1
|
Pinzone MR, Shan L. Pharmacological approaches to promote cell death of latent HIV reservoirs. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2024; 19:56-61. [PMID: 38169429 PMCID: PMC10872923 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW HIV requires lifelong antiviral treatment due to the persistence of a reservoir of latently infected cells. Multiple strategies have been pursued to promote the death of infected cells. RECENT FINDINGS Several groups have focused on multipronged approaches to induce apoptosis of infected cells. One approach is to combine latency reversal agents with proapoptotic compounds and cytotoxic T cells to first reactivate and then clear infected cells. Other strategies include using natural killer cells or chimeric antigen receptor cells to decrease the size of the reservoir.A novel strategy is to promote cell death by pyroptosis. This mechanism relies on the activation of the caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 8 (CARD8) inflammasome by the HIV protease and can be potentiated by nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. SUMMARY The achievement of a clinically significant reduction in the size of the reservoir will likely require a combination strategy since none of the approaches pursued so far has been successful on its own in clinical trials. This discrepancy between promising in vitro findings and modest in vivo results highlights the hurdles of identifying a universally effective strategy given the wide heterogeneity of the HIV reservoirs in terms of tissue location, capability to undergo latency reversal and susceptibility to cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marilia Rita Pinzone
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Duggan NN, Dragic T, Chanda SK, Pache L. Breaking the Silence: Regulation of HIV Transcription and Latency on the Road to a Cure. Viruses 2023; 15:2435. [PMID: 38140676 PMCID: PMC10747579 DOI: 10.3390/v15122435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has brought the HIV/AIDS epidemic under control, but a curative strategy for viral eradication is still needed. The cessation of ART results in rapid viral rebound from latently infected CD4+ T cells, showing that control of viral replication alone does not fully restore immune function, nor does it eradicate viral reservoirs. With a better understanding of factors and mechanisms that promote viral latency, current approaches are primarily focused on the permanent silencing of latently infected cells ("block and lock") or reactivating HIV-1 gene expression in latently infected cells, in combination with immune restoration strategies to eliminate HIV infected cells from the host ("shock and kill"). In this review, we provide a summary of the current, most promising approaches for HIV-1 cure strategies, including an analysis of both latency-promoting agents (LPA) and latency-reversing agents (LRA) that have shown promise in vitro, ex vivo, and in human clinical trials to reduce the HIV-1 reservoir.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha N. Duggan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tatjana Dragic
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sumit K. Chanda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lars Pache
- NCI Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Copertino DC, Holmberg CS, Weiler J, Ward AR, Howard JN, Levinger C, Pang AP, Corley MJ, Dündar F, Zumbo P, Betel D, Gandhi RT, McMahon DK, Bosch RJ, Linden N, Macatangay BJ, Cyktor JC, Eron JJ, Mellors JW, Kovacs C, Benko E, Bosque A, Jones RB. The latency-reversing agent HODHBt synergizes with IL-15 to enhance cytotoxic function of HIV-specific T cells. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e169028. [PMID: 37581929 PMCID: PMC10561764 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.169028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-15 is under clinical investigation toward the goal of curing HIV infection because of its abilities to reverse HIV latency and enhance immune effector function. However, increased potency through combination with other agents may be needed. 3-Hydroxy-1,2,3-benzotriazin-4(3H)-one (HODHBt) enhances IL-15-mediated latency reversal and NK cell function by increasing STAT5 activation. We hypothesized that HODHBt would also synergize with IL-15, via STAT5, to directly enhance HIV-specific cytotoxic T cell responses. We showed that ex vivo IL-15 + HODHBt treatment markedly enhanced HIV-specific granzyme B-releasing T cell responses in PBMCs from antiretroviral therapy-suppressed (ART-suppressed) donors. We also observed upregulation of antigen processing and presentation in CD4+ T cells and increased surface MHC-I. In ex vivo PBMCs, IL-15 + HODHBt was sufficient to reduce intact proviruses in 1 of 3 ART-suppressed donors. Our findings reveal the potential for second-generation IL-15 studies incorporating HODHBt-like therapeutics. Iterative studies layering on additional latency reversal or other agents are needed to achieve consistent ex vivo reservoir reductions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis C. Copertino
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Carissa S. Holmberg
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jared Weiler
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Adam R. Ward
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - J. Natalie Howard
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Callie Levinger
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Alina P.S. Pang
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael J. Corley
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Friederike Dündar
- Applied Bioinformatics Core and
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Catenion GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Doron Betel
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Applied Bioinformatics Core and
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rajesh T. Gandhi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Deborah K. McMahon
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ronald J. Bosch
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Noemi Linden
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bernard J. Macatangay
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joshua C. Cyktor
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joseph J. Eron
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - John W. Mellors
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Colin Kovacs
- Maple Leaf Medical Clinic, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erika Benko
- Maple Leaf Medical Clinic, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alberto Bosque
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - R. Brad Jones
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Khalid Z, Shafqat SS, Ahmad HA, Munawar MA, Mutahir S, Elkholi SM, Shafqat SR, Huma R, Asiri AM. A Combined Experimental and Computational Study of Novel Benzotriazinone Carboxamides as Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors. Molecules 2023; 28:6623. [PMID: 37764399 PMCID: PMC10535199 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder of the endocrine system characterized by persistent hyperglycemia appears due to the deficiency or ineffective use of insulin. The glucose level of diabetic patients increases after every meal and medically recommended drugs are used to control hyperglycemia. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors are used as antidiabetic medicine to delay the hydrolysis of complex carbohydrates. Acarbose, miglitol, and voglibose are commercial drugs but patients suffer side effects of flatulence, bloating, diarrhea, and loss of hunger. To explore a new antidiabetic drug, a series of benzotriazinone carboxamides was synthesized and their alpha-glucosidase inhibition potentials were measured using in vitro experiments. The compounds 14k and 14l were found to be strong inhibitors compared to the standard drug acarbose with IC50 values of 27.13 ± 0.12 and 32.14 ± 0.11 μM, respectively. In silico study of 14k and 14l was carried out using molecular docking to identify the type of interactions developed between these compounds and enzyme sites. Both potent compounds 14k and 14l exhibited effective docking scores by making their interactions with selected amino acid residues. Chemical hardness and orbital energy gap values were investigated using DFT studies and results depicted affinity of 14k and 14l towards biological molecules. All computational findings were found to be in good agreement with in vitro results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zunera Khalid
- Department of Chemistry, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (Z.K.); (R.H.)
- School of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan;
| | - Syed Salman Shafqat
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore 54770, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Adnan Ahmad
- School of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan;
| | - Munawar Ali Munawar
- School of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan;
- Department of Basic and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Sadaf Mutahir
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China;
| | - Safaa M. Elkholi
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | | | - Rahila Huma
- Department of Chemistry, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (Z.K.); (R.H.)
| | - Abdullah Mohammed Asiri
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 64274, Saudi Arabia;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Howard JN, Bosque A. IL-15 and N-803 for HIV Cure Approaches. Viruses 2023; 15:1912. [PMID: 37766318 PMCID: PMC10537516 DOI: 10.3390/v15091912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In spite of the advances in antiretroviral therapy to treat HIV infection, the presence of a latent reservoir of HIV-infected cells represents the largest barrier towards finding a cure. Among the different strategies being pursued to eliminate or reduce this latent reservoir, the γc-cytokine IL-15 or its superagonist N-803 are currently under clinical investigation, either alone or with other interventions. They have been shown to reactivate latent HIV and enhance immune effector function, both of which are potentially required for effective reduction of latent reservoirs. In here, we present a comprehensive literature review of the different in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo studies conducted to date that are aimed at targeting HIV reservoirs using IL-15 and N-803.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alberto Bosque
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Khalid Z, Alnuwaiser MA, Ahmad HA, Shafqat SS, Munawar MA, Kamran K, Abbas MM, Kalam MA, Ewida MA. Experimental and Computational Analysis of Newly Synthesized Benzotriazinone Sulfonamides as Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27206783. [PMID: 36296403 PMCID: PMC9612054 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27206783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder in which the pancreas secretes insulin but the body cells do not recognize it. As a result, carbohydrate metabolism causes hyperglycemia, which may be fatal for various organs. This disease is increasing day by day and it is prevalent among people of all ages, including young adults and children. Acarbose and miglitol are famous alpha-glucosidase inhibitors but they complicate patients with the problems of flatulence, pain, bloating, diarrhea, and loss of appetite. To overcome these challenges, it is crucial to discover new anti-diabetic drugs with minimal side effects. For this purpose, benzotriazinone sulfonamides were synthesized and their structures were characterized by FT-IR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. In vitro alpha-glucosidase inhibition studies of all synthesized hybrids were conducted using the spectrophotometric method. The synthesized compounds revealed moderate-to-good inhibition activity; in particular, nitro derivatives 12e and 12f were found to be the most effective inhibitors against this enzyme, with IC50 values of 32.37 ± 0.15 µM and 37.75 ± 0.11 µM. In silico studies, including molecular docking as well as DFT analysis, also strengthened the experimental findings. Both leading compounds 12e and 12f showed strong hydrogen bonding interactions within the enzyme cavity. DFT studies also reinforced the strong binding interactions of these derivatives with biological molecules due to their lowest chemical hardness values and lowest orbital energy gap values.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zunera Khalid
- Department of Chemistry, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Maha Abdallah Alnuwaiser
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hafiz Adnan Ahmad
- School of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Syed Salman Shafqat
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore 54770, Pakistan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +92-331-413-9585
| | - Munawar Ali Munawar
- School of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
- Department of Basic and Applied Chemistry, FAST, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Kashif Kamran
- Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Mujtaba Abbas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology (New Campus), Lahore 54890, Pakistan
| | - M. A. Kalam
- Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology, Sydney 2007, Australia
| | - Menna A. Ewida
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Macedo AB, Levinger C, Nguyen BN, Richard J, Gupta M, Cruz CRY, Finzi A, Chiappinelli KB, Crandall KA, Bosque A. The HIV Latency Reversal Agent HODHBt Enhances NK Cell Effector and Memory-Like Functions by Increasing Interleukin-15-Mediated STAT Activation. J Virol 2022; 96:e0037222. [PMID: 35867565 PMCID: PMC9364794 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00372-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Elimination of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reservoirs is a critical endpoint to eradicate HIV. One therapeutic intervention against latent HIV is "shock and kill." This strategy is based on the transcriptional activation of latent HIV with a latency-reversing agent (LRA) with the consequent killing of the reactivated cell by either the cytopathic effect of HIV or the immune system. We have previously found that the small molecule 3-hydroxy-1,2,3-benzotriazin-4(3H)-one (HODHBt) acts as an LRA by increasing signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) factor activation mediated by interleukin-15 (IL-15) in cells isolated from aviremic participants. The IL-15 superagonist N-803 is currently under clinical investigation to eliminate latent reservoirs. IL-15 and N-803 share similar mechanisms of action by promoting the activation of STATs and have shown some promise in preclinical models directed toward HIV eradication. In this work, we evaluated the ability of HODHBt to enhance IL-15 signaling in natural killer (NK) cells and the biological consequences associated with increased STAT activation in NK cell effector and memory-like functions. We showed that HODHBt increased IL-15-mediated STAT phosphorylation in NK cells, resulting in increases in the secretion of CXCL-10 and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and the expression of cytotoxic proteins, including granzyme B, granzyme A, perforin, granulysin, FASL, and TRAIL. This increased cytotoxic profile results in increased cytotoxicity against HIV-infected cells and different tumor cell lines. HODHBt also improved the generation of cytokine-induced memory-like NK cells. Overall, our data demonstrate that enhancing the magnitude of IL-15 signaling with HODHBt favors NK cell cytotoxicity and memory-like generation, and thus, targeting this pathway could be further explored for HIV cure interventions. IMPORTANCE Several clinical trials targeting the HIV latent reservoir with LRAs have been completed. In spite of a lack of clinical benefit, they have been crucial to elucidate hurdles that "shock and kill" strategies have to overcome to promote an effective reduction of the latent reservoir to lead to a cure. These hurdles include low reactivation potential mediated by LRAs, the negative influence of some LRAs on the activity of natural killer and effector CD8 T cells, an increased resistance to apoptosis of latently infected cells, and an exhausted immune system due to chronic inflammation. To that end, finding therapeutic strategies that can overcome some of these challenges could improve the outcome of shock and kill strategies aimed at HIV eradication. Here, we show that the LRA HODHBt also improves IL-15-mediated NK cell effector and memory-like functions. As such, pharmacological enhancement of IL-15-mediated STAT activation can open new therapeutic avenues toward an HIV cure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B. Macedo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Callie Levinger
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Bryan N. Nguyen
- Computational Biology Institute, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mamta Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
- GW Cancer Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Conrad Russell Y. Cruz
- GW Cancer Center, Washington, DC, USA
- Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Katherine B. Chiappinelli
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
- GW Cancer Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Keith A. Crandall
- Computational Biology Institute, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Alberto Bosque
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
An ultrasensitive planar array p24 Gag ELISA to detect HIV-1 in diverse biological matrixes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23682. [PMID: 34880361 PMCID: PMC8654962 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03072-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) persistence in the presence of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has halted the development of curative strategies. Measuring HIV persistence is complex due to the low frequency of cells containing virus in vivo. Most of the commercially available assays to date measure nucleic acid. These assays have the advantage of being highly sensitive and allow for the analysis of sequence diversity, intactness of the HIV genome or evaluation of diverse RNA species. However, these assays are limited in evaluating translational competent viral reservoirs. In here, we developed an ultrasensitive p24 ELISA that uses the Simoa planar array technology that can detect HIV-1 virions and HIV-1 infected cells with limit of detection similar to nucleic acid assays. Furthermore, the assay is optimized to measure very low levels of p24 in different biological fluids without a major loss of sensitivity or reproducibility. Our results demonstrate that the ‘homebrew’ planar p24 ELISA immunoassay is a broadly applicable new tool to evaluate HIV persistence in diverse biological fluids and cells.
Collapse
|
9
|
Zaongo SD, Wang Y, Ma P, Song FZ, Chen YK. Selective elimination of host cells harboring replication-competent human immunodeficiency virus reservoirs: a promising therapeutic strategy for HIV cure. Chin Med J (Engl) 2021; 134:2776-2787. [PMID: 34620750 PMCID: PMC8667983 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000001797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Many seminal advances have been made in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS research over the past four decades. Treatment strategies, such as gene therapy and immunotherapy, are yielding promising results to effectively control HIV infection. Despite this, a cure for HIV/AIDS is not envisioned in the near future. A recently published academic study has raised awareness regarding a promising alternative therapeutic option for HIV/AIDS, referred to as "selective elimination of host cells capable of producing HIV" (SECH). Similar to the "shock and kill strategy," the SECH approach requires the simultaneous administration of drugs targeting key mechanisms in specific cells to efficiently eliminate HIV replication-competent cellular reservoirs. Herein, we comprehensively review the specific mechanisms targeted by the SECH strategy. Briefly, the suggested cocktail of drugs should contain (i) latency reversal agents to promote the latency reversal process in replication-competent reservoir cells, (ii) pro-apoptotic and anti-autophagy drugs to induce death of infected cells through various pathways, and finally (iii) drugs that eliminate new cycles of infection by prevention of HIV attachment to host cells, and by HIV integrase inhibitor drugs. Finally, we discuss three major challenges that are likely to restrict the application of the SECH strategy in HIV/AIDS patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvere D. Zaongo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing 400036, China
- College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Institute for Medical Device Standardization Administration; National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ping Ma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tianjin Second People Hospital, Tianjin 300192, China
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Fang-Zhou Song
- College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yao-Kai Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing 400036, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Combinatory antiretroviral therapy (cART) reduces human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication but is not curative because cART interruption almost invariably leads to a rapid rebound of viremia due to the persistence of stable HIV-1-infected cellular reservoirs. These reservoirs are mainly composed of CD4+ T cells harboring replication-competent latent proviruses. A broadly explored approach to reduce the HIV-1 reservoir size, the shock and kill strategy, consists of reactivating HIV-1 gene expression from the latently infected cellular reservoirs (the shock), followed by killing of the virus-producing infected cells (the kill). Based on improved understanding of the multiple molecular mechanisms controlling HIV-1 latency, distinct classes of latency reversing agents (LRAs) have been studied for their efficiency to reactivate viral gene expression in in vitro and ex vivo cell models. Here, we provide an up-to-date review of these different mechanistic classes of LRAs and discuss optimizations of the shock strategy by combining several LRAs simultaneously or sequentially.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Rodari
- Service of Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular Biology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 6041 Gosselies, Belgium;
| | - Gilles Darcis
- Infectious Diseases Department, Liège University Hospital, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Carine M Van Lint
- Service of Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular Biology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 6041 Gosselies, Belgium;
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Potential Utility of Natural Killer Cells for Eliminating Cells Harboring Reactivated Latent HIV-1 Following the Removal of CD8 + T Cell-Mediated Pro-Latency Effect(s). Viruses 2021; 13:v13081451. [PMID: 34452317 PMCID: PMC8402732 DOI: 10.3390/v13081451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An impediment to curing HIV-1 infection is the persistence of latently infected cells in ART-treated people living with HIV (PLWH). A key strategy for curing HIV-1 infection is to activate transcription and translation of latent virus using latency reversing agents (LRAs) and eliminate cells harboring reactivated virus via viral cytopathic effect or immune clearance. In this review, we provide an overview of available LRAs and their use in clinical trials. Furthermore, we describe recent data suggesting that CD8+ T cells promote HIV-1 latency in the context of ART, even in the presence of LRAs, which might at least partially explain the clinical inefficiency of previous “shock and kill” trials. Here, we propose a novel cure strategy called “unlock, shock, disarm, and kill”. The general premise of this strategy is to shut down the pro-latency function(s) of CD8+ T cells, use LRAs to reverse HIV-1 latency, counteract anti-apoptotic molecules, and engage natural killer (NK) cells to mediate the killing of cells harboring reactivated latent HIV-1.
Collapse
|
12
|
The Intact Non-Inducible Latent HIV-1 Reservoir is Established In an In Vitro Primary T CM Cell Model of Latency. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.01297-20. [PMID: 33441346 PMCID: PMC8092701 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01297-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The establishment of HIV-1 latency has hindered an HIV-1 cure. "Shock and Kill" strategies to target this reservoir aim to induce the latent provirus with latency reversing agents (LRAs). However, recent studies have shown that the majority of the intact HIV-1 viral reservoir found in ART-suppressed HIV infected individuals is not inducible. We sought to understand whether this non-inducible reservoir is established, and thus able to be studied, in an in vitro primary TCM model of latency. Furthermore, we wanted to expand this model system to include R5-tropic and non-B subtype viruses. To that end, we generated our TCM model of latency with an R5 subtype B virus, AD8 and an R5 subtype C virus, MJ4. Our results demonstrate that both intact and defective proviruses are generated in this model. Less than 50% of intact proviruses are inducible regardless of viral strain in the context of maximal stimulation through the TCR or with different clinically relevant LRAs including the HDAC inhibitors SAHA and MS-275, the PKC agonist Ingenol 3,20-dibenzoate or the SMAC mimetic AZD-5582. Our findings suggest that current LRA strategies are insufficient to effectively reactivate intact latent HIV-1 proviruses in primary CD4 TCM cells and that the mechanisms involved in the generation of the non-inducible HIV-1 reservoir can be studied using this primary in vitro model.Importance: HIV-1 establishes a latent reservoir that persists under antiretroviral therapy. Antiretroviral therapy is able to stop the spread of the virus and the progression of the disease but does not target this latent reservoir. If antiretroviral therapy is stopped, the virus is able to resume replication and the disease progresses. Recently, it has been demonstrated that most of the latent reservoir capable of generating replication competent virus cannot be induced in the laboratory setting. However, the mechanisms that influence the generation of this intact and non-inducible latent reservoir are still under investigation. Here we demonstrate the generation of defective, intact and intact non-inducible latent HIV-1 in a TCM model of latency using different HIV-1 strains. Thus, the mechanisms which control inducibility can be studied using this primary cell model of latency, which may accelerate our understanding of the latent reservoir and the development of curative strategies.
Collapse
|