1
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Anand C, Santoshi M, Singh PR, Nagaraja V. Rv0802c is an acyltransferase that succinylates and acetylates Mycobacterium tuberculosis nucleoid-associated protein HU. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2021; 167. [PMID: 34224344 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Among the nucleoid-associated proteins (NAPs), HU is the most conserved in eubacteria, engaged in overall chromosome organization and regulation of gene expression. Unlike other bacteria, HU from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MtHU), has a long carboxyl terminal domain enriched in basic amino acids, resembling eukaryotic histone N-terminal tails. As with histones, MtHU undergoes post-translational modifications and we have previously identified interacting kinases, methyltransferases, an acetyltransferase and a deacetylase. Here we show that Rv0802c interacts and succinylates MtHU. Although categorized as a succinyltransferase, we show that this GNAT superfamily member can catalyse both succinylation and acetylation of MtHU with comparable kinetic parameters. Like acetylation of MtHU, succinylation of MtHU caused reduced interaction of the NAP with DNA, determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay and surface plasmon resonance. However, in vivo expression of Rv0802c did not significantly alter the nucleoid architecture. Although such succinylation of NAPs is rare, these modifications of the archetypal NAP may provide avenues to the organism to compensate for the underrepresentation of NAPs in its genome to control the dynamics of nucleoid architecture and cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinmay Anand
- Department of Microbiology and Cell biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Meghna Santoshi
- Department of Microbiology and Cell biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Prakruti R Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Cell biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Valakunja Nagaraja
- Department of Microbiology and Cell biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India.,Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560064, India
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2
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Sanz-García F, Anoz-Carbonell E, Pérez-Herrán E, Martín C, Lucía A, Rodrigues L, Aínsa JA. Mycobacterial Aminoglycoside Acetyltransferases: A Little of Drug Resistance, and a Lot of Other Roles. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:46. [PMID: 30761098 PMCID: PMC6363676 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aminoglycoside acetyltransferases are important determinants of resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics in most bacterial genera. In mycobacteria, however, aminoglycoside acetyltransferases contribute only partially to aminoglycoside susceptibility since they are related with low level resistance to these antibiotics (while high level aminoglycoside resistance is due to mutations in the ribosome). Instead, aminoglycoside acetyltransferases contribute to other bacterial functions, and this can explain its widespread presence along species of genus Mycobacterium. This review is focused on two mycobacterial aminoglycoside acetyltransferase enzymes. First, the aminoglycoside 2'-N-acetyltransferase [AAC(2')], which was identified as a determinant of weak aminoglycoside resistance in M. fortuitum, and later found to be widespread in most mycobacterial species; AAC(2') enzymes have been associated with resistance to cell wall degradative enzymes, and bactericidal mode of action of aminoglycosides. Second, the Eis aminoglycoside acetyltransferase, which was identified originally as a virulence determinant in M. tuberculosis (enhanced intracellular survival); Eis protein in fact controls production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and other pathways. The relation of Eis with aminoglycoside susceptibility was found after the years, and reaches clinical significance only in M. tuberculosis isolates resistant to the second-line drug kanamycin. Given the role of AAC(2') and Eis proteins in mycobacterial biology, inhibitory molecules have been identified, more abundantly in case of Eis. In conclusion, AAC(2') and Eis have evolved from a marginal role as potential drug resistance mechanisms into a promising future as drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Sanz-García
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina - Instituto Universitario de Investigación de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ernesto Anoz-Carbonell
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina - Instituto Universitario de Investigación de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias - Instituto Universitario de Investigación de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Esther Pérez-Herrán
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina - Instituto Universitario de Investigación de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Carlos Martín
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina - Instituto Universitario de Investigación de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ainhoa Lucía
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina - Instituto Universitario de Investigación de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Liliana Rodrigues
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina - Instituto Universitario de Investigación de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Fundación Agencia Aragonesa para la Investigación y el Desarrollo, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José A Aínsa
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina - Instituto Universitario de Investigación de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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3
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Quinn RA, Comstock W, Zhang T, Morton JT, da Silva R, Tran A, Aksenov A, Nothias LF, Wangpraseurt D, Melnik AV, Ackermann G, Conrad D, Klapper I, Knight R, Dorrestein PC. Niche partitioning of a pathogenic microbiome driven by chemical gradients. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaau1908. [PMID: 30263961 PMCID: PMC6157970 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau1908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Environmental microbial communities are stratified by chemical gradients that shape the structure and function of these systems. Similar chemical gradients exist in the human body, but how they influence these microbial systems is more poorly understood. Understanding these effects can be particularly important for dysbiotic shifts in microbiome structure that are often associated with disease. We show that pH and oxygen strongly partition the microbial community from a diseased human lung into two mutually exclusive communities of pathogens and anaerobes. Antimicrobial treatment disrupted this chemical partitioning, causing complex death, survival, and resistance outcomes that were highly dependent on the individual microorganism and on community stratification. These effects were mathematically modeled, enabling a predictive understanding of this complex polymicrobial system. Harnessing the power of these chemical gradients could be a drug-free method of shaping microbial communities in the human body from undesirable dysbiotic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Quinn
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - William Comstock
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Tianyu Zhang
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - James T. Morton
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ricardo da Silva
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Alda Tran
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Alexander Aksenov
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Louis-Felix Nothias
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Daniel Wangpraseurt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Alexey V. Melnik
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Gail Ackermann
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Douglas Conrad
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Isaac Klapper
- Department of Mathematics, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Rob Knight
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Pieter C. Dorrestein
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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4
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Ngo HX, Green KD, Gajadeera CS, Willby MJ, Holbrook SYL, Hou C, Garzan A, Mayhoub AS, Posey JE, Tsodikov OV, Garneau-Tsodikova S. Potent 1,2,4-Triazino[5,6 b]indole-3-thioether Inhibitors of the Kanamycin Resistance Enzyme Eis from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:1030-1040. [PMID: 29601176 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A common cause of resistance to kanamycin (KAN) in tuberculosis is overexpression of the enhanced intracellular survival (Eis) protein. Eis is an acetyltransferase that multiacetylates KAN and other aminoglycosides, rendering them unable to bind the bacterial ribosome. By high-throughput screening, a series of substituted 1,2,4-triazino[5,6 b]indole-3-thioether molecules were identified as effective Eis inhibitors. Herein, we purchased 17 and synthesized 22 new compounds, evaluated their potency, and characterized their steady-state kinetics. Four inhibitors were found not only to inhibit Eis in vitro, but also to act as adjuvants of KAN and partially restore KAN sensitivity in a Mycobacterium tuberculosis KAN-resistant strain in which Eis is upregulated. A crystal structure of Eis in complex with a potent inhibitor and CoA shows that the inhibitors bind in the aminoglycoside binding site snugly inserted into a hydrophobic cavity. These inhibitors will undergo preclinical development as novel KAN adjuvant therapies to treat KAN-resistant tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huy X. Ngo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lee T. Todd, Jr. Building, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, United States
| | - Keith D. Green
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lee T. Todd, Jr. Building, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, United States
| | - Chathurada S. Gajadeera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lee T. Todd, Jr. Building, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, United States
| | - Melisa J. Willby
- Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States
| | - Selina Y. L. Holbrook
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lee T. Todd, Jr. Building, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, United States
| | - Caixia Hou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lee T. Todd, Jr. Building, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, United States
| | - Atefeh Garzan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lee T. Todd, Jr. Building, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, United States
| | - Abdelrahman S. Mayhoub
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - James E. Posey
- Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States
| | - Oleg. V. Tsodikov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lee T. Todd, Jr. Building, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, United States
| | - Sylvie Garneau-Tsodikova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lee T. Todd, Jr. Building, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, United States
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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5
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Thamban Chandrika N, Garneau-Tsodikova S. Comprehensive review of chemical strategies for the preparation of new aminoglycosides and their biological activities. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:1189-1249. [PMID: 29296992 PMCID: PMC5818290 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00407a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A systematic analysis of all synthetic and chemoenzymatic methodologies for the preparation of aminoglycosides for a variety of applications (therapeutic and agricultural) reported in the scientific literature up to 2017 is presented. This comprehensive analysis of derivatization/generation of novel aminoglycosides and their conjugates is divided based on the types of modifications used to make the new derivatives. Both the chemical strategies utilized and the biological results observed are covered. Structure-activity relationships based on different synthetic modifications along with their implications for activity and ability to avoid resistance against different microorganisms are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishad Thamban Chandrika
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596, USA.
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6
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Garzan A, Willby MJ, Green KD, Gajadeera CS, Hou C, Tsodikov OV, Posey JE, Garneau-Tsodikova S. Sulfonamide-Based Inhibitors of Aminoglycoside Acetyltransferase Eis Abolish Resistance to Kanamycin in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Med Chem 2016; 59:10619-10628. [PMID: 27933949 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A two-drug combination therapy where one drug targets an offending cell and the other targets a resistance mechanism to the first drug is a time-tested, yet underexploited approach to combat or prevent drug resistance. By high-throughput screening, we identified a sulfonamide scaffold that served as a pharmacophore to generate inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis acetyltransferase Eis, whose upregulation causes resistance to the aminoglycoside (AG) antibiotic kanamycin A (KAN) in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Rational systematic derivatization of this scaffold to maximize Eis inhibition and abolish the Eis-mediated KAN resistance of M. tuberculosis yielded several highly potent agents. A crystal structure of Eis in complex with one of the most potent inhibitors revealed that the inhibitor bound Eis in the AG-binding pocket held by a conformationally malleable region of Eis (residues 28-37) bearing key hydrophobic residues. These Eis inhibitors are promising leads for preclinical development of innovative AG combination therapies against resistant TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Garzan
- University of Kentucky , Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, 789 South Limestone St., Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, United States
| | - Melisa J Willby
- Mycobacteriology Laboratory Branch, Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia 30333, United States
| | - Keith D Green
- University of Kentucky , Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, 789 South Limestone St., Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, United States
| | - Chathurada S Gajadeera
- University of Kentucky , Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, 789 South Limestone St., Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, United States
| | - Caixia Hou
- University of Kentucky , Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, 789 South Limestone St., Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, United States
| | - Oleg V Tsodikov
- University of Kentucky , Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, 789 South Limestone St., Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, United States
| | - James E Posey
- Mycobacteriology Laboratory Branch, Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia 30333, United States
| | - Sylvie Garneau-Tsodikova
- University of Kentucky , Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, 789 South Limestone St., Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, United States
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7
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Willby MJ, Green KD, Gajadeera CS, Hou C, Tsodikov OV, Posey JE, Garneau-Tsodikova S. Potent Inhibitors of Acetyltransferase Eis Overcome Kanamycin Resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:1639-46. [PMID: 27010218 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A major cause of tuberculosis (TB) resistance to the aminoglycoside kanamycin (KAN) is the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) acetyltransferase Eis. Upregulation of this enzyme is responsible for inactivation of KAN through acetylation of its amino groups. A 123 000-compound high-throughput screen (HTS) yielded several small-molecule Eis inhibitors that share an isothiazole S,S-dioxide heterocyclic core. These were investigated for their structure-activity relationships. Crystal structures of Eis in complex with two potent inhibitors show that these molecules are bound in the conformationally adaptable aminoglycoside binding site of the enzyme, thereby obstructing binding of KAN for acetylation. Importantly, we demonstrate that several Eis inhibitors, when used in combination with KAN against resistant Mtb, efficiently overcome KAN resistance. This approach paves the way toward development of novel combination therapies against aminoglycoside-resistant TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melisa J. Willby
- Division of Tuberculosis
Elimination, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and
TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States
| | - Keith D. Green
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, United States
| | - Chathurada S. Gajadeera
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, United States
| | - Caixia Hou
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, United States
| | - Oleg V. Tsodikov
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, United States
| | - James E. Posey
- Division of Tuberculosis
Elimination, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and
TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States
| | - Sylvie Garneau-Tsodikova
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, United States
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8
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Chandrika NT, Garneau-Tsodikova S. A review of patents (2011-2015) towards combating resistance to and toxicity of aminoglycosides. MEDCHEMCOMM 2015; 7:50-68. [PMID: 27019689 PMCID: PMC4806794 DOI: 10.1039/c5md00453e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the first aminoglycoside (AG), streptomycin, in 1943, these broad-spectrum antibiotics have been extensively used for the treatment of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial infections. The inherent toxicity (ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity) associated with their long-term use as well as the emergence of resistant bacterial strains have limited their usage. Structural modifications of AGs by AG-modifying enzymes, reduced target affinity caused by ribosomal modification, and decrease in their cellular concentration by efflux pumps have resulted in resistance towards AGs. However, the last decade has seen a renewed interest among the scientific community for AGs as exemplified by the recent influx of scientific articles and patents on their therapeutic use. In this review, we use a non-conventional approach to put forth this renaissance on AG development/application by summarizing all patents filed on AGs from 2011-2015 and highlighting some related publications on the most recent work done on AGs to overcome resistance and improving their therapeutic use while reducing ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity. We also present work towards developing amphiphilic AGs for use as fungicides as well as that towards repurposing existing AGs for potential newer applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishad Thamban Chandrika
- University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, USA. Fax: 859-257-7585; Tel: 859-218-1686
| | - Sylvie Garneau-Tsodikova
- University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, USA. Fax: 859-257-7585; Tel: 859-218-1686
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9
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Garneau-Tsodikova S, Labby KJ. Mechanisms of Resistance to Aminoglycoside Antibiotics: Overview and Perspectives. MEDCHEMCOMM 2015; 7:11-27. [PMID: 26877861 DOI: 10.1039/c5md00344j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aminoglycoside (AG) antibiotics are used to treat many Gram-negative and some Gram-positive infections and, importantly, multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Among various bacterial species, resistance to AGs arises through a variety of intrinsic and acquired mechanisms. The bacterial cell wall serves as a natural barrier for small molecules such as AGs and may be further fortified via acquired mutations. Efflux pumps work to expel AGs from bacterial cells, and modifications here too may cause further resistance to AGs. Mutations in the ribosomal target of AGs, while rare, also contribute to resistance. Of growing clinical prominence is resistance caused by ribosome methyltransferases. By far the most widespread mechanism of resistance to AGs is the inactivation of these antibiotics by AG-modifying enzymes. We provide here an overview of these mechanisms by which bacteria become resistant to AGs and discuss their prevalence and potential for clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Garneau-Tsodikova
- University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, USA. ; Tel: 859-218-1686
| | - Kristin J Labby
- Beloit College, Department of Chemistry, 700 College Street, Beloit, WI, USA. ; Tel: 608-363-2273
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10
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Green KD, Pricer RE, Stewart MN, Garneau-Tsodikova S. Comparative Study of Eis-like Enzymes from Pathogenic and Nonpathogenic Bacteria. ACS Infect Dis 2015; 1:272-83. [PMID: 27622743 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.5b00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a growing problem worldwide. Of particular importance is the resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) to currently available antibiotics used in the treatment of infected patients. Up-regulation of an aminoglycoside (AG) acetyltransferase, the enhanced intracellular survival (Eis) protein of Mtb (Eis_Mtb), is responsible for resistance to the second-line injectable drug kanamycin A in a number of Mtb clinical isolates. This acetyltransferase is known to modify AGs, not at a single position, as usual for this type of enzyme, but at multiple amine sites. We identified, using in silico techniques, 22 homologues from a wide variety of bacteria, that we then cloned, purified, and biochemically studied. From the selected Eis homologues, 7 showed the ability to modify AGs to various degrees and displayed both similarities and differences when compared to Eis_Mtb. In addition, an inhibitor proved to be active against all homologues tested. Our findings show that this family of acetyltransferase enzymes exists in both mycobacteria and non-mycobacteria and in both pathogenic and nonpathogenic species. The bacterial strains described herein should be monitored for rising resistance rates to AGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith D. Green
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, United States
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11
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Amphiphilic Tobramycin Analogues as Antibacterial and Antifungal Agents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:4861-9. [PMID: 26033722 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00229-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the in vitro antifungal activities, cytotoxicities, and membrane-disruptive actions of amphiphilic tobramycin (TOB) analogues. The antifungal activities were established by determination of MIC values and in time-kill studies. Cytotoxicity was evaluated in mammalian cell lines. The fungal membrane-disruptive action of these analogues was studied by using the membrane-impermeable dye propidium iodide. TOB analogues bearing a linear alkyl chain at their 6″-position in a thioether linkage exhibited chain length-dependent antifungal activities. Analogues with C12 and C14 chains showed promising antifungal activities against tested fungal strains, with MIC values ranging from 1.95 to 62.5 mg/liter and 1.95 to 7.8 mg/liter, respectively. However, C4, C6, and C8 TOB analogues and TOB itself exhibited little to no antifungal activity. Fifty percent inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) for the most potent TOB analogues (C12 and C14) against A549 and Beas 2B cells were 4- to 64-fold and 32- to 64-fold higher, respectively, than their antifungal MIC values against various fungi. Unlike conventional aminoglycoside antibiotics, TOB analogues with alkyl chain lengths of C12 and C14 appear to inhibit fungi by inducing apoptosis and disrupting the fungal membrane as a novel mechanism of action. Amphiphilic TOB analogues showed broad-spectrum antifungal activities with minimal mammalian cell cytotoxicity. This study provides novel lead compounds for the development of antifungal drugs.
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12
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Green KD, Biswas T, Chang C, Wu R, Chen W, Janes BK, Chalupska D, Gornicki P, Hanna PC, Tsodikov OV, Joachimiak A, Garneau-Tsodikova S. Biochemical and structural analysis of an Eis family aminoglycoside acetyltransferase from bacillus anthracis. Biochemistry 2015; 54:3197-206. [PMID: 25928210 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Proteins from the enhanced intracellular survival (Eis) family are versatile acetyltransferases that acetylate amines at multiple positions of several aminoglycosides (AGs). Their upregulation confers drug resistance. Homologues of Eis are present in diverse bacteria, including many pathogens. Eis from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Eis_Mtb) has been well characterized. In this study, we explored the AG specificity and catalytic efficiency of the Eis family protein from Bacillus anthracis (Eis_Ban). Kinetic analysis of specificity and catalytic efficiency of acetylation of six AGs indicates that Eis_Ban displays significant differences from Eis_Mtb in both substrate binding and catalytic efficiency. The number of acetylated amines was also different for several AGs, indicating a distinct regiospecificity of Eis_Ban. Furthermore, most recently identified inhibitors of Eis_Mtb did not inhibit Eis_Ban, underscoring the differences between these two enzymes. To explain these differences, we determined an Eis_Ban crystal structure. The comparison of the crystal structures of Eis_Ban and Eis_Mtb demonstrates that critical residues lining their respective substrate binding pockets differ substantially, explaining their distinct specificities. Our results suggest that acetyltransferases of the Eis family evolved divergently to garner distinct specificities while conserving catalytic efficiency, possibly to counter distinct chemical challenges. The unique specificity features of these enzymes can be utilized as tools for developing AGs with novel modifications and help guide specific AG treatments to avoid Eis-mediated resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith D Green
- ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, United States
| | | | - Changsoo Chang
- ∇Structural Biology Center, Biosciences, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Ruiying Wu
- ∇Structural Biology Center, Biosciences, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Oleg V Tsodikov
- ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, United States
| | - Andrzej Joachimiak
- ∇Structural Biology Center, Biosciences, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Sylvie Garneau-Tsodikova
- ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, United States
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Fosso MY, Li Y, Garneau-Tsodikova S. New trends in aminoglycosides use. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014; 5:1075-1091. [PMID: 25071928 PMCID: PMC4111210 DOI: 10.1039/c4md00163j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Despite their inherent toxicity and the acquired bacterial resistance that continuously threaten their long-term clinical use, aminoglycosides (AGs) still remain valuable components of the antibiotic armamentarium. Recent literature shows that the AGs' role has been further expanded as multi-tasking players in different areas of study. This review aims at presenting some of the new trends observed in the use of AGs in the past decade, along with the current understanding of their mechanisms of action in various bacterial and eukaryotic cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Y. Fosso
- University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, BioPharm Complex, Room 423, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536-0596, U.S.A
| | - Yijia Li
- University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, BioPharm Complex, Room 423, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536-0596, U.S.A
| | - Sylvie Garneau-Tsodikova
- University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, BioPharm Complex, Room 423, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536-0596, U.S.A
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14
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Green KD, Garneau-Tsodikova S. Domain dissection and characterization of the aminoglycoside resistance enzyme ANT(3″)-Ii/AAC(6')-IId from Serratia marcescens. Biochimie 2013; 95:1319-25. [PMID: 23485681 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Aminoglycosides (AGs) are broad-spectrum antibiotics whose constant use and presence in growth environments has led bacteria to develop resistance mechanisms to aid in their survival. A common mechanism of resistance to AGs is their chemical modification (nucleotidylation, phosphorylation, or acetylation) by AG-modifying enzymes (AMEs). Through evolution, fusion of two AME-encoding genes has resulted in bifunctional enzymes with broader spectrum of activity. Serratia marcescens, a human enteropathogen, contains such a bifunctional enzyme, ANT(3″)-Ii/AAC(6')-IId. To gain insight into the role, effect, and importance of the union of ANT(3″)-Ii and AAC(6')-IId in this bifunctional enzyme, we separated the two domains and compared their activity to that of the full-length enzyme. We performed a thorough comparison of the substrate and cosubstrate profiles as well as kinetic characterization of the bifunctional ANT(3″)-Ii/AAC(6')-IId and its individually expressed components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith D Green
- Life Sciences Institute, 210 Washtenaw Ave, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2216, USA
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15
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Pricer RE, Houghton JL, Green KD, Mayhoub AS, Garneau-Tsodikova S. Biochemical and structural analysis of aminoglycoside acetyltransferase Eis from Anabaena variabilis. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2012; 8:3305-13. [PMID: 23090428 PMCID: PMC3496871 DOI: 10.1039/c2mb25341k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis enhanced intracellular survival (Eis_Mtb) protein is a clinically important aminoglycoside (AG) multi-acetylating enzyme. Eis homologues are found in a variety of mycobacterial and non-mycobacterial species. Variation of the residues lining the AG-binding pocket and positions of the loops bearing these residues in the Eis homologues dictates the substrate specificity and, thus, Eis homologues are Nature-made tools for elucidating principles of AG recognition by Eis. Here, we demonstrate that the Eis from Anabaena variabilis (Eis_Ava), the first non-mycobacterial Eis homologue reported, is a multi-acetylating AG-acetyltransferase. Eis_Ava, Eis from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Eis_Mtb), and Eis from Mycobacterium smegmatis (Eis_Msm) have different structures of their AG-binding pockets. We perform comparative analysis of these differences and investigate how they dictate the substrate and cosubstrate recognition and acetylation of AGs by Eis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E. Pricer
- University of Michigan, Life Sciences Institute, 210 Washtenaw Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- University of Michigan, Chemical Biology Doctoral Program, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jacob L. Houghton
- University of Michigan, Life Sciences Institute, 210 Washtenaw Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- University of Michigan, Department of Medicinal Chemistry in the College of Pharmacy, 210 Washtenaw Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Fax: +1 734-615-5521; Tel: +1 734-615-2736
| | - Keith D. Green
- University of Michigan, Life Sciences Institute, 210 Washtenaw Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Abdelrahman S. Mayhoub
- University of Michigan, Life Sciences Institute, 210 Washtenaw Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sylvie Garneau-Tsodikova
- University of Michigan, Life Sciences Institute, 210 Washtenaw Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- University of Michigan, Chemical Biology Doctoral Program, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- University of Michigan, Department of Medicinal Chemistry in the College of Pharmacy, 210 Washtenaw Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Fax: +1 734-615-5521; Tel: +1 734-615-2736
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