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Bandyopadhyay AS, Burke RM, Hawes KM. Polio Eradication: Status, Struggles and Strategies. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2024; 43:e207-e211. [PMID: 38564755 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000004330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Ananda S Bandyopadhyay
- From the Polio, Global Development, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington
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Janin YL. On the origins of SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitors. RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:81-118. [PMID: 38283212 PMCID: PMC10809347 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00493g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
In order to address the world-wide health challenge caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, the 3CL protease/SARS-CoV-2 main protease (SARS-CoV-2-Mpro) coded by its nsp5 gene became one of the biochemical targets for the design of antiviral drugs. In less than 3 years of research, 4 inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2-Mpro have actually been authorized for COVID-19 treatment (nirmatrelvir, ensitrelvir, leritrelvir and simnotrelvir) and more such as EDP-235, FB-2001 and STI-1558/Olgotrelvir or five undisclosed compounds (CDI-988, ASC11, ALG-097558, QLS1128 and H-10517) are undergoing clinical trials. This review is an attempt to picture this quite unprecedented medicinal chemistry feat and provide insights on how these cysteine protease inhibitors were discovered. Since many series of covalent SARS-CoV-2-Mpro inhibitors owe some of their origins to previous work on other proteases, we first provided a description of various inhibitors of cysteine-bearing human caspase-1 or cathepsin K, as well as inhibitors of serine proteases such as human dipeptidyl peptidase-4 or the hepatitis C protein complex NS3/4A. This is then followed by a description of the results of the approaches adopted (repurposing, structure-based and high throughput screening) to discover coronavirus main protease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves L Janin
- Structure et Instabilité des Génomes (StrInG), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, INSERM, CNRS, Alliance Sorbonne Université 75005 Paris France
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Singanayagam A, Klapsa D, Burton-Fanning S, Hand J, Wilton T, Stephens L, Mate R, Shillitoe B, Celma C, Slatter M, Flood T, Gopal R, Martin J, Zambon M. Asymptomatic immunodeficiency-associated vaccine-derived poliovirus infections in two UK children. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3413. [PMID: 37296153 PMCID: PMC10251316 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39094-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing detections of vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) globally, including in countries previously declared polio free, is a public health emergency of international concern. Individuals with primary immunodeficiency (PID) can excrete polioviruses for prolonged periods, which could act as a source of cryptic transmission of viruses with potential to cause neurological disease. Here, we report on the detection of immunodeficiency-associated VDPVs (iVDPV) from two asymptomatic male PID children in the UK in 2019. The first child cleared poliovirus with increased doses of intravenous immunoglobulin, the second child following haematopoetic stem cell transplantation. We perform genetic and phenotypic characterisation of the infecting strains, demonstrating intra-host evolution and a neurovirulent phenotype in transgenic mice. Our findings highlight a pressing need to strengthen polio surveillance. Systematic collection of stool from asymptomatic PID patients who are at high risk for poliovirus excretion could improve the ability to detect and contain iVDPVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Singanayagam
- Polio Reference Service, UK Health Security Agency, Colindale, London, UK.
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Dimitra Klapsa
- Division of Vaccines, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, London, UK
| | - Shirelle Burton-Fanning
- Microbiology and Virology Services, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Julian Hand
- Polio Reference Service, UK Health Security Agency, Colindale, London, UK
| | - Thomas Wilton
- Division of Vaccines, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, London, UK
| | - Laura Stephens
- Division of Vaccines, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, London, UK
| | - Ryan Mate
- Division of Vaccines, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, London, UK
| | - Benjamin Shillitoe
- Paediatric Stem Cell Transplant Unit, Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Cristina Celma
- Polio Reference Service, UK Health Security Agency, Colindale, London, UK
| | - Mary Slatter
- Paediatric Stem Cell Transplant Unit, Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Terry Flood
- Paediatric Stem Cell Transplant Unit, Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Robin Gopal
- Polio Reference Service, UK Health Security Agency, Colindale, London, UK
| | - Javier Martin
- Division of Vaccines, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, London, UK
| | - Maria Zambon
- Polio Reference Service, UK Health Security Agency, Colindale, London, UK.
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Arita M, Fuchino H. Characterization of Anti-Poliovirus Compounds Isolated from Edible Plants. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040903. [PMID: 37112883 PMCID: PMC10145814 DOI: 10.3390/v15040903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Poliovirus (PV) is the causative agent of poliomyelitis and is a target of the global eradication programs of the World Health Organization (WHO). After eradication of type 2 and 3 wild-type PVs, vaccine-derived PV remains a substantial threat against the eradication as well as type 1 wild-type PV. Antivirals could serve as an effective means to suppress the outbreak; however, no anti-PV drugs have been approved at present. Here, we screened for effective anti-PV compounds in a library of edible plant extracts (a total of 6032 extracts). We found anti-PV activity in the extracts of seven different plant species. We isolated chrysophanol and vanicoside B (VCB) as the identities of the anti-PV activities of the extracts of Rheum rhaponticum and Fallopia sachalinensis, respectively. VCB targeted the host PI4KB/OSBP pathway for its anti-PV activity (EC50 = 9.2 μM) with an inhibitory effect on in vitro PI4KB activity (IC50 = 5.0 μM). This work offers new insights into the anti-PV activity in edible plants that may serve as potent antivirals for PV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minetaro Arita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi 208-0011, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Fuchino
- Research Center for Medicinal Plant Resources, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-2 Hachimandai, Tsukuba 305-0843, Ibaraki, Japan
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Glassman KF, Brugge JS, Purchio AF, Kakach LT, Fuerst TR, Woods RM, Stover CK, Chunduru SK, Hincks JR, McKinlay MA, Nash CH, Pevear DC, Monath TP, Rice CM, Peters P. Biographical Feature: Marc S. Collett (23 May 1951-11 June 2022): the Battle against Viral Disease Has Lost a Valiant Warrior, and the World Has Lost a Splendid Human Being. J Virol 2023; 97:e0164322. [PMID: 36468860 PMCID: PMC9888289 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01643-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joan S. Brugge
- Ludwig Center, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Thomas R. Fuerst
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
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Direct-Acting Antivirals and Host-Targeting Approaches against Enterovirus B Infections: Recent Advances. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/ph16020203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus B (EV-B)-related diseases, which can be life threatening in high-risk populations, have been recognized as a serious health problem, but their clinical treatment is largely supportive, and no selective antivirals are available on the market. As their clinical relevance has become more serious, efforts in the field of anti-EV-B inhibitors have greatly increased and many potential antivirals with very high selectivity indexes and promising in vitro activities have been discovered. The scope of this review encompasses recent advances in the discovery of new compounds with anti-viral activity against EV-B, as well as further progress in repurposing drugs to treat these infections. Current progress and future perspectives in drug discovery against EV-Bs are briefly discussed and existing gaps are spotlighted.
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Bermingham WH, Canning B, Wilton T, Kidd M, Klapsa D, Majumdar M, Sooriyakumar K, Martin J, Huissoon AP. Case report: Clearance of longstanding, immune-deficiency-associated, vaccine-derived polio virus infection following remdesivir therapy for chronic SARS-CoV-2 infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1135834. [PMID: 36936936 PMCID: PMC10022663 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1135834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The global polio eradication campaign has had remarkable success in reducing wild-type poliovirus infection, largely built upon the live attenuated Sabin oral poliovirus vaccine. Whilst rare, vaccine poliovirus strains may cause infection and subsequently revert to a neurovirulent type, termed vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV). Persistent, vaccine derived infection may occur in an immunocompromised host (iVDPV), where it is a recognised complication following receipt of the Sabin vaccine. This has significant implications for the global polio eradication campaign and there is currently no agreed global strategy to manage such patients.Here we describe a case of a 50-year-old man with common variable immune deficiency, persistently infected with a neurovirulent vaccine-derived type 2 poliovirus following vaccination in childhood. iVDPV infection had proven resistant to multiple prior attempts at treatment with human breast milk, ribavirin and oral administration of a normal human pooled immunoglobulin product. His iVDPV infection subsequently resolved after 12 days treatment with remdesivir, an adenosine analogue prodrug that is an inhibitor of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, administered as treatment for a prolonged, moderate severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. iVDPV from the patient, isolated prior to treatment, was subsequently demonstrated to be sensitive to remdesivir in vitro. Based on the observations made in this case, and the mechanistic rationale for use with iVDPV, there is strong justification for further clinical studies of remdesivir treatment as a potentially curative intervention in patients with iVDPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Hywel Bermingham
- Department of Immunology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: William Hywel Bermingham,
| | - Benjamin Canning
- Department of Virology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Wilton
- Division of Vaccines, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Kidd
- Public Health Laboratory, UK Health Security Agency, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Dimitra Klapsa
- Division of Vaccines, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Manasi Majumdar
- Division of Vaccines, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Kavitha Sooriyakumar
- Department of Immunology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Javier Martin
- Division of Vaccines, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Aarnoud P. Huissoon
- Department of Immunology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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