1
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Nantongo M, Nguyen DC, Bethel CR, Taracila MA, Li Q, Dousa KM, Shin E, Kurz SG, Nguyen L, Kreiswirth BN, Boom WH, Plummer MS, Bonomo RA. Durlobactam, a Diazabicyclooctane β-Lactamase Inhibitor, Inhibits BlaC and Peptidoglycan Transpeptidases of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:1767-1779. [PMID: 38619138 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan synthesis is an underutilized drug target in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Diazabicyclooctanes (DBOs) are a class of broad-spectrum β-lactamase inhibitors that also inhibit certain peptidoglycan transpeptidases that are important in mycobacterial cell wall synthesis. We evaluated the DBO durlobactam as an inhibitor of BlaC, the Mtb β-lactamase, and multiple Mtb peptidoglycan transpeptidases (PonA1, LdtMt1, LdtMt2, LdtMt3, and LdtMt5). Timed electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) captured acyl-enzyme complexes with BlaC and all transpeptidases except LdtMt5. Inhibition kinetics demonstrated durlobactam was a potent and efficient DBO inhibitor of BlaC (KI app 9.2 ± 0.9 μM, k2/K 5600 ± 560 M-1 s-1) and similar to clavulanate (KI app 3.3 ± 0.6 μM, k2/K 8400 ± 840 M-1 s-1); however, durlobactam had a lower turnover number (tn = kcat/kinact) than clavulanate (1 and 8, respectively). KI app values with durlobactam and clavulanate were similar for peptidoglycan transpeptidases, but ESI-MS captured durlobactam complexes at more time points. Molecular docking and simulation demonstrated several productive interactions of durlobactam in the active sites of BlaC, PonA1, and LdtMt2. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was conducted on 11 Mtb isolates with amoxicillin, ceftriaxone, meropenem, imipenem, clavulanate, and durlobactam. Durlobactam had a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) range of 0.5-16 μg/mL, similar to the ranges for meropenem (1-32 μg/mL) and imipenem (0.5-64 μg/mL). In β-lactam + durlobactam combinations (1:1 mass/volume), MICs were lowered 4- to 64-fold for all isolates except one with meropenem-durlobactam. This work supports further exploration of novel β-lactamase inhibitors that target BlaC and Mtb peptidoglycan transpeptidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Nantongo
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU), Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
- Research Service, Louis Stokes Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - David C Nguyen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Division of Infectious Diseases, and Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Christopher R Bethel
- Research Service, Louis Stokes Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Magdalena A Taracila
- Research Service, Louis Stokes Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU), Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU), Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Khalid M Dousa
- Research Service, Louis Stokes Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU), Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
- Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Northeast Ohio Healthcare System (VANEOHS), Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Eunjeong Shin
- Research Service, Louis Stokes Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU), Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Sebastian G Kurz
- Department of Internal Medicine VIII, Medical Oncology and Pneumology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Liem Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU), Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Barry N Kreiswirth
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - W Henry Boom
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU), Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU), Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Mark S Plummer
- Biopharmaworks, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Robert A Bonomo
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU), Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU), Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
- Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Northeast Ohio Healthcare System (VANEOHS), Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
- CWRU-Cleveland VAMC Center for Antibiotic Resistance and Epidemiology (Case VA CARES), Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
- Departments of Biochemistry, Pharmacology, and Proteomics and Bioinformatics, CWRU, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
- Cleveland Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VANEOHS, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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2
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Radojković M, Ubbink M. Positive epistasis drives clavulanic acid resistance in double mutant libraries of BlaC β-lactamase. Commun Biol 2024; 7:197. [PMID: 38368480 PMCID: PMC10874438 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05868-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic effects of mutations are highly dependent on the genetic backgrounds in which they occur, due to epistatic effects. To test how easily the loss of enzyme activity can be compensated for, we screen mutant libraries of BlaC, a β-lactamase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, for fitness in the presence of carbenicillin and the inhibitor clavulanic acid. Using a semi-rational approach and deep sequencing, we prepare four double-site saturation libraries and determine the relative fitness effect for 1534/1540 (99.6%) of the unique library members at two temperatures. Each library comprises variants of a residue known to be relevant for clavulanic acid resistance as well as residue 105, which regulates access to the active site. Variants with greatly improved fitness were identified within each library, demonstrating that compensatory mutations for loss of activity can be readily found. In most cases, the fittest variants are a result of positive epistasis, indicating strong synergistic effects between the chosen residue pairs. Our study sheds light on a role of epistasis in the evolution of functional residues and underlines the highly adaptive potential of BlaC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Radojković
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marcellus Ubbink
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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3
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van Alen I, Aguirre García MA, Maaskant JJ, Kuijl CP, Bitter W, Meijer AH, Ubbink M. Mycobacterium tuberculosis β-lactamase variant reduces sensitivity to ampicillin/avibactam in a zebrafish-Mycobacterium marinum model of tuberculosis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15406. [PMID: 37717068 PMCID: PMC10505137 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42152-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The β-lactamase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, BlaC, hydrolyzes β-lactam antibiotics, hindering the use of these antibiotics for the treatment of tuberculosis. Inhibitors, such as avibactam, can reversibly inhibit the enzyme, allowing for the development of combination therapies using both antibiotic and inhibitor. However, laboratory evolution studies using Escherichia coli resulted in the discovery of single amino acid variants of BlaC that reduce the sensitivity for inhibitors or show higher catalytic efficiency against antibiotics. Here, we tested these BlaC variants under more physiological conditions using the M. marinum infection model of zebrafish, which recapitulates hallmark features of tuberculosis, including the intracellular persistence of mycobacteria in macrophages and the induction of granuloma formation. To this end, the M. tuberculosis blaC gene was integrated into the chromosome of a blaC frameshift mutant of M. marinum. Subsequently, the resulting strains were used to infect zebrafish embryos in order to test the combinatorial effect of ampicillin and avibactam. The results show that embryos infected with an M. marinum strain producing BlaC show lower infection levels after treatment than untreated embryos. Additionally, BlaC K234R showed higher infection levels after treatment than those infected with bacteria producing the wild-type enzyme, demonstrating that the zebrafish host is less sensitive to the combinatorial therapy of β-lactam antibiotic and inhibitor. These findings are of interest for future development of combination therapies to treat tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona van Alen
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mayra A Aguirre García
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke J Maaskant
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Coenraad P Kuijl
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wilbert Bitter
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Section of Molecular Microbiology, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie H Meijer
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marcellus Ubbink
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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4
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Bhattacharya S, Junghare V, Hazra M, Pandey NK, Mukherjee A, Dhankhar K, Das N, Roy P, Dubey RC, Hazra S. Characterization of a Class A β-Lactamase from Francisella tularensis (Ftu-1) Belonging to a Unique Subclass toward Understanding AMR. ACS BIO & MED CHEM AU 2023; 3:174-188. [PMID: 37101813 PMCID: PMC10125328 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomedchemau.2c00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
β-lactamase production with vast catalytic divergence in the pathogenic strain limits the antibiotic spectrum in the clinical environment. Class A carbapenemase shares significant sequence similarities, structural features, and common catalytic mechanisms although their resistance spectrum differs from class A β-lactamase in carbapenem and monobactam hydrolysis. In other words, it limited the antibiotic treatment option against infection, causing carbapenemase-producing superbugs. Ftu-1 is a class A β-lactamase expressed by the Francisella tularensis strain, a potent causative organism of tularemia. The chromosomally encoded class A β-lactamase shares two conserved cysteine residues, a common characteristic of a carbapenemase, and a distinctive class in the phylogenetic tree. Complete biochemical and biophysical characterization of the enzyme was performed to understand the overall stability and environmental requirements to perform optimally. To comprehend the enzyme-drug interaction and its profile toward various chemistries of β-lactam and β-lactamase inhibitors, comprehensive kinetic and thermodynamic analyses were conducted using various β-lactam drugs. The dynamic property of Ftu-1 β-lactamase was also predicted using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation to compare its loop flexibility and ligand binding with other related class A β-lactamases. Overall, this study fosters a comprehensive understanding of Ftu-1, proposed to be an intermediate class by characterizing its kinetic profiling, stability by biochemical and biophysical methodologies, and susceptibility profiling. This understanding would be beneficial for the design of new-generation therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourya Bhattacharya
- Department
of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Vivek Junghare
- Department
of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Mousumi Hazra
- Department
of Botany and Microbiology, Gurukula Kangri
(Deemed to be University), Haridwar 249404, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Niteesh Kumar Pandey
- Department
of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Abirlal Mukherjee
- Department
of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Kunal Dhankhar
- Department
of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Neeladrisingha Das
- Department
of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Partha Roy
- Department
of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Ramesh Chandra Dubey
- Department
of Botany and Microbiology, Gurukula Kangri
(Deemed to be University), Haridwar 249404, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Saugata Hazra
- Department
of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
- Centre
of Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology
Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
- ,
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5
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Junghare V, Alex R, Baidya A, Paul M, Alyethodi RR, Sengar GS, Kumar S, Singh U, Deb R, Hazra S. In silico modeling revealed new insights into the mechanism of action of enzyme 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase in cattle. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:14013-14026. [PMID: 34873989 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.2001373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system has an important role in developing the initial resistance to virus infection, and the ability of oligoadenylate synthetase to overcome viral evasion and enhance innate immunity is already established in humans. In the present study, we have tried to explore the molecular and structural variations present in Sahiwal (indigenous) and crossbred (Frieswal) cattle to identify the molecular mechanism of action of OAS1 gene in activation of innate immune response. The significant changes in structural alignment in terms of orientation of loops, shortening of β-sheets and formation of 3-10 α-helix was noticed in Sahiwal and Frieswal cattle. Further, it has been observed that OAS1 from Sahiwal had better binding with APC and DTP ligand than Frieswal OAS1. A remarkable change was seen in orientation at the nucleoside base region of both the ligands, which are bound with OAS1 protein from Frieswal and Sahiwal cattle. The Molecular Dynamic study of apo and ligand complex structures was provided more insight towards the stability of OAS1 from both cattle. This analysis displayed that the Sahiwal cattle protein has more steady nature throughout the simulation and has better binding towards Frieswal in terms of APC and DTP binding. Thus, OAS1 protein is the potential target for explaining the innate immune response in Sahiwal than Frieswal.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Junghare
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
| | - Rani Alex
- ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle, Meerut Cantt, India
| | - Apoorva Baidya
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Intitute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Manish Paul
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharaja Sriram Chandra Bhanja Deo University, Baripada, India
| | | | | | - Sushil Kumar
- ICAR-National Research Center on Pig, Guwahati, India
| | - Umesh Singh
- ICAR-National Research Center on Pig, Guwahati, India
| | - Rajib Deb
- ICAR-National Research Center on Pig, Guwahati, India
| | - Saugata Hazra
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India.,Center of Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
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6
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Gonzalo X, Drobniewski F. Are the Newer Carbapenems of Any Value against Tuberculosis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11081070. [PMID: 36009939 PMCID: PMC9404707 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11081070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Our aim was to assess whether newer carbapenems with a better administration profile than meropenem (ertapenem, faropenem and tebipenem) were more effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis including M/XDRTB and determine if there was a synergistic/antagonistic effect with amoxicillin or clavulanate (inhibitor of beta-lactamases that MTB possesses) in vitro. Whilst meropenem is given three times a day intravenously, ertapenem, though given parenterally, is given once a day, faropenem and tebipenem are given orally. Eighty-two clinical drug-sensitive and -resistant MTB strains and a laboratory strain, H37Rv, were assessed by a microdilution methodology against ertapenem, faropenem, tebipenem and meropenem with and without amoxicillin or clavulanic acid. Ertapenem showed a limited activity. The addition of amoxicillin and clavulanate did not translate into significant improvements in susceptibility. Sixty-two isolates (75.6%) exhibited susceptibility to faropenem; the addition of amoxicillin and clavulanate further reduced the MIC in some isolates. Faropenem showed a limited activity (MIC of 8 mg/L or lower) in 21 strains completely resistant to meropenem (MIC of 16 mg/L or higher). Fifteen of the meropenem-resistant strains were susceptible to tebipenem. Carbapenems' activity has been reported extensively. However, there remains uncertainty as to which of them is most active against TB and what the testing methodology should be.
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7
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Park S, Jung J, Kim J, Han SB, Ryoo S. Susceptibility of β-lactam antibiotics and genetic mutation of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates in Korea. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul) 2022; 85:256-263. [PMID: 35586904 PMCID: PMC9263340 DOI: 10.4046/trd.2021.0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is resistant to the β-lactam antibiotics due to a non-classical transpeptidase in the cell wall with β-lactamase activity. A recent study showed that meropenem combined with a β-lactamase inhibitor clavulanate, was effective in MDR and XDR tuberculosis (TB). However, clavulanate can only be used in drugs containing amoxicillin in Korea. In this study, we investigated the susceptibility and genetic mutations of drug-resistant Mtb isolates to amoxicillin-clavulanate and meropenem-clavulanate to improve the diagnosis and treatment of drug-resistant TB patients. Methods The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of amoxicillin-clavulanate and meropenem-clavulanate was examined by resazurin microtiter assay. We used 82 MDR and 40 XDR strains isolated in Korea and two reference laboratory strains. Mutations of drug targets blaC, blaI, ldtA, ldtB, dacB2, and crfA were analyzed by PCR and DNA sequencing. Results The MIC90 values of amoxicillin and meropenem with clavulanate in drug-resistant Mtb isolates were 64 and 16, respectively. Gene mutations related to amoxicillin/clavulanate and meropenem/clavulanate resistance could not be identified, but T448G mutation of was found in the blaC gene related to β-lactam antibiotics high susceptibility. Conclusion Our results provide clinical consideration of β-lactams in treating drug-resistant TB and potential molecular markers of amoxicillin-clavulanate and meropenem-clavulanate susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghee Park
- Clinical research center, Masan National Tuberculosis Hospital, Changwon-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea
| | - Jihee Jung
- Clinical research center, Masan National Tuberculosis Hospital, Changwon-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea
| | - Jiyeon Kim
- Clinical research center, Masan National Tuberculosis Hospital, Changwon-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea
| | - Sang Bong Han
- Department of laboratory medicine, Masan National Tuberculosis Hospital, Changwon-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea
| | - Sungweon Ryoo
- Clinical research center, Masan National Tuberculosis Hospital, Changwon-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea
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8
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Bhattacharya S, Junghare V, Pandey NK, Baidya S, Agarwal H, Das N, Banerjee A, Ghosh D, Roy P, Patra HK, Hazra S. Variations in the SDN Loop of Class A Beta-Lactamases: A Study of the Molecular Mechanism of BlaC ( Mycobacterium tuberculosis) to Alter the Stability and Catalytic Activity Towards Antibiotic Resistance of MBIs. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:710291. [PMID: 34690953 PMCID: PMC8531524 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.710291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) tuberculosis calls for an immediate search for novel treatment strategies. Recently, BlaC, the principal beta-lactamase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, was recognized as a potential therapeutic target. BlaC belongs to Ambler class A, which is generally susceptible to the beta-lactamase inhibitors currently used in clinics: tazobactam, sulbactam, and clavulanate. Alterations at Ser130 in conserved SDN loop confer resistance to mechanism-based inhibitors (MBIs) commonly observed in various clinical isolates. The absence of clinical evidence of S130G conversion in M. tuberculosis draws our attention to build laboratory mutants of S130G and S130A of BlaC. The study involving steady state, inhibition kinetics, and fluorescence microscopy shows the emergence of resistance against MBIs to the mutants expressing S130G and S130A. To understand the molecular reasoning behind the unavailability of such mutation in real life, we have used circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, and stability-based enzyme activity to compare the stability and dynamic behaviors of native and S130G/A mutant form of BlaC. A significant decrease in melting temperature (BlaC TM 60°C, S130A TM 50°C, and S130G TM 45°C), kinetic instability at higher temperature, and comparative dynamic instability correlate the fact that resistance to beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations will likely not arise from the structural alteration of BlaC, therefore establishing confidence that this therapeutic modality can be potentially applied as a part of a successful treatment regimen against M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourya Bhattacharya
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
| | - Vivek Junghare
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
| | - Niteesh Kumar Pandey
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
| | - Subhecchha Baidya
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
| | - Harsha Agarwal
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
| | - Neeladrisingha Das
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
| | - Ayan Banerjee
- Biochemistry and BIotechnology Area, Material Resource Efficiency Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Debashish Ghosh
- Biochemistry and BIotechnology Area, Material Resource Efficiency Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Partha Roy
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
| | - Hirak K Patra
- Department of Surgical Biotechnology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Saugata Hazra
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India.,Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
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9
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Elings W, Chikunova A, van Zanten DB, Drenth R, Ahmad MUD, Blok AJ, Timmer M, Perrakis A, Ubbink M. Two β-Lactamase Variants with Reduced Clavulanic Acid Inhibition Display Different Millisecond Dynamics. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:e0262820. [PMID: 34031049 PMCID: PMC8284444 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02628-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The β-lactamase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, BlaC, is susceptible to inhibition by clavulanic acid. The ability of this enzyme to escape inhibition through mutation was probed using error-prone PCR combined with functional screening in Escherichia coli. The variant that was found to confer the most inhibitor resistance, K234R, as well as variant G132N that was found previously were characterized using X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation experiments to probe structural and dynamic properties. The G132N mutant exists in solution in two almost equally populated conformations that exchange with a rate of ca. 88 s-1. The conformational change affects a broad region of the enzyme. The crystal structure reveals that the Asn132 side chain forces the peptide bond between Ser104 and Ile105 in a cis-conformation. The crystal structure suggests multiple conformations for several side chains (e.g., Ser104 and Ser130) and a short loop (positions 214 to 216). In the K234R mutant, the active-site dynamics are significantly diminished with respect to the wild-type enzyme. These results show that multiple evolutionary routes are available to increase inhibitor resistance in BlaC and that active-site dynamics on the millisecond time scale are not required for catalytic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Elings
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Ralphe Drenth
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Misbha Ud Din Ahmad
- Division of Biochemistry, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anneloes J. Blok
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Monika Timmer
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anastassis Perrakis
- Division of Biochemistry, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcellus Ubbink
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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10
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van Alen I, Chikunova A, Safeer AA, Ahmad MUD, Perrakis A, Ubbink M. The G132S Mutation Enhances the Resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis β-Lactamase against Sulbactam. Biochemistry 2021; 60:2236-2245. [PMID: 34250791 PMCID: PMC8383266 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The current rise
of antibiotic resistant forms of Mycobacterium
tuberculosis is a global health threat that calls for new
antibiotics. The β-lactamase BlaC of this pathogen prevents
the use of β-lactam antibiotics, except in combination with
a β-lactamase inhibitor. To understand if exposure to such inhibitors
can easily result in resistance, a BlaC evolution experiment was performed,
studying the evolutionary adaptability against the inhibitor sulbactam.
Several amino acid substitutions in BlaC were shown to confer reduced
sensitivity to sulbactam. The G132S mutation causes a reduction in
the rate of nitrocefin and ampicillin hydrolysis and simultaneously
reduces the sensitivity for sulbactam inhibition. Introduction of
the side chain moiety of Ser132 causes the 104–105 peptide
bond to assume the cis conformation and the side
chain of Ser104 to be rotated toward the sulbactam adduct with which
it forms a hydrogen bond not present in the wild-type enzyme. The
gatekeeper residue Ile105 also moves. These changes in the entrance
of the active site can explain the decreased affinity of G132S BlaC
for both substrates and sulbactam. Our results show that BlaC can
easily acquire a reduced sensitivity for sulbactam, with a single-amino
acid mutation, which could hinder the use of combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona van Alen
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Aleksandra Chikunova
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Adil A Safeer
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Misbha Ud Din Ahmad
- Division of Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anastassis Perrakis
- Division of Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcellus Ubbink
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands
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11
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Fatima S, Bhaskar A, Dwivedi VP. Repurposing Immunomodulatory Drugs to Combat Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:645485. [PMID: 33927718 PMCID: PMC8076598 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.645485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by an obligate intracellular pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) and is responsible for the maximum number of deaths due to a single infectious agent. Current therapy for TB, Directly Observed Treatment Short-course (DOTS) comprises multiple antibiotics administered in combination for 6 months, which eliminates the bacteria and prevents the emergence of drug-resistance in patients if followed as prescribed. However, due to various limitations viz., severe toxicity, low efficacy and long duration; patients struggle to comply with the prescribed therapy, which leads to the development of drug resistance (DR). The emergence of resistance to various front-line anti-TB drugs urgently require the introduction of new TB drugs, to cure DR patients and to shorten the treatment course for both drug-susceptible and resistant populations of bacteria. However, the development of a novel drug regimen involving 2-3 new and effective drugs will require approximately 20-30 years and huge expenditure, as seen during the discovery of bedaquiline and delamanid. These limitations make the field of drug-repurposing indispensable and repurposing of pre-existing drugs licensed for other diseases has tremendous scope in anti-DR-TB therapy. These repurposed drugs target multiple pathways, thus reducing the risk of development of drug resistance. In this review, we have discussed some of the repurposed drugs that have shown very promising results against TB. The list includes sulfonamides, sulfanilamide, sulfadiazine, clofazimine, linezolid, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, carbapenems, metformin, verapamil, fluoroquinolones, statins and NSAIDs and their mechanism of action with special emphasis on their immunomodulatory effects on the host to attain both host-directed and pathogen-targeted therapy. We have also focused on the studies involving the synergistic effect of these drugs with existing TB drugs in order to translate their potential as adjunct therapies against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samreen Fatima
- Immunobiology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashima Bhaskar
- Signal Transduction Laboratory-1, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Ved Prakash Dwivedi
- Immunobiology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
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12
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Understanding the molecular interactions of inhibitors against Bla1 beta-lactamase towards unraveling the mechanism of antimicrobial resistance. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 177:337-350. [PMID: 33582216 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the inhibitory potential of various beta-lactamase inhibitors such as mechanism-based inhibitors (MBIs), carbapenems, monobactam, and non-beta-lactam inhibitors against Bla1, a class-A beta-lactamase encoded by Bacillus anthracis. The binding potential of different inhibitors was estimated using competitive kinetic assay, isothermal titration calorimetry, and Biolayer interferometry. We observed that tazobactam has better inhibition among other MBIs with a characteristics inhibition dissociation constant of 0.51 ± 0.13 μM. Avibactam was also identified as good inhibitor with an inhibition efficiency of 0.6 ± 0.04 μM. All the MBIs (KD = 1.90E-04 M, 2.05E-05 M, 3.55E-04 M for clavulanate, sulbactam and tazobactam) showed significantly better binding potential than carbapenems (KD = 1.02E-03 M, 2.74E-03 M, 1.24E-03 M for ertapenem, imipenem and biapenem respectively). Molecular dynamics simulations were carried out using Bla1-inhibitor complexes to understand the dynamics and stability. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was carried out by taking various substrates and inhibitors, and later it was followed by cell viability assay. Together, our study helps develop a proper understanding of Bla1 beta-lactamase and its interaction with inhibitory molecules. This study would facilitate comprehending the catalytic divergence of beta-lactamases and the newly emergent resistant strains, focusing on the new generation of therapeutics being less prone to antimicrobial resistance.
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13
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Kumar SP, Patel CN, Rawal RM, Pandya HA. Energetic contributions of amino acid residues and its cross‐talk to delineate ligand‐binding mechanism. Proteins 2020; 88:1207-1225. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.25894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chirag N. Patel
- Department of Botany, Bioinformatics, and Climate Change Impacts ManagementUniversity School of Sciences, Gujarat University Ahmedabad India
| | - Rakesh M. Rawal
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity School of Sciences, Gujarat University Ahmedabad India
| | - Himanshu A. Pandya
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity School of Sciences, Gujarat University Ahmedabad India
- Department of Botany, Bioinformatics, and Climate Change Impacts ManagementUniversity School of Sciences, Gujarat University Ahmedabad India
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14
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An insight into the complete biophysical and biochemical characterization of novel class A beta-lactamase (Bla1) from Bacillus anthracis. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 145:510-526. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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White DS, Choy CJ, Moural TW, Martin SE, Wang J, Gargaro S, Kang C, Berkman CE. Bis(benzoyl) phosphate inactivators of beta-lactamase C from Mtb. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:2116-2118. [PMID: 31281019 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The class A β-lactamase BlaC is a cell surface expressed serine hydrolase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), one of the causative agents for Tuberculosis in humans. Mtb has demonstrated increased susceptibility to β-lactam antibiotics upon inactivation of BlaC; thus, making BlaC a rational enzyme target for therapeutic agents. Herein, we present the synthesis and structure-activity-relationship data for the 1st-generation library of bis(benzoyl) phosphates (1-10). Substituent effects ranged from σp = -0.27 to 0.78 for electronic and π = -0.41 to 1.98 for hydrophobic parameters. Compounds 1, 4 and 5 demonstrated the greatest inhibitory potency against BlaC in a time-dependent manner (kobs = 0.212, 0.324, and 0.450 mn-1 respectively). Combined crystal structure data and mass spectrometric analysis of a tryptic digest for BlaC inactivated with 4 provided evidence that the mechanism of inactivation by this bis(benzoyl) phosphate scaffold occurs via phosphorylation of the active-site Ser-70, ultimately leading to an aged form of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawanna S White
- Washington State University, Department of Chemistry, Pullman, WA 99164-6340, United States
| | - Cindy J Choy
- Washington State University, Department of Chemistry, Pullman, WA 99164-6340, United States
| | - Timothy W Moural
- Washington State University, Department of Chemistry, Pullman, WA 99164-6340, United States
| | - Stacy E Martin
- Washington State University, Department of Chemistry, Pullman, WA 99164-6340, United States
| | - Jing Wang
- Washington State University, Tissue Imaging and Proteomics Laboratory, Pullman, WA 99164-4630, United States
| | - Samantha Gargaro
- Washington State University, Department of Chemistry, Pullman, WA 99164-6340, United States
| | - ChulHee Kang
- Washington State University, Department of Chemistry, Pullman, WA 99164-6340, United States
| | - Clifford E Berkman
- Washington State University, Department of Chemistry, Pullman, WA 99164-6340, United States.
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16
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Moural TW, White DSD, Choy CJ, Kang C, Berkman CE. Crystal Structure of Phosphoserine BlaC from Mycobacterium tuberculosis Inactivated by Bis(Benzoyl) Phosphate. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3247. [PMID: 31269656 PMCID: PMC6650796 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the pathogen responsible for tuberculosis (TB), is the leading cause of death from infectious disease worldwide. The class A serine β-lactamase BlaC confers Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance to conventional β-lactam antibiotics. As the primary mechanism of bacterial resistance to β-lactam antibiotics, the expression of a β-lactamase by Mycobacterium tuberculosis results in hydrolysis of the β-lactam ring and deactivation of these antibiotics. In this study, we conducted protein X-ray crystallographic analysis of the inactivation of BlaC, upon exposure to the inhibitor bis(benzoyl) phosphate. Crystal structure data confirms that serine β-lactamase is phosphorylated at the catalytic serine residue (Ser-70) by this phosphate-based inactivator. This new crystallographic evidence suggests a mechanism for phosphorylation of BlaC inhibition by bis(benzoyl) phosphate over acylation. Additionally, we confirmed that bis(benzoyl) phosphate inactivated BlaC in a time-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy W Moural
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | | | - Cindy J Choy
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Chulhee Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
| | - Clifford E Berkman
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
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17
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Amoxicillin-Clavulanate in Tuberculosis Disease. INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE 2019. [DOI: 10.1097/ipc.0000000000000715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Evaluation of Carbapenems for Treatment of Multi- and Extensively Drug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.01489-18. [PMID: 30455232 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01489-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Multi- and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (M/XDR-TB) has become an increasing threat not only in countries where the TB burden is high but also in affluent regions, due to increased international travel and globalization. Carbapenems are earmarked as potentially active drugs for the treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis To better understand the potential of carbapenems for the treatment of M/XDR-TB, the aim of this review was to evaluate the literature on currently available in vitro, in vivo, and clinical data on carbapenems in the treatment of M. tuberculosis and to detect knowledge gaps, in order to target future research. In February 2018, a systematic literature search of PubMed and Web of Science was performed. Overall, the results of the studies identified in this review, which used a variety of carbapenem susceptibility tests on clinical and laboratory strains of M. tuberculosis, are consistent. In vitro, the activity of carbapenems against M. tuberculosis is increased when used in combination with clavulanate, a BLaC inhibitor. However, clavulanate is not commercially available alone, and therefore, it is impossible in practice to prescribe carbapenems in combination with clavulanate at this time. Few in vivo studies have been performed, including one prospective, two observational, and seven retrospective clinical studies to assess the effectiveness, safety, and tolerability of three different carbapenems (imipenem, meropenem, and ertapenem). We found no clear evidence at the present time to select one particular carbapenem among the different candidate compounds to design an effective M/XDR-TB regimen. Therefore, more clinical evidence and dose optimization substantiated by hollow-fiber infection studies are needed to support repurposing carbapenems for the treatment of M/XDR-TB.
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19
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Raghavendra T, Patil S, Mukherjee R. Peptidoglycan in Mycobacteria: chemistry, biology and intervention. Glycoconj J 2018; 35:421-432. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-018-9842-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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20
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Ali SR, Pandit S, De M. 2D-MoS2-Based β-Lactamase Inhibitor for Combination Therapy against Drug-Resistant Bacteria. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2018; 1:967-974. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.8b00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sk Rajab Ali
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Subhendu Pandit
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Mrinmoy De
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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21
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Sengar GS, Deb R, Singh U, Junghare V, Hazra S, Raja TV, Alex R, Kumar A, Alyethodi RR, Kant R, Jakshara S, Joshi CG. Identification of differentially expressed microRNAs in Sahiwal (Bos indicus) breed of cattle during thermal stress. Cell Stress Chaperones 2018; 23:1019-1032. [PMID: 29777484 PMCID: PMC6111087 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-018-0911-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs that play key roles in post transcriptional gene regulation that influence various fundamental cellular processes, including the cellular responses during environmental stresses. However, perusal of literatures revealed few reports on the differential expression of miRNA during thermal stress in Indian native (Bos indicus) cattle breeds. The present investigation aimed to identify differentially expressed miRNAs during thermal stress in Sahiwal (Bos indicus) dairy cattle breed of India, adapted with tropical climate over a long period of time. Stress responses of the animals were characterized by determining various physiological as well as biochemical parameters and differential expression profile of major heat shock protein genes. Ion Torrent deep sequencing and CLC-genomic analysis identified a set of differentially expressed miRNAs during summer and winter seasons. Most of the identified differentially expressed miRNAs were found to target heat shock responsive genes especially members of heat shock protein (HSP) family. Real-time quantification-based analysis of selected miRNAs revealed that bta-mir-1248, bta-mir-2332, bta-mir-2478, and bta-mir-1839 were significantly (p < 0.01) over expressed while bta-mir-16a, bta-let-7b, bta-mir-142, and bta-mir-425 were significantly (p < 0.01) under expressed during summer in comparison to winter. The present study enlists differentially expressed miRNAs at different environmental temperatures in Sahiwal (Bos indicus) that may be importance for further understanding the role of miRNAs on thermo-regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyanendra Singh Sengar
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle, -250 001, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology & Science, Allahabad, India
| | - Rajib Deb
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle, -250 001, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Umesh Singh
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle, -250 001, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vivek Junghare
- Department of Biotechnology, Center of Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Saugata Hazra
- Department of Biotechnology, Center of Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
- Center of Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - T V Raja
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle, -250 001, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rani Alex
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle, -250 001, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle, -250 001, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - R R Alyethodi
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle, -250 001, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajiv Kant
- Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology & Science, Allahabad, India
| | - Subhash Jakshara
- Ome Research Laboratory, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - C G Joshi
- Ome Research Laboratory, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, India
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22
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Elings W, Tassoni R, van der Schoot SA, Luu W, Kynast JP, Dai L, Blok AJ, Timmer M, Florea BI, Pannu NS, Ubbink M. Phosphate Promotes the Recovery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis β-Lactamase from Clavulanic Acid Inhibition. Biochemistry 2017; 56:6257-6267. [PMID: 29087696 PMCID: PMC5707625 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The rise of multi-
and even totally antibiotic resistant forms
of Mycobacterium tuberculosis underlines the need
for new antibiotics. The pathogen is resistant to β-lactam compounds
due to its native serine β-lactamase, BlaC. This resistance
can be circumvented by administration of a β-lactamase inhibitor.
We studied the interaction between BlaC and the inhibitor clavulanic
acid. Our data show hydrolysis of clavulanic acid and recovery of
BlaC activity upon prolonged incubation. The rate of clavulanic acid
hydrolysis is much higher in the presence of phosphate ions. A specific
binding site for phosphate is identified in the active site pocket,
both in the crystalline state and in solution. NMR spectroscopy experiments
show that phosphate binds to this site with a dissociation constant
of 30 mM in the free enzyme. We conclude that inhibition of BlaC by
clavulanic acid is reversible and that phosphate ions can promote
the hydrolysis of the inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Elings
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University , Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Raffaella Tassoni
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University , Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Wendy Luu
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University , Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Josef P Kynast
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University , Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lin Dai
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University , Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anneloes J Blok
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University , Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Monika Timmer
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University , Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bogdan I Florea
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University , Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Navraj S Pannu
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University , Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marcellus Ubbink
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University , Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, The Netherlands
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23
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Mishra S, Shukla P, Bhaskar A, Anand K, Baloni P, Jha RK, Mohan A, Rajmani RS, Nagaraja V, Chandra N, Singh A. Efficacy of β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combination is linked to WhiB4-mediated changes in redox physiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. eLife 2017; 6:e25624. [PMID: 28548640 PMCID: PMC5473688 DOI: 10.7554/elife.25624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) expresses a broad-spectrum β-lactamase (BlaC) that mediates resistance to one of the highly effective antibacterials, β-lactams. Nonetheless, β-lactams showed mycobactericidal activity in combination with β-lactamase inhibitor, clavulanate (Clav). However, the mechanistic aspects of how Mtb responds to β-lactams such as Amoxicillin in combination with Clav (referred as Augmentin [AG]) are not clear. Here, we identified cytoplasmic redox potential and intracellular redox sensor, WhiB4, as key determinants of mycobacterial resistance against AG. Using computer-based, biochemical, redox-biosensor, and genetic strategies, we uncovered a functional linkage between specific determinants of β-lactam resistance (e.g. β-lactamase) and redox potential in Mtb. We also describe the role of WhiB4 in coordinating the activity of β-lactamase in a redox-dependent manner to tolerate AG. Disruption of WhiB4 enhances AG tolerance, whereas overexpression potentiates AG activity against drug-resistant Mtb. Our findings suggest that AG can be exploited to diminish drug-resistance in Mtb through redox-based interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Mishra
- Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Prashant Shukla
- Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Kushi Anand
- Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Priyanka Baloni
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Rajiv Kumar Jha
- Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Abhilash Mohan
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Raju S Rajmani
- Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Valakunja Nagaraja
- Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India
| | - Nagasuma Chandra
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Amit Singh
- Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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24
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Das V, Kalyan G, Hazra S, Pal M. Understanding the role of structural integrity and differential expression of integrin profiling to identify potential therapeutic targets in breast cancer. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:168-185. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Das
- Biological Sciences and Technology DivisionCSIR‐North East Institute of Science and TechnologyJorhat, AssamIndia
| | - Gazal Kalyan
- Department of BiotechnologyIndian Institute of Technology Roorkee (IITR)RoorkeeUttarakhandIndia
| | - Saugata Hazra
- Department of BiotechnologyIndian Institute of Technology Roorkee (IITR)RoorkeeUttarakhandIndia
- Centre for NanotechnologyIndian Institute of Technology RoorkeeRoorkeeUttarakhandIndia
| | - Mintu Pal
- Biological Sciences and Technology DivisionCSIR‐North East Institute of Science and TechnologyJorhat, AssamIndia
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25
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Soroka D, Ourghanlian C, Compain F, Fichini M, Dubée V, Mainardi JL, Hugonnet JE, Arthur M. Inhibition of β-lactamases of mycobacteria by avibactam and clavulanate. J Antimicrob Chemother 2016; 72:1081-1088. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkw546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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26
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Fisher JF, Mobashery S. β-Lactam Resistance Mechanisms: Gram-Positive Bacteria and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2016; 6:cshperspect.a025221. [PMID: 27091943 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a025221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The value of the β-lactam antibiotics for the control of bacterial infection has eroded with time. Three Gram-positive human pathogens that were once routinely susceptible to β-lactam chemotherapy-Streptococcus pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecium, and Staphylococcus aureus-now are not. Although a fourth bacterium, the acid-fast (but not Gram-positive-staining) Mycobacterium tuberculosis, has intrinsic resistance to earlier β-lactams, the emergence of strains of this bacterium resistant to virtually all other antibiotics has compelled the evaluation of newer β-lactam combinations as possible contributors to the multidrug chemotherapy required to control tubercular infection. The emerging molecular-level understanding of these resistance mechanisms used by these four bacteria provides the conceptual framework for bringing forward new β-lactams, and new β-lactam strategies, for the future control of their infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jed F Fisher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556-5670
| | - Shahriar Mobashery
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556-5670
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Iannazzo L, Soroka D, Triboulet S, Fonvielle M, Compain F, Dubée V, Mainardi JL, Hugonnet JE, Braud E, Arthur M, Etheve-Quelquejeu M. Routes of Synthesis of Carbapenems for Optimizing Both the Inactivation of l,d-Transpeptidase LdtMt1 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the Stability toward Hydrolysis by β-Lactamase BlaC. J Med Chem 2016; 59:3427-38. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Iannazzo
- Laboratoire
de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, team
CBNIT, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8601, Paris F-75006, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Vincent Dubée
- Assistance
Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris F-75012,France
| | - Jean-Luc Mainardi
- Assistance
Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Microbiologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris F-75015, France
| | | | - Emmanuelle Braud
- Laboratoire
de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, team
CBNIT, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8601, Paris F-75006, France
| | | | - Mélanie Etheve-Quelquejeu
- Laboratoire
de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, team
CBNIT, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8601, Paris F-75006, France
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In Vitro Activity of β-Lactams in Combination with β-Lactamase Inhibitors against Multidrug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 60:393-9. [PMID: 26525785 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01035-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The combination of β-lactams and β-lactamase inhibitors has been shown to have potent in vitro activity against multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) isolates. In order to identify the most potent β-lactam-β-lactamase inhibitor combination against MDR-TB, we selected nine β-lactams and three β-lactamase inhibitors, which belong to different subgroups. A total of 121 MDR-TB strains were included in this study. Out of the β-lactams used herein, biapenem was the most effective against MDR-TB and had an MIC50 value of 8 μg/ml. However, after the addition of clavulanate or sulbactam, meropenem exhibited the most potent anti-MDR-TB activity with an MIC50 value of 4 μg/ml. For meropenem, 76 (62.8%), 41 (33.9%), and 22 (18.2%) of the 121 MDR-TB strains were subjected to a synergistic effect when the drug was combined with sulbactam, tazobactam, or clavulanate, respectively. Further statistical analysis revealed that significantly more strains experienced a synergistic effect when exposed to the combination of meropenem with sulbactam than when exposed to meropenem in combination with tazobactam or clavulanate, respectively (P < 0.01). In addition, a total of 10.7% (13/121) of isolates harbored mutations in the blaC gene, with two different nucleotide substitutions: AGT333AGG and ATC786ATT. For the strains with a Ser111Arg substitution in BlaC, a better synergistic effect was observed in the meropenem-clavulanate and in the amoxicillin-clavulanate combinations than that in a synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) group. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that the combination of meropenem and sulbactam shows the most potent activity against MDR-TB isolates. In addition, the Ser111Arg substitution of BlaC may be associated with an increased susceptibility of MDR-TB isolates to meropenem and amoxicillin in the presence of clavulanate.
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Carbapenems and Rifampin Exhibit Synergy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium abscessus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:6561-7. [PMID: 26259792 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01158-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
An effective regimen for treatment of tuberculosis (TB) is comprised of multiple drugs that inhibit a range of essential cellular activities in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The effectiveness of a regimen is further enhanced if constituent drugs act with synergy. Here, we report that faropenem (a penem) or biapenem, doripenem, or meropenem (carbapenems), which belong to the β-lactam class of antibiotics, and rifampin, one of the drugs that forms the backbone of TB treatment, act with synergy when combined. One of the reasons (carba)penems are seldom used for treatment of TB is the high dosage levels required, often at the therapeutic limits. The synergistic combination of rifampin and these (carba)penems indicates that (carba)penems can be administered at dosages that are therapeutically relevant. The combination of faropenem and rifampin also limits the frequency of resistant mutants, as we were unable to obtain spontaneous mutants in the presence of these two drugs. The combinations of rifampin and (carba)penems were effective not only against drug-sensitive Mycobacterium tuberculosis but also against drug-resistant clinical isolates that are otherwise resistant to rifampin. A combination of doripenem or biapenem and rifampin also exhibited synergistic activity against Mycobacterium abscessus. Although the MICs of these three drugs alone against M. abscessus are too high to be of clinical relevance, their concentrations in combinations are therapeutically relevant; therefore, they warrant further evaluation for clinical utility to treat Mycobacterium abscessus infection, especially in cystic fibrosis patients.
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Hydrolysis of clavulanate by Mycobacterium tuberculosis β-lactamase BlaC harboring a canonical SDN motif. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:5714-20. [PMID: 26149997 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00598-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Combinations of β-lactams with clavulanate are currently being investigated for tuberculosis treatment. Since Mycobacterium tuberculosis produces a broad spectrum β-lactamase, BlaC, the success of this approach could be compromised by the emergence of clavulanate-resistant variants, as observed for inhibitor-resistant TEM variants in enterobacteria. Previous analyses based on site-directed mutagenesis of BlaC have led to the conclusion that this risk was limited. Here, we used a different approach based on determination of the crystal structure of β-lactamase BlaMAb of Mycobacterium abscessus, which efficiently hydrolyzes clavulanate. Comparison of BlaMAb and BlaC allowed for structure-assisted site-directed mutagenesis of BlaC and identification of the G(132)N substitution that was sufficient to switch the interaction of BlaC with clavulanate from irreversible inactivation to efficient hydrolysis. The substitution, which restored the canonical SDN motif (SDG→SDN), allowed for efficient hydrolysis of clavulanate, with a more than 10(4)-fold increase in k cat (0.41 s(-1)), without affecting the hydrolysis of other β-lactams. Mass spectrometry revealed that acylation of BlaC and of its G(132)N variant by clavulanate follows similar paths, involving sequential formation of two acylenzymes. Decarboxylation of the first acylenzyme results in a stable secondary acylenzyme in BlaC, whereas hydrolysis occurs in the G(132)N variant. The SDN/SDG polymorphism defines two mycobacterial lineages comprising rapidly and slowly growing species, respectively. Together, these results suggest that the efficacy of β-lactam-clavulanate combinations may be limited by the emergence of resistance. β-Lactams active without clavulanate, such as faropenem, should be prioritized for the development of new therapies.
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Kurz SG, Hazra S, Bethel CR, Romagnoli C, Caselli E, Prati F, Blanchard JS, Bonomo RA. Inhibiting the β-Lactamase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) with Novel Boronic Acid Transition-State Inhibitors (BATSIs). ACS Infect Dis 2015; 1:234-42. [PMID: 27622739 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.5b00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BlaC, the single chromosomally encoded β-lactamase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, has been identified as a promising target for novel therapies that rely upon β-lactamase inhibition. Boronic acid transition-state inhibitors (BATSIs) are a class of β-lactamase inhibitors which permit rational inhibitor design by combinations of various R1 and R2 side chains. To explore the structural determinants of effective inhibition, we screened a panel of 25 BATSIs to explore key structure-function relationships. We identified a cefoperazone analogue, EC19, which displayed slow, time-dependent inhibition against BlaC with a potency similar to that of clavulanate (Ki* of 0.65 ± 0.05 μM). To further characterize the molecular basis of inhibition, we solved the crystallographic structure of the EC19-BlaC(N172A) complex and expanded our analysis to variant enzymes. The results of this structure-function analysis encourage the design of a novel class of β-lactamase inhibitors, BATSIs, to be used against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian G. Kurz
- Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, 600 Washington Street, No. 257, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, United States
| | - Saugata Hazra
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee (IITR), Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Christopher R. Bethel
- Research Service, Louis
Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 10701 East Boulevard, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Chiara Romagnoli
- Department of Life Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 183, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | - Emilia Caselli
- Department of Life Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 183, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | - Fabio Prati
- Department of Life Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 183, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | - John S. Blanchard
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Robert A. Bonomo
- Research Service, Louis
Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 10701 East Boulevard, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis and Group 5 Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs. ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2015. [DOI: 10.5812/pedinfect.22997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Egesborg P, Carlettini H, Volpato JP, Doucet N. Combinatorial active-site variants confer sustained clavulanate resistance in BlaC β-lactamase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Protein Sci 2014; 24:534-44. [PMID: 25492589 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial resistance to β-lactam antibiotics is a global issue threatening the success of infectious disease treatments worldwide. Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been particularly resilient to β-lactam treatment, primarily due to the chromosomally encoded BlaC β-lactamase, a broad-spectrum hydrolase that renders ineffective the vast majority of relevant β-lactam compounds currently in use. Recent laboratory and clinical studies have nevertheless shown that specific β-lactam-BlaC inhibitor combinations can be used to inhibit the growth of extensively drug-resistant strains of M. tuberculosis, effectively offering new tools for combined treatment regimens against resistant strains. In the present work, we performed combinatorial active-site replacements in BlaC to demonstrate that specific inhibitor-resistant (IRT) substitutions at positions 69, 130, 220, and/or 234 can act synergistically to yield active-site variants with several thousand fold greater in vitro resistance to clavulanate, the most common clinical β-lactamase inhibitor. While most single and double variants remain sensitive to clavulanate, double mutants R220S-K234R and S130G-K234R are substantially less affected by time-dependent clavulanate inactivation, showing residual β-lactam hydrolytic activities of 46% and 83% after 24 h incubation with a clinically relevant inhibitor concentration (5 μg/ml, 25 µM). These results demonstrate that active-site alterations in BlaC yield resistant variants that remain active and stable over prolonged bacterial generation times compatible with mycobacterial proliferation. These results also emphasize the formidable adaptive potential of inhibitor-resistant substitutions in β-lactamases, potentially casting a shadow on specific β-lactam-BlaC inhibitor combination treatments against M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Egesborg
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, H7V 1B7, Canada
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