101.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is constantly evolving and horizontal gene transfer through plasmids plays a major role. The identification of plasmid characteristics and their association with different bacterial hosts provides crucial knowledge that is essential to understand the contribution of plasmids to the transmission of AMR determinants. Molecular identification of plasmid and strain genotypes elicits a distinction between spread of AMR genes by plasmids and dissemination of these genes by spread of bacterial clones. For this reason several methods are used to type the plasmids, e.g. PCR-based replicon typing (PBRT) or relaxase typing. Currently, there are 28 known plasmid types in Enterobacteriaceae distinguished by PBRT. Frequently reported plasmids [IncF, IncI, IncA/C, IncL (previously designated IncL/M), IncN and IncH] are the ones that bear the greatest variety of resistance genes. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of all known AMR-related plasmid families in Enterobacteriaceae, the resistance genes they carry and their geographical distribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Rozwandowicz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M S M Brouwer
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - J Fischer
- Department of Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, BfR, Berlin, Germany
| | - J A Wagenaar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - B Gonzalez-Zorn
- Department of Animal Health and VISAVET, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - B Guerra
- Department of Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, BfR, Berlin, Germany
| | - D J Mevius
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - J Hordijk
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Garcês A, Correia S, Amorim F, Pereira JE, Igrejas G, Poeta P. First report on extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli from European free-tailed bats (Tadarida teniotis) in Portugal: A one-health approach of a hidden contamination problem. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 370:219-224. [PMID: 29290482 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The main aim of this study was to characterize the diversity of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) in Escherichia coli isolates from European free tailed-bats (Tadarida teniotis) in Portugal. ESBL-producing E. coli isolates were recovered from 14 of 146 faecal samples (9.6%) and a total of 19 isolates were completely characterized. The more prevalent beta-lactamase genes detected were blaCTX-M-1 (57.9%) and blaCTX-M-3 (36.8%), followed by blaSHV (31.6%), blaTEM (21.1%), blaOXA (10.5%) and blaCTX-M-9 (10.5%). Among other associated resistance genes studied, tet(A) and tet(B) were predominant and fimA was the main virulence factor detected. Phylogroups D (47.4%) and A (31.6%) were the more prevalent, followed by group B2 (21.1%). Bats are reservoirs of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and resistance determinants and is important in further studies to identify the main sources of pollution in the environment, such as water or insects that may contain these multiresistant organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Garcês
- Veterinary Science Department, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Susana Correia
- Veterinary Science Department, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Nova University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Francisco Amorim
- CIBIO-InBIO - Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; CEABN-InBIO, Centre for Applied Ecology 'Professor Baeta Neves', Institute of Agronomy, University of Lisbon, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - José Eduardo Pereira
- Veterinary Science Department, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; Centre for Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Gilberto Igrejas
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Nova University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Patrícia Poeta
- Veterinary Science Department, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Nova University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Domínguez M, Miranda CD, Fuentes O, de la Fuente M, Godoy FA, Bello-Toledo H, González-Rocha G. Occurrence of Transferable Integrons and sul and dfr Genes Among Sulfonamide-and/or Trimethoprim-Resistant Bacteria Isolated From Chilean Salmonid Farms. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:748. [PMID: 31031727 PMCID: PMC6474311 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmon farming industry in Chile currently uses a significant quantity of antimicrobials to control bacterial pathologies. The main aims of this study were to investigate the presence of transferable sulfonamide- and trimethoprim-resistance genes, sul and dfr, and their association with integrons among bacteria associated to Chilean salmon farming. For this purpose, 91 Gram-negative strains resistant to sulfisoxazole and/or trimethoprim recovered from various sources of seven Chilean salmonid farms and mainly identified as belonging to the Pseudomonas genus (81.0%) were studied. Patterns of antimicrobial resistance of strains showed a high incidence of resistance to florfenicol (98.9%), erythromycin (95.6%), furazolidone (90.1%) and amoxicillin (98.0%), whereas strains exhibited minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC90) values of sulfisoxazole and trimethoprim of >4,096 and >2,048 μg mL−1, respectively. Strains were studied for their carriage of these genes by polymerase chain reaction, using specific primers, and 28 strains (30.8%) were found to carry at least one type of sul gene, mainly associated to a class 1 integron (17 strains), and identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing as mainly belonging to the Pseudomonas genus (21 strains). Of these, 22 strains carried the sul1 gene, 3 strains carried the sul2 gene, and 3 strains carried both the sul1 and sul2 genes. Among these, 19 strains also carried the class 1 integron-integrase gene intI1, whereas the dfrA1, dfrA12 and dfrA14 genes were detected, mostly not inserted in the class 1 integron. Otherwise, the sul3 and intI2 genes were not found. In addition, the capability to transfer by conjugation these resistance determinants was evaluated in 22 selected strains, and sul and dfr genes were successfully transferred by 10 assayed strains, mainly mediated by a 10 kb plasmid, with a frequency of transfer of 1.4 × 10−5 to 8.4 × 10−3 transconjugant per recipient cell, and exhibiting a co-transference of resistance to florfenicol and oxytetracycline, currently the most used in Chilean salmon industry, suggesting an antibacterial co-selection phenomenon. This is the first report of the characterization and transferability of integrons as well as sul and dfr genes among bacteria associated to Chilean salmon farms, evidencing a relevant role of this environment as a reservoir of these genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Domínguez
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Agentes Antibacterianos, Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Claudio D Miranda
- Laboratorio de Patobiología Acuática, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile.,Centro AquaPacífico, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Oliver Fuentes
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Agentes Antibacterianos, Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.,Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción, Chile
| | - Mery de la Fuente
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción, Chile.,Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Talcahuano, Chile
| | - Félix A Godoy
- Centro i∼mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Helia Bello-Toledo
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Agentes Antibacterianos, Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Gerardo González-Rocha
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Agentes Antibacterianos, Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Assessing Transmission of Antimicrobial-Resistant Escherichia coli in Wild Giraffe Contact Networks. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 85:AEM.02136-18. [PMID: 30413480 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02136-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that anthropogenic sources of antibiotics and antimicrobial-resistant bacteria can spill over into natural ecosystems, raising questions about the role wild animals play in the emergence, maintenance, and dispersal of antibiotic resistance genes. In particular, we lack an understanding of how resistance genes circulate within wild animal populations, including whether specific host characteristics, such as social associations, promote interhost transmission of these genes. In this study, we used social network analysis to explore the forces shaping population-level patterns of resistant Escherichia coli in wild giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) and assess the relative importance of social contact for the dissemination of resistant E. coli between giraffe. Of 195 giraffe sampled, only 5.1% harbored E. coli isolates resistant to one or more tested antibiotics. Whole-genome sequencing on a subset of resistant isolates revealed a number of acquired resistance genes with linkages to mobile genetic elements. However, we found no evidence that the spread of resistance genes among giraffe was facilitated by interhost associations. Giraffe with lower social degree were more likely to harbor resistant E. coli, but this relationship was likely driven by a correlation between an individual's social connectedness and age. Indeed, resistant E. coli was most frequently detected in socially isolated neonates, indicating that resistant E. coli may have a selective advantage in the gastrointestinal tracts of neonates compared to other age classes. Taken together, these results suggest that the maintenance of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in wild populations may, in part, be determined by host traits and microbial competition dynamics within the host.IMPORTANCE Antimicrobial resistance represents a significant threat to human health, food security, and the global economy. To fully understand the evolution and dissemination of resistance genes, a complete picture of antimicrobial resistance in all biological compartments, including natural ecosystems, is required. The environment and wild animals may act as reservoirs for anthropogenically derived resistance genes that could be transferrable to clinically relevant bacteria of humans and domestic animals. Our study investigated the possible transmission mechanisms for antimicrobial-resistant bacteria within a wild animal population and, more broadly, contributes to our understanding of how resistance genes are spread and maintained in natural ecosystems.
Collapse
|
24
|
Mazurek J, Bok E, Baldy-Chudzik K. Complexity of Antibiotic Resistance in Commensal Escherichia coli Derived from Pigs from an Intensive-Production Farm. Microbes Environ 2018; 33:242-248. [PMID: 30210140 PMCID: PMC6167118 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me17041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics in animal husbandry are used to maintain welfare, but lead to the generation of resistant strains. We analyzed commensal multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli from pigs at the beginning and end of the production cycle in a farm with a farrow-to-finish system in order to investigate whether clonal spread or horizontal gene transfer constitutes the main factor responsible for the prevalence of resistance in this environment. Among 380 isolates, 56 multidrug-resistant E. coli with a similar resistant phenotype were selected for more detailed investigations including a genomic similarity analysis and the detection of mobile elements. Isolates carried blaTEM-1, aadA1, strA/B, tetA, tetB, tetC, dfrA1, dfrA5, dfrA7, dfrA12, sul1, sul2, sul3, and qnrS resistance genes, with the common co-occurrence of genes encoding the same resistance phenotype. A pulse-field gel electrophoresis analysis of the genomic similarity of multidrug-resistant E. coli showed ≤65% similarity of most of the tested strains and did not reveal a dominant clone responsible for the prevalence of resistance. Class 1 and 2 integrons and transposons 7 and 21 were detected among mobile elements; however, some were truncated. Plasmids were represented by 11 different incompatibility groups (K, FIB, I1, FIIA, FIC, FIA, Y, P, HI1, B/O, and T). Genetic resistance traits were unevenly spread in the clonal groups and suggested the major rearrangement of genetic material by horizontal gene transfer. The present results revealed that in commensal E. coli from pigs in a homogeneous farm environment, there was no dominant clone responsible for the spread of resistance and persistence in the population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Mazurek
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Góra
| | - Ewa Bok
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Góra
| | - Katarzyna Baldy-Chudzik
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Góra
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wei Z, Feng K, Li S, Zhang Y, Chen H, Yin H, Xu M, Deng Y. Exploring abundance, diversity and variation of a widespread antibiotic resistance gene in wastewater treatment plants. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 117:186-195. [PMID: 29753149 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An updated sul1 gene sequence database was constructed and new degenerate primers were designed to better investigate the abundance, diversity, and variation of a ubiquitous antibiotic resistance gene, sul1, with PCR-based methods in activated sludge from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The newly designed degenerate primers showed high specificity and higher coverage in both in-silico evaluations and activated sludge samples compared to previous sul1 primers. Using the new primers, the abundance and diversity of sul1 gene, together with 16S rRNA gene, in activated sludge from five WWTPs in summer and winter were determined by quantitative PCR and MiSeq sequencing. The sul1 gene was found to be prevalent and displayed a comparable abundance (0.081 copies per bacterial cell in average) to the total bacteria across all samples. However, compared to the significant seasonal and geographical divergences in the quantity and diversity of bacterial communities in WWTPs, there were no significant seasonal or geographical variations of representative clusters of sul1 gene in most cases. Additionally, the representative sul1 clusters showed fairly close phylogeny and there was no obvious correlation between sul1 gene and the dominant bacterial genera, as well as the int1 gene, suggesting that bacterial hosts of sul1 gene is not stable, the sul1 gene may be carried by mobile genetic elements, sometimes integrated with class 1 integrons and sometimes not. Thus mobile genetic elements likely play a greater role than specific microbial taxa in determining the composition of sul1 gene in WWTPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology of CAS, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kai Feng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology of CAS, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuzhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology of CAS, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; State Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongrui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huaqun Yin
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Meiying Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Ye Deng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology of CAS, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Agunos A, Arsenault RK, Avery BP, Deckert AE, Gow SP, Janecko N, Léger DF, Parmley EJ, Reid-Smith RJ, McEwen SA. Changes in antimicrobial resistance levels among Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Campylobacter in Ontario broiler chickens between 2003 and 2015. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE 2018; 82:163-177. [PMID: 30026640 PMCID: PMC6038833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Poultry has been identified as a reservoir of foodborne enteric pathogens and antimicrobial resistant bacteria. The objective of this study was to describe and compare antimicrobial resistant isolates from an Ontario broiler chicken farm-level baseline project (2003 to 2004) to the Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (CIPARS) Ontario abattoir and retail surveillance data from 2003, and to the most recent (2015) CIPARS Ontario chicken surveillance data in order to assess the impact of an industry-wide policy change in antimicrobial use. Ceftiofur resistance (TIO-R) prevalence in Salmonella decreased by 7% on farm between 2003 and 2004 and 2015. During the same timeframe, TIO-R E. coli prevalence decreased significantly by 16%, 11%, and 8% in farm, abattoir, and retail samples, respectively. Gentamicin resistant (GEN-R) E. coli, however, increased by 10% in farm and 15% in retail-derived isolates, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistant (TMSm-R) E. coli increased significantly by 20%, 18%, and 5% in farm, abattoir, and retail isolates, respectively. Similarly, ciprofloxacin-resistant (CIP-R) Campylobacter spp. significantly increased in retail isolates by 11% and increased in farm (33%) and abattoir isolates (7%). The decrease in TIO-R Salmonella/E. coli in recent years is consistent with the timing of an industry-led intervention eliminating the preventive use of ceftiofur, a third generation cephalosporin and class of antimicrobials deemed critically important to human medicine. The rise in GEN-R and TMSm-R prevalence is indicative of recent shifts in antimicrobial use. Our study highlights the importance of integrated surveillance in detecting emerging trends and determining the efficacy of interventions to improve food safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Agunos
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph (Agunos, Avery, Deckert, Janecko, Léger, Parmley, Reid-Smith); Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa (Arsenault); Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario (McEwen); Public Health Agency of Canada, Saskatoon (Gow)
| | - Richard K Arsenault
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph (Agunos, Avery, Deckert, Janecko, Léger, Parmley, Reid-Smith); Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa (Arsenault); Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario (McEwen); Public Health Agency of Canada, Saskatoon (Gow)
| | - Brent P Avery
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph (Agunos, Avery, Deckert, Janecko, Léger, Parmley, Reid-Smith); Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa (Arsenault); Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario (McEwen); Public Health Agency of Canada, Saskatoon (Gow)
| | - Anne E Deckert
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph (Agunos, Avery, Deckert, Janecko, Léger, Parmley, Reid-Smith); Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa (Arsenault); Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario (McEwen); Public Health Agency of Canada, Saskatoon (Gow)
| | - Sheryl P Gow
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph (Agunos, Avery, Deckert, Janecko, Léger, Parmley, Reid-Smith); Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa (Arsenault); Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario (McEwen); Public Health Agency of Canada, Saskatoon (Gow)
| | - Nicol Janecko
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph (Agunos, Avery, Deckert, Janecko, Léger, Parmley, Reid-Smith); Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa (Arsenault); Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario (McEwen); Public Health Agency of Canada, Saskatoon (Gow)
| | - David F Léger
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph (Agunos, Avery, Deckert, Janecko, Léger, Parmley, Reid-Smith); Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa (Arsenault); Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario (McEwen); Public Health Agency of Canada, Saskatoon (Gow)
| | - E Jane Parmley
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph (Agunos, Avery, Deckert, Janecko, Léger, Parmley, Reid-Smith); Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa (Arsenault); Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario (McEwen); Public Health Agency of Canada, Saskatoon (Gow)
| | - Richard J Reid-Smith
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph (Agunos, Avery, Deckert, Janecko, Léger, Parmley, Reid-Smith); Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa (Arsenault); Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario (McEwen); Public Health Agency of Canada, Saskatoon (Gow)
| | - Scott A McEwen
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph (Agunos, Avery, Deckert, Janecko, Léger, Parmley, Reid-Smith); Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa (Arsenault); Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario (McEwen); Public Health Agency of Canada, Saskatoon (Gow)
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Badi S, Cremonesi P, Abbassi MS, Ibrahim C, Snoussi M, Bignoli G, Luini M, Castiglioni B, Hassen A. Antibiotic resistance phenotypes and virulence-associated genes in Escherichia coli isolated from animals and animal food products in Tunisia. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2018; 365:4961136. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fny088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Souhir Badi
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Institut de la Recherche Vétérinaire de Tunisie, 20 rue Jebel lakhdhar, Bab Saadoun, Tunis 1006, Tunisie
- Laboratoire de Traitement des Eaux Usées, Centre de Recherches et des Technologies des Eaux, Technopôle de Borj-Cédria, BP 901, 2050 Hammam-Lif, Tunisie
| | - Paola Cremonesi
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, Italian National Research Council (CNR IBBA), Via Einstein s/n, 26 900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Mohamed Salah Abbassi
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Institut de la Recherche Vétérinaire de Tunisie, 20 rue Jebel lakhdhar, Bab Saadoun, Tunis 1006, Tunisie
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, Laboratoire de résistance aux antibiotiques LR99ES09, Tunis 1006, Tunisie
| | - Chourouk Ibrahim
- Laboratoire de Traitement des Eaux Usées, Centre de Recherches et des Technologies des Eaux, Technopôle de Borj-Cédria, BP 901, 2050 Hammam-Lif, Tunisie
| | - Majdi Snoussi
- Laboratoire de Traitement des Eaux Usées, Centre de Recherches et des Technologies des Eaux, Technopôle de Borj-Cédria, BP 901, 2050 Hammam-Lif, Tunisie
| | - Giulia Bignoli
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, Italian National Research Council (CNR IBBA), Via Einstein s/n, 26 900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Mario Luini
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, 26 900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Bianca Castiglioni
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, Italian National Research Council (CNR IBBA), Via Einstein s/n, 26 900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Abdennaceur Hassen
- Laboratoire de Traitement des Eaux Usées, Centre de Recherches et des Technologies des Eaux, Technopôle de Borj-Cédria, BP 901, 2050 Hammam-Lif, Tunisie
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
ALIZADE H. Escherichia coli in Iran: An Overview of Antibiotic Resistance: A Review Article. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 47:1-12. [PMID: 29318111 PMCID: PMC5756583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Escherichia coli is the most prominent cause of infectious diseases that span from the gastrointestinal tract to extra-intestinal sites such as urinary tract infection, septicaemia, and neonatal meningitis. The emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance in E. coli is an increasing public health concern across the world. Rising resistance in E. coli isolates is also observed in Iran. This review summarizes the status of antibiotic resistance of E. coli isolates in Iran from 2007 to 2016. METHODS The data of the prevalence of E. coli antibiotic resistance were collected from databases such as Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar and Scientific Information Database. RESULTS Antibiotic resistance in E. coli is on the rise. CONCLUSION Prevalence of antibiotic resistance of E. coli varies from region to region in Iran.
Collapse
|
29
|
Katakweba AAS, Muhairwa AP, Lupindu AM, Damborg P, Rosenkrantz JT, Minga UM, Mtambo MMA, Olsen JE. First Report on a Randomized Investigation of Antimicrobial Resistance in Fecal Indicator Bacteria from Livestock, Poultry, and Humans in Tanzania. Microb Drug Resist 2017; 24:260-268. [PMID: 28759321 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2016.0297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study provides an estimate of antimicrobial resistance in intestinal indicator bacteria from humans (n = 97) and food animals (n = 388) in Tanzania. More than 70% of all fecal samples contained tetracycline (TE), sulfamethoxazole (STX), and ampicillin (AMP)-resistant coliforms, while cefotaxime (CTX)-resistant coliforms were observed in 40% of all samples. The average Log10 colony forming units/g of CTX-resistant coliforms in samples from humans were 2.20. Of 390 Escherichia coli tested, 66.4% were resistant to TE, 54.9% to STX, 54.9% to streptomycin, and 36.4% to CTX. Isolates were commonly (65.1%) multiresistant. All CTX-resistant isolates contained blaCTX-M gene type. AMP- and vancomycin-resistant enterococci were rare, and the average concentrations in positive samples were low (log10 0.9 and 0.4, respectively). A low-to-moderate resistance (2.1-15%) was detected in 240 enterococci isolates to the drugs tested, except for rifampicin resistance (75.2% of isolates). The average number of sulII gene copies varied between Log10 5.37 and 5.68 with no significant difference between sample source, while cattle had significantly higher number of tetW genes than humans. These findings, based on randomly obtained samples, will be instrumental in designing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) intervention strategies for Tanzania.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdul A S Katakweba
- 1 Department of Public Health, Pest Management Centre, Sokoine University of Agriculture , Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Amandus P Muhairwa
- 2 Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture , Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Athumani M Lupindu
- 2 Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture , Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Peter Damborg
- 3 Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jesper T Rosenkrantz
- 3 Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Uswege M Minga
- 4 Provost's Office, Tumaini University Dar es Salaam College (TUDARCo) , Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Madundo M A Mtambo
- 2 Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture , Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - John E Olsen
- 3 Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Awad A, Arafat N, Elhadidy M. Genetic elements associated with antimicrobial resistance among avian pathogenic Escherichia coli. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2016; 15:59. [PMID: 27887603 PMCID: PMC5124244 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-016-0174-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Avian-pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) are pathogenic strains of E. coli that are responsible for one of the most predominant bacterial disease affecting poultry worldwide called avian colibacillosis. This study describes the genetic determinants implicated in antimicrobial resistance among APEC isolated from different broiler farms in Egypt. Methods A total of 116 APEC were investigated by serotyping, antimicrobial resistance patterns to 10 antimicrobials, and the genetic mechanisms underlying the antimicrobial-resistant phenotypes. Results Antibiogram results showed that the highest resistance was observed for ampicillin, tetracycline, nalidixic acid, and chloramphenicol. The detected carriage rate of integron was 29.3% (34/116). Further characterization of gene cassettes revealed the presence gene cassettes encoding resistance to trimethoprim (dfrA1, dfrA5, dfrA7, dfrA12), streptomycin/spectinomycin (aadA1, aadA2, aadA5, aadA23), and streptothricin (sat2). To our knowledge, this the first description of the presence of aadA23 in APEC isolates. Analysis of other antimicrobial resistance types not associated with integrons revealed the predominance of resistance genes encoding resistance to tetracycline (tetA and tetB), ampicillin (blaTEM), chloramphenicol (cat1), kanamycin (aphA1), and sulphonamide (sul1 and sul2). Among ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates, the S83L mutation was the most frequently substitution observed in the quinolone resistance-determining region of gyrA (56.3%). The blaTEM and blaCTX−M−1 genes were the most prevalent among APEC isolates producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESβL). Conclusions These findings provided important clues about the role of integron-mediated resistance genes together with other independent resistance genes and chromosomal mutations in shaping the epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance in E. coli isolates from poultry farms in Egypt.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amal Awad
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Nagah Arafat
- Department of Poultry diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Elhadidy
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt. .,Foodborne Pathogens, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Manyahi J, Tellevik MG, Ndugulile F, Moyo SJ, Langeland N, Blomberg B. Molecular Characterization of Cotrimoxazole Resistance Genes and Their Associated Integrons in Clinical Isolates of Gram-Negative Bacteria from Tanzania. Microb Drug Resist 2016; 23:37-43. [PMID: 27533639 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2016.0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cotrimoxazole is widely used, particularly as a prophylactic drug in HIV patients. We assessed resistance mechanisms among cotrimoxazole resistant-Gram negative bacterial isolates (n = 123) obtained from blood (n = 69) and urine (n = 54) from Tanzanian patients. sul genes were detected in 98% (121/123) of the isolates. Coexistence of sul1 and sul2 was common (49/123). The dfr genes were found in 63% (77/123) of all isolates. sul1, dfrA15, and dfrA5 genes predominated among Klebsiella pneumoniae, while sul2 and dfrA1 genes were frequent in Escherichia coli isolates. Two isolates, both K. pneumoniae, carried sul3. Integrons were detected in 81.3% (100/123) of all isolates. Class 1 integrons were found in 95% (42/44), 53% (23/43), and 80.6% (25/31) of K. pneumoniae, E. coli, and other Enterobacteriaceae isolates, respectively. Class 2 integrons were found in 14% of E. coli, but not in K. pneumoniae. All sul1 genes in K. pneumoniae were carried in class 1 integrons. Gene cassette arrays dfrA5 and dfrA15-aadA1 were most frequently associated with class 1 integrons, while class 2 integrons contained only dfrA1-sat2-aadA1 gene cassettes. This is the first report of sul3 gene in K. pneumoniae from human sources. The finding that mechanisms differ between E. coli and K. pneumoniae may broaden our understanding of cotrimoxazole resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel Manyahi
- 1 Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen , Bergen, Norway .,2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS) , Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Marit Gjerde Tellevik
- 3 Department of Medicine, National Centre for Tropical Infectious Diseases, Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen, Norway
| | - Faustine Ndugulile
- 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS) , Dar es Salaam, Tanzania .,4 Parliament of Tanzania, United Republic of Tanzania , Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Sabrina J Moyo
- 1 Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen , Bergen, Norway .,2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS) , Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Nina Langeland
- 1 Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen , Bergen, Norway .,3 Department of Medicine, National Centre for Tropical Infectious Diseases, Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen, Norway
| | - Bjørn Blomberg
- 1 Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen , Bergen, Norway .,3 Department of Medicine, National Centre for Tropical Infectious Diseases, Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wyrsch ER, Roy Chowdhury P, Chapman TA, Charles IG, Hammond JM, Djordjevic SP. Genomic Microbial Epidemiology Is Needed to Comprehend the Global Problem of Antibiotic Resistance and to Improve Pathogen Diagnosis. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:843. [PMID: 27379026 PMCID: PMC4908116 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Contamination of waste effluent from hospitals and intensive food animal production with antimicrobial residues is an immense global problem. Antimicrobial residues exert selection pressures that influence the acquisition of antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes in diverse microbial populations. Despite these concerns there is only a limited understanding of how antimicrobial residues contribute to the global problem of antimicrobial resistance. Furthermore, rapid detection of emerging bacterial pathogens and strains with resistance to more than one antibiotic class remains a challenge. A comprehensive, sequence-based genomic epidemiological surveillance model that captures essential microbial metadata is needed, both to improve surveillance for antimicrobial resistance and to monitor pathogen evolution. Escherichia coli is an important pathogen causing both intestinal [intestinal pathogenic E. coli (IPEC)] and extraintestinal [extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC)] disease in humans and food animals. ExPEC are the most frequently isolated Gram negative pathogen affecting human health, linked to food production practices and are often resistant to multiple antibiotics. Cattle are a known reservoir of IPEC but they are not recognized as a source of ExPEC that impact human or animal health. In contrast, poultry are a recognized source of multiple antibiotic resistant ExPEC, while swine have received comparatively less attention in this regard. Here, we review what is known about ExPEC in swine and how pig production contributes to the problem of antibiotic resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ethan R Wyrsch
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney NSW, Australia
| | - Piklu Roy Chowdhury
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, SydneyNSW, Australia; NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, SydneyNSW, Australia
| | - Toni A Chapman
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Sydney NSW, Australia
| | - Ian G Charles
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park Norwich, UK
| | - Jeffrey M Hammond
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Sydney NSW, Australia
| | - Steven P Djordjevic
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Simmons K, Islam MR, Rempel H, Block G, Topp E, Diarra MS. Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia fergusonii Isolated from Broiler Chickens. J Food Prot 2016; 79:929-38. [PMID: 27296596 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the antibiotic resistance of Escherichia fergusonii isolated from commercial broiler chicken farms. A total of 245 isolates from cloacal and cecal samples of 28- to 36-day-old chickens were collected from 32 farms. Isolates were identified using PCR, and their susceptibility to 16 antibiotics was determined by disk diffusion assay. All isolates were susceptible to meropenem, amikacin, and ciprofloxacin. The most common resistances were against ampicillin (75.1%), streptomycin (62.9%), and tetracycline (57.1%). Of the 184 ampicillin-resistant isolates, 127 were investigated using a DNA microarray carrying 75 probes for antibiotic resistance genetic determinants. Of these 127 isolates, the β-lactamase blaCMY2, blaTEM, blaACT, blaSHV, and blaCTX-M-15 genes were detected in 120 (94.5%), 31 (24.4%), 8 (6.3%), 6 (4.7%), and 4 (3.2%) isolates, respectively. Other detected genes included those conferring resistance to aminoglycosides (aadA1, strA, strB), trimethoprims (dfrV, dfrA1), tetracyclines (tetA, tetB, tetC, tetE), and sulfonamides (sul1, sul2). Class 1 integron was found in 35 (27.6%) of the ampicillin-resistant isolates. However, our data showed that the tested E. fergusonii did not carry any carbapenemase blaOXA genes. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis revealed that the selected ampicillin-resistant E. fergusonii isolates were genetically diverse. The present study indicates that the monitoring of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria should include enteric bacteria such as E. fergusonii, which could be a reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes. The detection of isolates harboring extended-spectrum β-lactamase genes, particularly blaCTX-M-15, in this work suggests that further investigations on the occurrence of such genes in broilers are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Simmons
- Agassiz Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Agassiz, British Columbia, Canada V0M 1A0
| | - M Rashedul Islam
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, AAFC, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5C9
| | - Heidi Rempel
- Agassiz Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Agassiz, British Columbia, Canada V0M 1A0
| | - Glenn Block
- Agassiz Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Agassiz, British Columbia, Canada V0M 1A0
| | - Edward Topp
- London Research and Development Centre, AAFC, London, Ontario, Canada N5V 4T3
| | - Moussa S Diarra
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, AAFC, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5C9.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Jutkina J, Rutgersson C, Flach CF, Joakim Larsson DG. An assay for determining minimal concentrations of antibiotics that drive horizontal transfer of resistance. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 548-549:131-138. [PMID: 26802341 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Ability to understand the factors driving horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance from unknown, harmless bacteria to pathogens is crucial in order to tackle the growing resistance problem. However, current methods to measure effects of stressors on horizontal gene transfer have limitations and often fall short, as the estimated endpoints can be a mix of both the number of transfer events and clonal growth of transconjugants. Our aim was therefore to achieve a proper strategy for assessing the minimal concentration of a stressor (exemplified by tetracycline) that drives horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance from a complex community to a model pathogen. Conditions were optimized to improve a culture-based approach using the bacterial community of treated sewage effluent as donor, and fluorescent, traceable Escherichia coli as recipient. Reduced level of background resistance, differentiation of isolates as well as decreased risk for measuring effects of selection were achieved through the use of chromogenic medium, optimization of conjugation time as well as applying a different antibiotic for isolation of transconjugants than the one tested for its ability to drive transfer. Using this assay, we showed that a very low concentration of tetracycline, 10μg/L i.e. 150 times below the minimal inhibitory concentration of the recipient, promoted horizontal transfer of multiple antibiotic-resistance determinants. Higher concentrations favoured selection of a tetracycline-resistance phenotype along with a decline in the number of detectable transfer events. The described method can be used to evaluate different environmental conditions and factors that trigger horizontal dissemination of mobile resistance elements, eventually resulting in the formation of drug-resistant pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jekaterina Jutkina
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10, SE-413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carolin Rutgersson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10, SE-413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carl-Fredrik Flach
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10, SE-413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - D G Joakim Larsson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10, SE-413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Arabi H, Pakzad I, Nasrollahi A, Hosainzadegan H, Azizi Jalilian F, Taherikalani M, Samadi N, Monadi Sefidan A. Sulfonamide Resistance Genes (sul) M in Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL) and Non-ESBL Producing Escherichia coli Isolated From Iranian Hospitals. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2015; 8:e19961. [PMID: 26421132 PMCID: PMC4584071 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.19961v2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Extensive use of cotrimoxazole has been associated with increasing level of Escherichia coli resistance. Objectives: In the current study, we focused on assessing the prevalence of E. coli resistance to cotrimoxazole and frequency of its associated genes. Materials and Methods: One-hundred and forty-four E. coli isolates were identified during March 2007 to April 2012 at Ilam hospitals and Milad (Tehran) hospital. Antibiotic susceptibility for screening of resistance isolates was done by the Kirby-Bauer method. The sul1, sul2, sul3, dfrA1, dfrA5, int1, blaTEM, blaSHV and CTX-M genes were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. Plasmid curing was done for identifying correlations between resistance genes and plasmids. Results: Amongst the 144 E. coli isolates, seventy-two (50%) Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL)-producing and seventy-two (50%) non-ESBL-producing E. coli isolates were identified; eighty-seven isolates (60.41%) were resistant to cotrimoxazole. Frequencies of sul1, sul2 and sul3, were 81% (116 isolates), 67% (96 isolates) and 2.29% (three isolates), respectively. Furthermore, 50.57% (72 isolates) had sul1 and sul2, 2.29% (3 isolates) contained sul2 and sul3, and 2.29% (three isolates) contained sul1, sul2 and sul3 genes, simultaneously. Thirty-four (39.1%) of the isolates had the dfrA1 gene. Five (5.7%) of the isolates had the dfrA5 gene. Sixty-eight (78.2%) strains contained the int1 gene. Furthermore, dfrA1 and dfrA5 were present in three (3.4%) of the isolates. The results showed that of the ESBL-producing isolates, 85.2% (n = 122), 53.2% (n = 76) and 26.1% (n = 37) were blaTEM, blaSHV and CTX-M harboring isolates, respectively. Conclusions: Our study indicated a high frequency of cotrimoxazole resistance gene in E. coli isolates from Ilam and Tehran (Milad) hospitals, and sul genes had a major role in cotrimoxazole resistance of these isolates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hadis Arabi
- Department of Microbiology, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, IR Iran
| | - Iraj Pakzad
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, IR Iran
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Iraj Pakzad, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, IR Iran. E-mail:
| | - Ayat Nasrollahi
- Department of Microbiology, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, IR Iran
| | - Hasan Hosainzadegan
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, IR Iran
| | - Farid Azizi Jalilian
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, IR Iran
| | - Morovvat Taherikalani
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, IR Iran
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, IR Iran
| | - Naser Samadi
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, IR Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Lavilla Lerma L, Benomar N, Knapp CW, Correa Galeote D, Gálvez A, Abriouel H. Diversity, distribution and quantification of antibiotic resistance genes in goat and lamb slaughterhouse surfaces and meat products. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114252. [PMID: 25479100 PMCID: PMC4257697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The distribution and quantification of tetracycline, sulfonamide and beta-lactam resistance genes were assessed in slaughterhouse zones throughout meat chain production and the meat products; this study represents the first to report quantitatively monitor antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) in goat and lamb slaughterhouse using a culture independent approach, since most studies focused on individual bacterial species and their specific resistance types. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) revealed a high prevalence of tetracycline resistance genes tetA and tetB in almost all slaughterhouse zones. Sulfonamide resistance genes were largely distributed, while beta-lactam resistance genes were less predominant. Statistical analysis revealed that resistant bacteria, in most cases, were spread by the same route in almost all slaughterhouse zones, except for tetB, blaCTX and blaTEM genes, which occurred in few zones as isolated ‘hot spots.’ The sum of all analyzed ARG indicated that slaughterhouse surfaces and end products act as reservoirs of ARG, mainly tet genes, which were more prevalent in slaughtering room (SR), cutting room (CR) and commercial meat products (MP). Resistance gene patterns suggest they were disseminated throughout slaughterhouse zones being also detected in commercial meat products, with significant correlations between different sampling zones/end products and total resistance in SR, CR and white room (WR) zones, and also refrigerator 4 (F4) and MP were observed. Strategically controlling key zones in slaughterhouse (SR, CR and WR) by adequate disinfection methods could strategically reduce the risks of ARG transmission and minimize the issues of food safety and environment contamination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leyre Lavilla Lerma
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, 23071, Jaén, Spain
| | - Nabil Benomar
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, 23071, Jaén, Spain
| | - Charles W Knapp
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - David Correa Galeote
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Agencia CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio Gálvez
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, 23071, Jaén, Spain
| | - Hikmate Abriouel
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, 23071, Jaén, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Prevalence of veterinary antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli in the surface water of a livestock production region in northern China. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111026. [PMID: 25372873 PMCID: PMC4220964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the occurrence of 12 veterinary antibiotics (VAs) and the susceptibility of Escherichia coli (E. coli) in a rural water system that was affected by livestock production in northern China. Each of the surveyed sites was determined with at least eight antibiotics with maximum concentration of up to 450 ng L−1. The use of VAs in livestock farming probably was a primary source of antibiotics in the rivers. Increasing total antibiotics were measured from up- to mid- and downstream in the two tributaries. Eighty-eight percent of the 218 E. coli isolates that were derived from the study area exhibited, in total, 48 resistance profiles against the eight examined drugs. Significant correlations were found among the resistance rates of sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, chloromycetin and ampicillin as well as between tetracycline and chlortetracycline, suggesting a possible cross-selection for resistance among these drugs. The E. coli resistance frequency also increased from up- to midstream in the three rivers. E. coli isolates from different water systems showed varying drug numbers of resistance. No clear relationship was observed in the antibiotic resistance frequency with corresponding antibiotic concentration, indicating that the antibiotic resistance for E. coli in the aquatic environment might be affected by factors besides antibiotics. High numbers of resistant E. coli were also isolated from the conserved reservoir. These results suggest that rural surface water may become a large pool of VAs and resistant bacteria. This study contributes to current information on VAs and resistant bacteria contamination in aquatic environments particularly in areas under intensive agriculture. Moreover, this study indicates an urgent need to monitor the use of VAs in animal production, and to control the release of animal-originated antibiotics into the environment.
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
Although theoretically attractive, the reversibility of resistance has proven difficult in practice, even though antibiotic resistance mechanisms induce a fitness cost to the bacterium. Associated resistance to other antibiotics and compensatory mutations seem to ameliorate the effect of antibiotic interventions in the community. In this paper the current understanding of the concepts of reversibility of antibiotic resistance and the interventions performed in hospitals and in the community are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Sundqvist
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Ghosh TS, Gupta SS, Nair GB, Mande SS. In silico analysis of antibiotic resistance genes in the gut microflora of individuals from diverse geographies and age-groups. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83823. [PMID: 24391833 PMCID: PMC3877126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The spread of antibiotic resistance, originating from the rampant and unrestrictive use of antibiotics in humans and livestock over the past few decades has emerged as a global health problem. This problem has been further compounded by recent reports implicating the gut microbial communities to act as reservoirs of antibiotic resistance. We have profiled the presence of probable antibiotic resistance genes in the gut flora of 275 individuals from eight different nationalities. For this purpose, available metagenomic data sets corresponding to 275 gut microbiomes were analyzed. Sequence similarity searches of the genomic fragments constituting each of these metagenomes were performed against genes conferring resistance to around 240 antibiotics. Potential antibiotic resistance genes conferring resistance against 53 different antibiotics were detected in the human gut microflora analysed in this study. In addition to several geography/country-specific patterns, four distinct clusters of gut microbiomes, referred to as ‘Resistotypes’, exhibiting similarities in their antibiotic resistance profiles, were identified. Groups of antibiotics having similarities in their resistance patterns within each of these clusters were also detected. Apart from this, mobile multi-drug resistance gene operons were detected in certain gut microbiomes. The study highlighted an alarmingly high abundance of antibiotic resistance genes in two infant gut microbiomes. The results obtained in the present study presents a holistic ‘big picture’ on the spectra of antibiotic resistance within our gut microbiota across different geographies. Such insights may help in implementation of new regulations and stringency on the existing ones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tarini Shankar Ghosh
- BioSciences R&D Division, TCS Innovation Labs, Tata Consultancy Services Ltd., Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sourav Sen Gupta
- Translational Health Sciences and Technology Institute, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | | | - Sharmila S. Mande
- BioSciences R&D Division, TCS Innovation Labs, Tata Consultancy Services Ltd., Pune, Maharashtra, India
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Kirchner M, Mafura M, Hunt T, Card R, Anjum M. Antibiotic resistance gene profiling of faecal and oral anaerobes collected during an antibiotic challenge trial. Anaerobe 2013; 23:20-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
41
|
Ludwig A, Berthiaume P, Boerlin P, Gow S, Léger D, Lewis FI. Identifying associations in Escherichia coli antimicrobial resistance patterns using additive Bayesian networks. Prev Vet Med 2013; 110:64-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
42
|
Porcine E. coli: virulence-associated genes, resistance genes and adhesion and probiotic activity tested by a new screening method. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59242. [PMID: 23658605 PMCID: PMC3637259 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We established an automated screening method to characterize adhesion of Escherichia coli to intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) and their probiotic activity against infection by enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC). 104 intestinal E. coli isolates from domestic pigs were tested by PCR for the occurrence of virulence-associated genes, genes coding for resistances to antimicrobial agents and metals, and for phylogenetic origin by PCR. Adhesion rates and probiotic activity were examined for correlation with the presence of these genes. Finally, data were compared with those from 93 E. coli isolates from wild boars. Isolates from domestic pigs carried a broad variety of all tested genes and showed great diversity in gene patterns. Adhesions varied with a maximum of 18.3 or 24.2 mean bacteria adherence per epithelial cell after 2 or 6 hours respectively. Most isolates from domestic pigs and wild boars showed low adherence, with no correlation between adhesion/probiotic activity and E. coli genes or gene clusters. The gene sfa/foc, encoding for a subunit of F1C fimbriae did show a positive correlative association with adherence and probiotic activity; however E. coli isolates from wild boars with the sfa/foc gene showed less adhesion and probiotic activity than E. coli with the sfa/foc gene isolated from domestic pigs after 6 hour incubation. In conclusion, screening porcine E. coli for virulence associated genes genes, adhesion to intestinal epithelial cells, and probiotic activity revealed a single important adhesion factor, several probiotic candidates, and showed important differences between E. coli of domestic pigs and wild boars.
Collapse
|
43
|
Ramos S, Silva N, Caniça M, Capelo-Martinez JL, Brito F, Igrejas G, Poeta P. High prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli from animals at slaughter: a food safety risk. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2013; 93:517-526. [PMID: 22836880 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.5814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been concern about the increase of antimicrobial resistant bacteria and protection of animal and public health, along with food safety. In the present study, we evaluate the incidence of antimicrobial resistance among 192 strains of Escherichia coli isolated from faecal samples of healthy food-producing animals at slaughter in Portugal. RESULTS Ninety-seven % of the pig isolates, 74% from sheep and 55% from cattle were resistant to one or more antimicrobial agents, with the resistances to ampicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole the most common phenotype detected. Genes encoding resistance to antimicrobial agents were detected in most of the resistant isolates. Ninety-three % of the resistant isolates were included in the A or B1 phylogenetic groups, and the virulence gene fimA (alone or in association with papC or aer genes) was detected in 137 of the resistant isolates. Five isolates from pigs belonging to phylogroup B2 and D were resistant to five different antimicrobial agents. CONCLUSION Our data shows a high percentage of antibiotic resistance in E. coli isolates from food animals, and raises important questions in the potential impact of antibiotic use in animals and the possible transmission of resistant bacteria to humans through the food chain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sónia Ramos
- Centre of Studies of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Vila Real, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Tadesse DA, Zhao S, Tong E, Ayers S, Singh A, Bartholomew MJ, McDermott PF. Antimicrobial drug resistance in Escherichia coli from humans and food animals, United States, 1950-2002. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 18:741-9. [PMID: 22515968 PMCID: PMC3358085 DOI: 10.3201/eid1805.111153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining drug resistance trends will optimize treatment and public health responses. We conducted a retrospective study of Escherichia coli isolates recovered from human and food animal samples during 1950–2002 to assess historical changes in antimicrobial drug resistance. A total of 1,729 E. coli isolates (983 from humans, 323 from cattle, 138 from chickens, and 285 from pigs) were tested for susceptibility to 15 antimicrobial drugs. A significant upward trend in resistance was observed for ampicillin (p<0.001), sulfonamide (p<0.001), and tetracycline (p<0.001). Animal strains showed increased resistance to 11/15 antimicrobial agents, including ampicillin (p<0.001), sulfonamide (p<0.01), and gentamicin (p<0.001). Multidrug resistance (≥3 antimicrobial drug classes) in E. coli increased from 7.2% during the 1950s to 63.6% during the 2000s. The most frequent co-resistant phenotype observed was to tetracycline and streptomycin (29.7%), followed by tetracycline and sulfonamide (29.0%). These data describe the evolution of resistance after introduction of new antimicrobial agents into clinical medicine and help explain the range of resistance in modern E. coli isolates.
Collapse
|
45
|
Has the emergence of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus increased trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole use and resistance?: a 10-year time series analysis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:5655-60. [PMID: 22908161 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01011-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
There are an increasing number of indications for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole use, including skin and soft tissue infections due to community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA). Assessing the relationship between rates of use and antibiotic resistance is important for maintaining the expected efficacy of this drug for guideline-recommended conditions. Using interrupted time series analysis, we aimed to determine whether the 2005 emergence of CA-MRSA and recommendations of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole as the preferred therapy were associated with changes in trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole use and susceptibility rates. The data from all VA Boston Health Care System facilities, including 118,863 inpatient admissions, 6,272,661 outpatient clinic visits, and 10,138 isolates were collected over a 10-year period. There was a significant (P = 0.02) increase in trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole prescriptions in the post-CA-MRSA period (1,605/year) compared to the pre-CA-MRSA period (1,538/year). Although the overall susceptibility of Escherichia coli and Proteus spp. to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole decreased over the study period, the rate of change in the pre- versus the post-CA-MRSA period was not significantly different. The changes in susceptibility rates of S. aureus to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and to methicillin were also not significantly different. The CA-MRSA period is associated with a significant increase in use of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole but not with significant changes in the rates of susceptibilities among clinical isolates. There is also no evidence for selection of organisms with increased resistance to other antimicrobials in relation to increased trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole use.
Collapse
|
46
|
Molecular characterization of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolates from Irish cattle farms. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:7121-7. [PMID: 21856840 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00601-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes the genotypic characteristics of a collection of 100 multidrug-resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli strains recovered from cattle and the farm environment in Ireland in 2007. The most prevalent antimicrobial resistance identified was to streptomycin (100%), followed by tetracycline (99%), sulfonamides (98%), ampicillin (82%), and neomycin (62%). Resistance was mediated predominantly by strA-strB (92%), tetA (67%), sul2 (90%), bla(TEM) (79%), and aphA1 (63%) gene markers, respectively. Twenty-seven isolates harbored a class 1 integrase (intI1), while qacEΔ1 and sul1 markers were identified in 25 and 26 isolates, respectively. The variable regions of these integrons contained aminoglycoside, trimethoprim, and β-lactam resistance determinants (aadA12, aadB-aadA1, bla(OXA-30)-aadA1, dfrA1-aadA1, dfrA7). Class 2 integrons were identified less frequently (4%) and contained the gene cassette array dfrA1-sat1-aadA1. Resistance to ampicillin, neomycin, streptomycin, sulfonamide, and tetracycline was associated with transferable high-molecular-weight plasmids, as demonstrated by conjugation assays. A panel of virulence markers was screened for by PCR, and genes identified included vt1, K5 in 2 isolates, papC in 10 isolates, and PAI IV(536) in 37 isolates. MDR commensal E. coli isolates from Irish cattle displayed considerable diversity with respect to the genes identified. Our findings highlight the importance of the commensal microflora of food-producing animals as a reservoir of transferable MDR.
Collapse
|
47
|
Genotypic-phenotypic discrepancies between antibiotic resistance characteristics of Escherichia coli isolates from calves in management settings with high and low antibiotic use. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:3293-9. [PMID: 21421795 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02588-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that bacterial populations growing in the absence of antibiotics will accumulate more resistance gene mutations than bacterial populations growing in the presence of antibiotics. If this is so, the prevalence of dysfunctional resistance genes (resistance pseudogenes) could provide a measure of the level of antibiotic exposure present in a given environment. As a proof-of-concept test, we assayed field strains of Escherichia coli for their resistance genotypes using a resistance gene microarray and further characterized isolates that had resistance phenotype-genotype discrepancies. We found a small but significant association between the prevalence of isolates with resistance pseudogenes and the lower antibiotic use environment of a beef cow-calf operation versus a higher antibiotic use dairy calf ranch (Fisher's exact test, P = 0.044). Other significant findings include a very strong association between the dairy calf ranch isolates and phenotypes unexplained by well-known resistance genes (Fisher's exact test, P < 0.0001). Two novel resistance genes were discovered in E. coli isolates from the dairy calf ranch, one associated with resistance to aminoglycosides and one associated with resistance to trimethoprim. In addition, isolates resistant to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins but negative for bla(CMY-2) had mutations in the promoter regions of the chromosomal E. coli ampC gene consistent with reported overexpression of native AmpC beta-lactamase. Similar mutations in hospital E. coli isolates have been reported worldwide. Prevalence or rates of E. coli ampC promoter mutations may be used as a marker for high expanded-spectrum cephalosporin use environments.
Collapse
|
48
|
Lindsey RL, Frye JG, Thitaram SN, Meinersmann RJ, Fedorka-Cray PJ, Englen MD. Characterization of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli by antimicrobial resistance profiles, plasmid replicon typing, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Microb Drug Resist 2011; 17:157-63. [PMID: 21332363 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2010.0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the distribution of multidrug resistance in Escherichia coli in relation to plasmid replicon types, animal sources, and genotypes. E. coli isolates (n = 35) from seven different animal sources were selected and tested for susceptibility to 15 antimicrobials; pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was used to determine genetic relationships among the E. coli isolates. Plasmid types based on their incompatibility (Inc) replicon types were determined, and linkage disequilibrium analysis was performed for antimicrobial resistance profiles, replicon types, and animal source. A high degree of genotypic diversity was observed: 34 different pulsed-field gel electrophoresis types among the 35 isolates examined. Twelve different plasmid Inc types were detected, and all isolates carried at least one replicon type. IncF (n = 25; 71.4%) and IncFIB (n = 19; 54.3%) were the most common replicon types identified. Chloramphenicol resistance was significantly linked with four Inc types (A/C, FIIA, F, and Y), and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid was linked with three Inc types (B/O, P and Y). Resistance to any other antimicrobial was linked to two or fewer replicon types. The isolate source was linked with resistance to seven antimicrobials and IncI1. We conclude that commensal E. coli from animal sources are highly variable genotypically and are reservoirs of a diverse array of plasmids carrying antimicrobial resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Lindsey
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, Richard B. Russell Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia 30605-2720, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Vernaz N, Huttner B, Muscionico D, Salomon JL, Bonnabry P, López-Lozano JM, Beyaert A, Schrenzel J, Harbarth S. Modelling the impact of antibiotic use on antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli using population-based data from a large hospital and its surrounding community. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011; 66:928-35. [PMID: 21393172 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkq525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the temporal relationship between antibiotic use and incidence of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli in both the inpatient and outpatient setting of a large urban area. METHODS A retrospective observational time-series analysis was performed to evaluate the incidence of non-duplicate clinical isolates of E. coli resistant to ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and cefepime from January 2000 through December 2007, combined with a transfer function model of aggregated data on antibiotic use in both settings obtained from the hospital's pharmacy and outpatient billing offices. RESULTS Ciprofloxacin resistance increased from 6.0% (2000) to 15.4% (2007; P<0.0001) and cefepime resistance from 0.9% (2002) to 3.2% (2007; P=0.01). Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole resistance remained stable (23.7%-25.8%). Total antibiotic use increased in both settings, while fluoroquinolone use increased significantly only among outpatients. A temporal effect between fluoroquinolone resistance in community E. coli isolates and outpatient use of ciprofloxacin (immediate effect and time lag 1 month) and moxifloxacin (time lag 4 months) was observed, explaining 51% of the variance over time. The incidence of cefepime resistance in E. coli was correlated with ciprofloxacin use in the inpatient (lag 1 month) and outpatient (lag 4 months) settings and with the use of ceftriaxone (lag 0 month), piperacillin/tazobactam (3 months) and cefepime (3 months) in the hospital (R2=51%). CONCLUSIONS These results support efforts to reduce prescribing of fluoroquinolones for control of resistant E. coli including extended-spectrum β-lactamase producers and show the added value of time-series analysis to better understand the interaction between community and hospital antibiotic prescribing and its spill-over effect on antibiotic resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Vernaz
- Pharmacy Department, University of Geneva Hospitals and Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Okeke IN, Wallace-Gadsden F, Simons HR, Matthews N, Labar AS, Hwang J, Wain J. Multi-locus sequence typing of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli isolates from Nigerian children uncovers multiple lineages. PLoS One 2010; 5:e14093. [PMID: 21124856 PMCID: PMC2990770 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) are defined by their stacked-brick adherence pattern to human epithelial cells. There is no all-encompassing genetic marker for EAEC. The category is commonly implicated in diarrhea but research is hampered by perplexing heterogeneity. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To identify key EAEC lineages, we applied multilocus sequence typing to 126 E. coli isolates from a Nigerian case-control study that showed aggregative adherence in the HEp-2 adherence assay, and 24 other EAEC strains from diverse locations. EAEC largely belonged to the A, B1 and D phylogenetic groups and only 7 (4.6%) isolates were in the B2 cluster. As many as 96 sequence types (STs) were identified but 60 (40%) of the EAEC strains belong to or are double locus variants of STs 10, 31, and 394. The remainder did not belong to predominant complexes. The most common ST complex, with predicted ancestor ST10, included 32 (21.3%) of the isolates. Significant age-related distribution suggests that weaned children in Nigeria are at risk for diarrhea from of ST10-complex EAEC. Phylogenetic group D EAEC strains, predominantly from ST31- and ST394 complexes, represented 38 (25.3%) of all isolates, include genome-sequenced strain 042, and possessed conserved chromosomal loci. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We have developed a molecular phylogenetic framework, which demonstrates that although grouped by a shared phenotype, the category of 'EAEC' encompasses multiple pathogenic lineages. Principal among isolates from Nigeria were ST10-complex EAEC that were associated with diarrhea in children over one year and ECOR D strains that share horizontally acquired loci.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iruka N Okeke
- Department of Biology, Haverford College, Haverford, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|