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Wells T, Kiupel M, Mani R, Nofs SA, Thompson KA, Eustace R. THREE CASES OF CLINICAL LEPTOSPIROSIS IN PATAGONIAN MARAS ( DOLICHOTIS PATAGONUM). J Zoo Wildl Med 2024; 55:502-510. [PMID: 38875208 DOI: 10.1638/2023-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Rodents are typically viewed as asymptomatic reservoirs for leptospirosis infection, as clinical disease in rodents is rarely described. This report includes three separate cases of leptospirosis in Patagonian maras (Dolichotis patagonum) over a 3-yr period in multiple locations within a single zoo. All three cases presented with varying clinical signs including lethargy, conjunctival hyperemia, hyperbilirubinemia, and presumed renal azotemia. Infection with Leptospira spp. was diagnosed antemortem by PCR on whole blood (n = 1, Case 1) or urine (n = 2, Cases 2 and 3). Leptospira antibody titers measured by serum microagglutination testing (n = 3) were elevated or increased in all three animals over a 1-3-wk period for Leptospira serovars Bratislava and Hardjo (Case 1) and Grippotyphosa (Case 2 and 3). Two of the three animals responded to treatment with penicillin and doxycycline and supportive care, whereas one animal did not respond to treatment. Postmortem findings in this individual included conjunctivitis, chemosis, dehydration, icterus, tricavitary serosanguinous effusions, necrotizing hepatitis, diffuse pulmonary congestion, and edema. Immunohistochemical examination identified scattered Leptospira organisms within hepatocytes and renal tubular epithelial cells. A wild raccoon (Procyon lotor) at the institution tested positive by PCR on kidney tissue for the same Leptospira spp. serovar and was the suspected source of infection. This case series highlights the clinical importance of leptospirosis as a differential for Patagonian maras presenting with lethargy, ocular signs, acute hepatic disease, and azotemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylr Wells
- Michigan State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Matti Kiupel
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Lansing, MI 48910, USA
| | - Rinosh Mani
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Lansing, MI 48910, USA
| | - Sally A Nofs
- Michigan State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Potter Park Zoo, Lansing, MI 48912, USA
| | - Kimberly A Thompson
- Michigan State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Binder Park Zoo, Battle Creek, MI 49014, USA
| | - Ronan Eustace
- Michigan State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA,
- Potter Park Zoo, Lansing, MI 48912, USA
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Wan G, Huang J, Wang R, Liu H, Wei L, Liang X, Li F, Wang Z, Gu X, Ruan J. Enrofloxacin hydrochloride toxicological effects on crucian carp reflected by serological changes and neurotoxicity. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 273:109737. [PMID: 37661043 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2023.109737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Due to its water solubility and wide applicability, enrofloxacin hydrochloride (EH) may enter aquatic ecosystems and cause negative effects on aquatic organisms. This study aimed to explore toxicological effects via serological changes and neurotoxicity, which were induced by EH exposure in crucian carp (Carassius auratus var. Pengze). The drug residues in brain tissue and protein content in serum were determined to analyze serological changes. Alterations in brain tissue structure and function, cerebral microvessels permeability, and the expressions of gene and protein regarding blood-brain barrier (BBB) were studied to reflect the neurotoxicity. Employing a validated high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method, EH residues could be detected at various time-points throughout the experiment. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) showed that EH increased the levels of S100B, NSE and GFAP proteins in serum. Additionally, there was a significant positive correlation between serum S100B, NSE protein contents and EH residues (P < 0.05). Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining revealed brain damage from EH exposure by the formation of vacuoles in brain glial cells, pyknosis of the nucleus, and a decrease in cell population density. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) revealed morphological changes in microvessels and condensation of astrocyte nucleus. Evans blue (EB) permeability test visualized an obvious increase in cerebral microvessels leakage. The real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) results indicated that EH up-regulated the mRNA expression levels of S100B, NSE and GFAP, down-regulated the mRNA expression levels of P-gp, ZO-1, Occludin and Claudin-5. The Western blot (WB) results demonstrated increased NSE and GFAP protein expressions, decreased P-gp and Occludin protein expressions following EH exposure in brain, in consistent with the gene expressions, respectively. In conclusion, these findings indicated that EH brought about marked rise in serum biomarker levels and disrupted the central nervous system (CNS) of crucian carp. These data would help elucidate the mechanism underlying EH-induced neurotoxicological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Wan
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, PR China
| | - Jianzhen Huang
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, PR China
| | - Runping Wang
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, PR China
| | - Huazhong Liu
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, PR China
| | - Lili Wei
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, PR China
| | - Ximei Liang
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, PR China
| | - Fugui Li
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, PR China
| | - Zhao Wang
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, PR China
| | - Xuechun Gu
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, PR China
| | - Jiming Ruan
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, PR China.
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Bautista JM, Aranda Estrada M, Gutiérrez Olvera L, Lopez Ordaz R, Sumano López H. Treatment of Bovine Leptospirosis with Enrofloxacin HCl 2H2O (Enro-C): A Clinical Trial. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12182358. [PMID: 36139218 PMCID: PMC9495257 DOI: 10.3390/ani12182358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics ratios of enrofloxacin HCl-2H2O (enro-C) in cows to treat bovine leptospirosis prompted this clinical trial in the highlands (HL) and the tropics (TL) in Mexico. In the HL, 111 Holstein-Friesian cows were included and 38 F1 Zebu–Holstein/Friesians in the TL. Affected cows were randomly divided into two treatment groups, both in the HL and TL. PCR and MAT tests were performed before and after treatment. Treatments in both groups were administered for 5 d with either IM injections of enro-C or streptomycin/penicillin-G. Reproductive performance data were gathered for 90 d. The cows treated with enro-C became PCR negative: 87.5% and 78.94% on day 5, 92.85% and 94.73% on day 28 (in the HL and TL, respectively). For streptomycin/penicillin-G, the same values were 65.45% and 70.90% on day 5, and 73.68% twice on day 28 in the HL and TL, respectively. In both groups and geographical settings, the MAT titers dropped on day 28 but remained above reference values usually considered negative. The gestation rates were: 86.53% and 79.06% and 88.88% and 87.5% for the HL and TL, either with enro-C or streptomycin/penicillin-G, respectively. This is the first report of successful treatment with a fluoroquinolone derivative in treating bovine leptospirosis with a high bacteriological cure rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Mendoza Bautista
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Av. Universidad 3000, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Melissa Aranda Estrada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Av. Universidad 3000, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Lilia Gutiérrez Olvera
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Av. Universidad 3000, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Reyes Lopez Ordaz
- Department of Agricultural and Animal Production, Autonomous Metropolitan University (UAM), Calz. del Hueso 1100, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Héctor Sumano López
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Av. Universidad 3000, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
- Correspondence:
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Ding Y, Pang Y, Vara Prasad CVNS, Wang B. Formation of inclusion complex of enrofloxacin with 2-hydroxypropyl- β-cyclodextrin. Drug Deliv 2020; 27:334-343. [PMID: 32090640 PMCID: PMC7057344 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2020.1724210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Enrofloxacin, a third-generation fluoroquinolone, is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial drug against a lot of veterinary bacterial diseases. However, bactericidal activity of enrofloxacin is concentration-dependent and its poor aqueous solubility and bitter taste limit its development and application. Meanwhile, 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD), a widely used cyclodextrin analog, is a safe and an effective drug carrier. It forms inclusion complexes with its drug substrates and improves their physiochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. Enrofloxacin was also found to form a stable inclusion complex with HP-β-CD and different research groups have shown improved solubility for enrofloxacin by 32.5%, 9.25 and 165-fold. Our own efforts in this direction resulted in manifold improvement (916-fold) in its solubility compared to the previous studies. It was further shown that pharmaceutical properties, absorption and bioavailability, of enrofloxacin have also been significantly improved by complexation with HP-β-CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yili Ding
- Life Science Department, Foshan University, Foshan, P. R. China
| | - Yuchang Pang
- Life Science Department, Foshan University, Foshan, P. R. China
| | | | - Bingyun Wang
- Life Science Department, Foshan University, Foshan, P. R. China
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Cilia G, Bertelloni F, Coppola F, Turchi B, Biliotti C, Poli A, Parisi F, Felicioli A, Cerri D, Fratini F. Isolation of Leptospira serovar Pomona from a crested porcupine (Hystrix cristata, L., 1758). Vet Med Sci 2020; 6:985-991. [PMID: 32558332 PMCID: PMC7738739 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic Leptospira is widespread in rodents, the most studied reservoir and the main hosts involved in its transmission. In Italy, among rodents, Hystrix cristata (crested porcupine) is the largest species and it is distributed all over the country. In this paper, the isolation and characterization of pathogenic Leptospira spp. from the kidney of H. cristata is reported for the first time. During Autumn 2018, Leptospira detection by real-time PCR and isolation were performed from kidneys of two died female porcupines (an adult and a porcupette). Only for porcupette kidney sample, real-time PCR for pathogenic Leptospira tested positive. The isolated strain was identified as Leptospira interrogans serogroup Pomona serovar Pomona, using the three schemes of multilocus sequence typing. The results show that H. cristata could be a Leptospira host. The infection of serovars Pomona could be related to the habitat shared with wild boar, a typical reservoir host for this serovar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Cilia
- Department of Veterinary SciencesUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
| | | | | | - Barbara Turchi
- Department of Veterinary SciencesUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
| | - Claudia Biliotti
- Department of Veterinary SciencesUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
- CRASM “Semproniano”GrossetoItaly
| | - Alessandro Poli
- Department of Veterinary SciencesUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
| | | | | | - Domenico Cerri
- Department of Veterinary SciencesUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
| | - Filippo Fratini
- Department of Veterinary SciencesUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
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Gutierrez L, Mendoza J, Rangel AB, Tapia G, Bernad MJ, Sumano H. Outpatient Clinical Trial in Dogs With Leptospirosis Treated With Enrofloxacin Hydrochloride-Dihydrate (ENRO-C). Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:360. [PMID: 31681813 PMCID: PMC6803455 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin HCl-2H2O (enro-C) in dogs and Monte-Carlo simulations against Leptospira spp. prompted a clinical study to treat the clinically apparent phase of this disease. Leptospirosis was diagnosed by real-time PCR from blood, micro-agglutination titers (MAT), clinical signs and blood parameters of the liver and kidney. In order to determine the clinical ability of the participants to diagnose leptospirosis on the first exam and establish an early treatment to avoid excessive organ damage, patients were clinically classified as: high-risk or medium-risk. Forty-five dogs were included in this trial (from 2017 to early 2019). The treatment consisted of IM injections of a 5% aqueous enro-C suspension (10 mg/kg/day) for 10 days, and subsequently enro-C was administered orally for another 7 days in gelatin capsules. Thirty-four high-risk and 11 medium-risk dogs were treated, including 6 puppies (4 high-risk with ages between 6 to 10 months and 2 medium-risk dogs with an average age of 6 and 7 months). Other ages ranged from 1 to 5 years. Fifteen cases had a history of having received prior treatment with other antibiotics, including all puppies. The clinical diagnostic error was 13.5% (7/52 cases), and only one of the misdiagnosed dogs had been classified as a high-risk patient. Three to 5 days after finishing treatment with enro-C, 82.2% of the dogs were negative to real-time PCR from urine samples and 100% negativity was observed on day 30 after treatment, when antibody titrations dropped to 1:100-1:200. Based on the absence of clinical signs, real-time PCR, and MAT titers, all treated dogs were considered as successful treatments. Within 6-24 months of clinical follow-up, no relapses were recorded. Adverse effects were inconsequential. This study represents the first report of a successful treatment of canine leptospirosis using a fluoroquinolone, and due to its efficacy, it is suggested that enro-C be considered as a viable option for the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia Gutierrez
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jesús Mendoza
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ana Bertha Rangel
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Graciela Tapia
- Department of Genetics and Biostatistics, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Maria Josefa Bernad
- Department of Pharmacy, Chemistry Faculty, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Hector Sumano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
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Mendoza J, Gutierrez L, Gutiérrez JÁ, Bustos FA, Sumano H. Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin HCl-2H 2 O (ENRO-C), PK/PD, and Monte Carlo modeling vs. Leptospira spp. in cows. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2019; 42:300-308. [PMID: 30714169 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics, PK/PD ratios, and Monte Carlo modeling of enrofloxacin HCl-2H2 O (Enro-C) and its reference preparation (Enro-R) were determined in cows. Fifty-four Jersey cows were randomly assigned to six groups receiving a single IM dose of 10, 15, or 20 mg/kg of Enro-C (Enro-C10 , Enro-C15 , Enro-C20 ) or Enro-R. Serial serum samples were collected and enrofloxacin concentrations quantified. A composite set of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of Leptospira spp. was utilized to calculate PK/PD ratios: maximum serum concentration/MIC (Cmax /MIC90 ) and area under the serum vs. time concentration of enrofloxacin/MIC (AUC0-24 /MIC90 ). Monte Carlo simulations targeted Cmax /MIC = 10 and AUC0-24 /MIC = 125. Mean Cmax obtained were 6.17 and 2.46 μg/ml; 8.75 and 3.54 μg/ml; and 13.89 and 4.25 μg/ml, respectively for Enro-C and Enro-R. Cmax /MIC90 ratios were 6.17 and 2.46, 8.75 and 3.54, and 13.89 and 4.25 for Enro-C and Enro-R, respectively. Monte Carlo simulations based on Cmax /MIC90 = 10 indicate that only Enro-C15 and Enro-C20 may be useful to treat leptospirosis in cows, predicting a success rate ≥95% when MIC50 = 0.5 μg/ml, and ≥80% when MIC90 = 1.0 μg/ml. Although Enro-C15 and Enro-C20 may be useful to treat leptospirosis in cattle, clinical trials are necessary to confirm this proposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Mendoza
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lilia Gutierrez
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Á Gutiérrez
- Department of Microbiology, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Felipe A Bustos
- Department of Statistics, Autonomous Technological Institute of Mexico (ITAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Hector Sumano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
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Sumano H, Ocampo L, Tapia G, Mendoza CDJ, Gutierrez L. Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin HCl-2H 2O (Enro-C) in dogs and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic Monte Carlo simulations against Leptospira spp. J Vet Sci 2018; 19:600-607. [PMID: 29649858 PMCID: PMC6167333 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2018.19.5.600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) ratios of reference enrofloxacin (Enro-R) and enrofloxacin as HCl-2H2O (Enro-C), as well as Monte Carlo simulations based on composite MIC50 and MIC90 (MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration) vs. Leptospira spp., were carried out in dogs after their intramuscular (IM) or oral administration (10 mg/kg). Plasma determination of enrofloxacin was achieved by means of high-performance liquid chromatography. Maximum plasma concentration values after oral administration were 1.47 ± 0.19 µg/mL and 5.3 ± 0.84 µg/mL for Enro-R and Enro-C, respectively, and 1.6 ± 0.12 µg/mL and 7.6 ± 0.93 µg/mL, respectively, after IM administration. Areas under the plasma vs. time concentration curve in 24 h (AUC0–24) were 8.02 µg/mL/h and 36.2 µg/mL/h for Enro-Roral and Enro-Coral, respectively, and 8.55 ± 0.85 µg/mL/h and 56.4 ± 6.21 µg/mL/h after IM administration of Enro-R and Enro-C, respectively. The PK/PD ratios and Monte Carlo simulations obtained with Enro-C, not Enro-R, indicated that its IM administration to dogs will result in therapeutic concentrations appropriate for treating leptospirosis. This is the first time enrofloxacin has been recommended to treat this disease in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Sumano
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Luis Ocampo
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Graciela Tapia
- Departments of Genetics and Biostatistics, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Corazon de Jesus Mendoza
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Lilia Gutierrez
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico
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