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Pustam A, Jayaraman J, Ramsubhag A. Whole genome sequencing reveals complex resistome features of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from patients at major hospitals in Trinidad, West Indies. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2024; 37:141-149. [PMID: 38608934 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2024.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Antibiotic-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae is a human pathogen of major global concern due to its ability to cause multiple severe diseases that are often difficult to treat therapeutically. This study aimed to investigate the resistome of local clinical K. pneumoniae isolates. METHODS Herein, we used a whole genome sequencing approach and bioinformatics tools to reconstruct the resistome of 10 clinical K. pneumoniae isolates and one clinical isolate of the closely related Klebsiella quasipneumoniae obtained from patients from three major hospitals in Trinidad, West Indies. RESULTS The results of the study revealed the presence of a complex antibiotic-resistant armoury among the local isolates with multiple resistance mechanisms involving (i) inactivation of antibiotics, (ii) efflux pumps, (iii) antibiotic target alteration, protection, and replacement against antibiotics, and (iv) altered porin protein that reduced the permeability to antibiotics. Several resistance genes such as blaCTX-M-15, blaTEM-1B, blaSHV-28, blaKPC-2, oqxA, sul1, tetD, aac(6')-Ib-cr5, aph(6)-Id, and fosA6, which are known to confer resistance to antibiotics used to treat K. pneumoniae infections. In most cases, the resistance genes were flanked by mobile elements, including insertion sequences and transposons, which facilitate the spread of these genetic features among related organisms. CONCLUSION This is the first comprehensive study to thoroughly investigate the resistome of clinical K. pneumoniae isolates and K. quasipneumoniae from Trinidad, West Indies. These findings suggest that monitoring K. pneumoniae and its genome-wide antibiotic resistance features in clinical strains would be of critical importance for guiding antibiotic stewardship programs and improving regional disease management systems for this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Pustam
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Jayaraj Jayaraman
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Adesh Ramsubhag
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago.
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Mitra SD, Shome R, Bandopadhyay S, Geddam S, Kumar AMP, Murugesan D, Shome A, Shome BR. Genetic insights of antibiotic resistance, pathogenicity (virulence) and phylogenetic relationship of Escherichia coli strains isolated from livestock, poultry and their handlers - a one health snapshot. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:404. [PMID: 38456953 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09354-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli harbouring antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) from any source (clinical samples, animal settings, or environment) might be transmitted and contribute to the spread and increase of antibiotic resistance in the biosphere. The goal of this study was to investigate the genome to decipher the repertoire of ARGs, virulence genes carried by E. coli strains isolated from livestock, poultry, and their handlers (humans), and then unveil the genetic relatedness between the strains. METHODS Whole genome sequencing was done to investigate the genetic makeup of E. coli isolates (n = 20) [swine (n = 2), cattle (n = 2), sheep (n = 4), poultry (n = 7), and animal handlers (n = 5)] from southern India. The detection of resistome, virulome, biofilm forming genes, mobile genetic elements (MGE), followed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and phylogenetic analyses, were performed. RESULTS E. coli strains were found to be multi drug resistant, with a resistome encompassing > 20 ARGs, the virulome-17-22 genes, and > 20 key biofilm genes. MGE analysis showed four E. coli isolates (host: poultry, swine and cattle) harbouring composite transposons with ARGs/virulence genes (blaTEM, dfr, qnr/nleB, tir, eae,and esp) with the potential for horizontal transfer. MLST analyses revealed the presence of ST937 and ST3107 in both livestock/poultry and their handlers. Phylogenomic analyses with global E. coli isolates (human/livestock/poultry hosts) showed close relatedness with strains originating from different parts of the world (the United States, China, etc.). CONCLUSION The current study emphasizes the circulation of strains of pathogenic sequence types of clinical importance, carrying a diverse repertoire of genes associated with antibiotic resistance, biofilm formation and virulence properties in animal settings, necessitating immediate mitigation measures to reduce the risk of spread across the biosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susweta Das Mitra
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR- NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560 064, India
- Department of Biotechnology School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Dayananda Sagar University, Kumaraswamy Layout, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560078, India
| | - Rajeswari Shome
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR- NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560 064, India
| | - Satarupa Bandopadhyay
- Department of Biotechnology School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Dayananda Sagar University, Kumaraswamy Layout, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560078, India
| | - Sujatha Geddam
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR- NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560 064, India
| | - A M Praveen Kumar
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR- NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560 064, India
| | - Devi Murugesan
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR- NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560 064, India
| | - Arijit Shome
- College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, 781022, India
| | - Bibek Ranjan Shome
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR- NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560 064, India.
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Ji S, An F, Zhang T, Lou M, Guo J, Liu K, Zhu Y, Wu J, Wu R. Antimicrobial peptides: An alternative to traditional antibiotics. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 265:116072. [PMID: 38147812 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.116072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
As antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genes continue to emerge, the identification of effective alternatives to traditional antibiotics has become a pressing issue. Antimicrobial peptides are favored for their safety, low residue, and low resistance properties, and their unique antimicrobial mechanisms show significant potential in combating antibiotic resistance. However, the high production cost and weak activity of antimicrobial peptides limit their application. Moreover, traditional laboratory methods for identifying and designing new antimicrobial peptides are time-consuming and labor-intensive, hindering their development. Currently, novel technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI) are being employed to develop and design new antimicrobial peptide resources, offering new opportunities for the advancement of antimicrobial peptides. This article summarizes the basic characteristics and antimicrobial mechanisms of antimicrobial peptides, as well as their advantages and limitations, and explores the application of AI in antimicrobial peptides prediction amd design. This highlights the crucial role of AI in enhancing the efficiency of antimicrobial peptide research and provides a reference for antimicrobial drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaiqi Ji
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, PR China; Shenyang Key Laboratory of Microbial Fermentation Technology Innovation, Shenyang, 110866, PR China
| | - Feiyu An
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, PR China; Liaoning Engineering Research Center of Food Fermentation Technology, Shenyang, 110866, PR China
| | - Taowei Zhang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, PR China; Shenyang Key Laboratory of Microbial Fermentation Technology Innovation, Shenyang, 110866, PR China
| | - Mengxue Lou
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, PR China; Liaoning Engineering Research Center of Food Fermentation Technology, Shenyang, 110866, PR China
| | - Jiawei Guo
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, PR China; Shenyang Key Laboratory of Microbial Fermentation Technology Innovation, Shenyang, 110866, PR China
| | - Kexin Liu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, PR China; Shenyang Key Laboratory of Microbial Fermentation Technology Innovation, Shenyang, 110866, PR China
| | - Yi Zhu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, PR China; Liaoning Engineering Research Center of Food Fermentation Technology, Shenyang, 110866, PR China
| | - Junrui Wu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, PR China; Liaoning Engineering Research Center of Food Fermentation Technology, Shenyang, 110866, PR China; Shenyang Key Laboratory of Microbial Fermentation Technology Innovation, Shenyang, 110866, PR China.
| | - Rina Wu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, PR China; Liaoning Engineering Research Center of Food Fermentation Technology, Shenyang, 110866, PR China; Shenyang Key Laboratory of Microbial Fermentation Technology Innovation, Shenyang, 110866, PR China.
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4
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Ruan S, Tu CH, Bourne CR. Friend or Foe: Protein Inhibitors of DNA Gyrase. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:84. [PMID: 38392303 PMCID: PMC10886550 DOI: 10.3390/biology13020084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
DNA gyrase is essential for the successful replication of circular chromosomes, such as those found in most bacterial species, by relieving topological stressors associated with unwinding the double-stranded genetic material. This critical central role makes gyrase a valued target for antibacterial approaches, as exemplified by the highly successful fluoroquinolone class of antibiotics. It is reasonable that the activity of gyrase could be intrinsically regulated within cells, thereby helping to coordinate DNA replication with doubling times. Numerous proteins have been identified to exert inhibitory effects on DNA gyrase, although at lower doses, it can appear readily reversible and therefore may have regulatory value. Some of these, such as the small protein toxins found in plasmid-borne addiction modules, can promote cell death by inducing damage to DNA, resulting in an analogous outcome as quinolone antibiotics. Others, however, appear to transiently impact gyrase in a readily reversible and non-damaging mechanism, such as the plasmid-derived Qnr family of DNA-mimetic proteins. The current review examines the origins and known activities of protein inhibitors of gyrase and highlights opportunities to further exert control over bacterial growth by targeting this validated antibacterial target with novel molecular mechanisms. Furthermore, we are gaining new insights into fundamental regulatory strategies of gyrase that may prove important for understanding diverse growth strategies among different bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengfeng Ruan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Chih-Han Tu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Christina R Bourne
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
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5
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Biswas P, Sengupta S, Nagaraja V. Evolution of YacG to safeguard DNA gyrase from external perturbation. Res Microbiol 2023; 174:104093. [PMID: 37343614 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2023.104093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Cells have evolved strategies to safeguard their genome integrity. We describe a mechanism to counter double strand breaks in the chromosome that involves the protection of an essential housekeeping enzyme from external agents. YacG is a DNA gyrase inhibitory protein from Escherichia coli that protects the bacterium from the cytotoxic effects of catalytic inhibitors as well as cleavage-complex stabilizers of DNA gyrase. By virtue of blocking the primary DNA binding site of the enzyme, YacG prevents the accumulation of double strand breaks induced by gyrase poisons. It also enables the bacterium to resist the growth-inhibitory property of novobiocin. Gyrase poison-induced oxidative stress upregulates YacG production, probably as a cellular response to counter DNA damage. YacG-mediated protection of the genome is specific for gyrase targeting agents as the protection is not observed from the action of general DNA damaging agents. YacG also intensifies the transcription stress induced by rifampicin substantiating the importance of gyrase activity during transcription. Although essential for bacterial survival, DNA gyrase often gets entrapped by external inhibitors and poisons, resulting in cell death. The existence of YacG to specifically protect an essential housekeeping enzyme might be a strategy adopted by bacteria for competitive fitness advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priti Biswas
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University Kolkata, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata-700073, India.
| | - Sugopa Sengupta
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University Kolkata, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata-700073, India.
| | - Valakunja Nagaraja
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India; Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore-560064, India.
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Kato F, Yamaguchi Y, Inouye K, Matsuo K, Ishida Y, Inouye M. A novel gyrase inhibitor from toxin-antitoxin system expressed by Staphylococcus aureus. FEBS J 2023; 290:1502-1518. [PMID: 36148483 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems consist of a toxin inhibiting essential cellular functions (such as DNA, RNA and protein synthesis), and its cognate antitoxin neutralizing the toxicity. Recently, we identified a TA system termed TsbA/TsbT in the Staphylococcus aureus genome. The induction of the tsbT gene in Escherichia coli halted both DNA and RNA synthesis, reduced supercoiled plasmid and resulted in increasingly relaxed DNA. These results suggested that DNA gyrase was the target of TsbT. In addition, TsbT inhibited both E. coli and S. aureus DNA gyrase activity and induced linearization of plasmid DNA in vitro. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the TsbT toxin targets DNA gyrase in vivo. Site-directed mutagenesis experiments showed that the E27 and D37 residues in TsbT are critical for toxicity. Secondary structure prediction combining the analysis of vacuum-ultraviolet circular-dichroism spectroscopy and neural network method demonstrated that the 22nd-32nd residues of TsbT form an α-helix structure, and that the E27 residue is located around the centre of the α-helix segment. These findings give new insights not only into S. aureus TA systems, but also into bacterial toxins targeting DNA topoisomerases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuminori Kato
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Biology and Geosciences, Graduate School of Sciences, Osaka City University, Japan
| | - Keiko Inouye
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Koichi Matsuo
- Hiroshima Synchrotron Radiation Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yojiro Ishida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Masayori Inouye
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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Antimicrobial resistance progression in the United Kingdom: A temporal comparison of Clostridioides difficile antimicrobial susceptibilities. Anaerobe 2021; 70:102385. [PMID: 34048922 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2021.102385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Clostridioides difficile (CD) is widely reported as one of the most prevalent multi-drug resistant (MDR) organisms. Assessment of temporally disparate isolate collections can give valuable epidemiological data to further the understanding of antimicrobial resistance progression. METHODS A collection of 75 CD isolates (1980-86) was characterised by PCR ribotyping, cell cytotoxicity assay and susceptibility testing with a panel of 16 antimicrobials and compared to a modern surveillance collection consisting of 416 UK isolates (2012-2016). Agar-incorporation was performed to ascertain susceptibility data for vancomycin, metronidazole, rifampicin, fidaxomicin, moxifloxacin, clindamycin, imipenem, chloramphenicol, tigecycline, linezolid, ciprofloxacin, piperacillin/tazobactam, ceftriaxone, amoxicillin, tetracycline and erythromycin. Genomes were obtained using Illumina HiSeq3000 sequencing and assembled using CLC Genomics Workbench. Resistance genes were identified using the Comprehensive Antibiotic Research Database's Resistance Gene Identifier and ResFinder3.0. RESULTS Twenty-six known and one previously unobserved ribotype (RT) were detected. RT015 and RT020 dominated; 21.3% and 17.3%, respectively. Three moxifloxacin resistant (16-32 mg/L) RT027 isolates were recovered, pre-dating the earliest reports of this phenotype/genotype. Phenotypic resistance was observed to moxifloxacin (9.3% of isolates), ciprofloxacin (100%), erythromycin (17.3%), tetracycline (9.3%), linezolid and chloramphenicol (4.0%). Phenotypic comparisons with modern strains revealed increasing minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), with MIC50 elevations of one doubling-dilution for the majority of compounds, excluding clindamycin and imipenem. Moxifloxacin MIC90 comparisons revealed a two doubling-dilution increase between temporal isolate collections. Historical genomes revealed twenty different resistance determinants, including ermB (8.0% of isolates), tetM (9.3%), cfr (5.3%) and gyrA substitution Thr-82→Ile (9.3%). Seventeen isolates (22.7%) were resistant to ≥3 compounds (MDR), demonstrating ten different combinations. Intra-RT diversity was observed. CONCLUSIONS Antibiotic resistance in CD has increased since the early 1980s, across the majority of classes. Moxifloxacin resistance determinants may pre-date its introduction.
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8
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Panter F, Bader CD, Müller R. Synergizing the potential of bacterial genomics and metabolomics to find novel antibiotics. Chem Sci 2021; 12:5994-6010. [PMID: 33995996 PMCID: PMC8098685 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06919a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic development based on natural products has faced a long lasting decline since the 1970s, while both the speed and the extent of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) development have been severely underestimated. The discovery of antimicrobial natural products of bacterial and fungal origin featuring new chemistry and previously unknown mode of actions is increasingly challenged by rediscovery issues. Natural products that are abundantly produced by the corresponding wild type organisms often featuring strong UV signals have been extensively characterized, especially the ones produced by extensively screened microbial genera such as streptomycetes. Purely synthetic chemistry approaches aiming to replace the declining supply from natural products as starting materials to develop novel antibiotics largely failed to provide significant numbers of antibiotic drug leads. To cope with this fundamental issue, microbial natural products science is being transformed from a 'grind-and-find' study to an integrated approach based on bacterial genomics and metabolomics. Novel technologies in instrumental analytics are increasingly employed to lower detection limits and expand the space of detectable substance classes, while broadening the scope of accessible and potentially bioactive natural products. Furthermore, the almost exponential increase in publicly available bacterial genome data has shown that the biosynthetic potential of the investigated strains by far exceeds the amount of detected metabolites. This can be judged by the discrepancy between the number of biosynthetic gene clusters (BGC) encoded in the genome of each microbial strain and the number of secondary metabolites actually detected, even when considering the increased sensitivity provided by novel analytical instrumentation. In silico annotation tools for biosynthetic gene cluster classification and analysis allow fast prioritization in BGC-to-compound workflows, which is highly important to be able to process the enormous underlying data volumes. BGC prioritization is currently accompanied by novel molecular biology-based approaches to access the so-called orphan BGCs not yet correlated with a secondary metabolite. Integration of metabolomics, in silico genomics and molecular biology approaches into the mainstream of natural product research will critically influence future success and impact the natural product field in pharmaceutical, nutritional and agrochemical applications and especially in anti-infective research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Panter
- Department of Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University Campus E8 1 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF) Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig Germany
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-infectives Campus E8 1 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Chantal D Bader
- Department of Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University Campus E8 1 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF) Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig Germany
| | - Rolf Müller
- Department of Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University Campus E8 1 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF) Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig Germany
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-infectives Campus E8 1 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
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Mazurek Ł, Ghilarov D, Michalczyk E, Pakosz Z, Metelev M, Czyszczoń W, Wawro K, Behroz I, Dubiley S, Süssmuth RD, Heddle JG. Pentapeptide repeat protein QnrB1 requires ATP hydrolysis to rejuvenate poisoned gyrase complexes. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:1581-1596. [PMID: 33434265 PMCID: PMC7897471 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa1266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA gyrase, a type II topoisomerase found predominantly in bacteria, is the target for a variety of 'poisons', namely natural product toxins (e.g. albicidin, microcin B17) and clinically important synthetic molecules (e.g. fluoroquinolones). Resistance to both groups can be mediated by pentapeptide repeat proteins (PRPs). Despite long-term studies, the mechanism of action of these protective PRPs is not known. We show that a PRP, QnrB1 provides specific protection against fluoroquinolones, which strictly requires ATP hydrolysis by gyrase. QnrB1 binds to the GyrB protein and stimulates ATPase activity of the isolated N-terminal ATPase domain of GyrB (GyrB43). We probed the QnrB1 binding site using site-specific incorporation of a photoreactive amino acid and mapped the crosslinks to the GyrB43 protein. We propose a model in which QnrB1 binding allosterically promotes dissociation of the fluoroquinolone molecule from the cleavage complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Mazurek
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.,Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dmitry Ghilarov
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Zuzanna Pakosz
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.,Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Wojciech Czyszczoń
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Karolina Wawro
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Iraj Behroz
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Roderich D Süssmuth
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonathan G Heddle
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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Bush NG, Diez-Santos I, Abbott LR, Maxwell A. Quinolones: Mechanism, Lethality and Their Contributions to Antibiotic Resistance. Molecules 2020; 25:E5662. [PMID: 33271787 PMCID: PMC7730664 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluoroquinolones (FQs) are arguably among the most successful antibiotics of recent times. They have enjoyed over 30 years of clinical usage and become essential tools in the armoury of clinical treatments. FQs target the bacterial enzymes DNA gyrase and DNA topoisomerase IV, where they stabilise a covalent enzyme-DNA complex in which the DNA is cleaved in both strands. This leads to cell death and turns out to be a very effective way of killing bacteria. However, resistance to FQs is increasingly problematic, and alternative compounds are urgently needed. Here, we review the mechanisms of action of FQs and discuss the potential pathways leading to cell death. We also discuss quinolone resistance and how quinolone treatment can lead to resistance to non-quinolone antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anthony Maxwell
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK; (N.G.B.); (I.D.-S.); (L.R.A.)
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11
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Telhig S, Ben Said L, Zirah S, Fliss I, Rebuffat S. Bacteriocins to Thwart Bacterial Resistance in Gram Negative Bacteria. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:586433. [PMID: 33240239 PMCID: PMC7680869 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.586433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An overuse of antibiotics both in human and animal health and as growth promoters in farming practices has increased the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Antibiotic resistant and multi-resistant bacteria are now considered a major and increasing threat by national health agencies, making the need for novel strategies to fight bugs and super bugs a first priority. In particular, Gram-negative bacteria are responsible for a high proportion of nosocomial infections attributable for a large part to Enterobacteriaceae, such as pathogenic Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. To cope with their highly competitive environments, bacteria have evolved various adaptive strategies, among which the production of narrow spectrum antimicrobial peptides called bacteriocins and specifically microcins in Gram-negative bacteria. They are produced as precursor peptides that further undergo proteolytic cleavage and in many cases more or less complex posttranslational modifications, which contribute to improve their stability and efficiency. Many have a high stability in the gastrointestinal tract where they can target a single pathogen whilst only slightly perturbing the gut microbiota. Several microcins and antibiotics can bind to similar bacterial receptors and use similar pathways to cross the double-membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and reach their intracellular targets, which they also can share. Consequently, bacteria may use common mechanisms of resistance against microcins and antibiotics. This review describes both unmodified and modified microcins [lasso peptides, siderophore peptides, nucleotide peptides, linear azole(in)e-containing peptides], highlighting their potential as weapons to thwart bacterial resistance in Gram-negative pathogens and discusses the possibility of cross-resistance and co-resistance occurrence between antibiotics and microcins in Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soufiane Telhig
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Laboratory Molecules of Communication and Adaptation of Microorganisms, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
| | - Laila Ben Said
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Séverine Zirah
- Laboratory Molecules of Communication and Adaptation of Microorganisms, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
| | - Ismail Fliss
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Sylvie Rebuffat
- Laboratory Molecules of Communication and Adaptation of Microorganisms, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
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Baquero F, Lanza VF, Baquero MR, Del Campo R, Bravo-Vázquez DA. Microcins in Enterobacteriaceae: Peptide Antimicrobials in the Eco-Active Intestinal Chemosphere. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2261. [PMID: 31649628 PMCID: PMC6795089 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcins are low-molecular-weight, ribosomally produced, highly stable, bacterial-inhibitory molecules involved in competitive, and amensalistic interactions between Enterobacteriaceae in the intestine. These interactions take place in a highly complex chemical landscape, the intestinal eco-active chemosphere, composed of chemical substances that positively or negatively influence bacterial growth, including those originated from nutrient uptake, and those produced by the action of the human or animal host and the intestinal microbiome. The contribution of bacteria results from their effect on the host generated molecules, on food and digested food, and organic substances from microbial origin, including from bacterial degradation. Here, we comprehensively review the main chemical substances present in the human intestinal chemosphere, particularly of those having inhibitory effects on microorganisms. With this background, and focusing on Enterobacteriaceae, the most relevant human pathogens from the intestinal microbiota, the microcin’s history and classification, mechanisms of action, and mechanisms involved in microcin’s immunity (in microcin producers) and resistance (non-producers) are reviewed. Products from the chemosphere likely modulate the ecological effects of microcin activity. Several cross-resistance mechanisms are shared by microcins, colicins, bacteriophages, and some conventional antibiotics, which are expected to produce cross-effects. Double-microcin-producing strains (such as microcins MccM and MccH47) have been successfully used for decades in the control of pathogenic gut organisms. Microcins are associated with successful gut colonization, facilitating translocation and invasion, leading to bacteremia, and urinary tract infections. In fact, Escherichia coli strains from the more invasive phylogroups (e.g., B2) are frequently microcinogenic. A publicly accessible APD3 database http://aps.unmc.edu/AP/ shows particular genes encoding microcins in 34.1% of E. coli strains (mostly MccV, MccM, MccH47, and MccI47), and much less in Shigella and Salmonella (<2%). Some 4.65% of Klebsiella pneumoniae are microcinogenic (mostly with MccE492), and even less in Enterobacter or Citrobacter (mostly MccS). The high frequency and variety of microcins in some Enterobacteriaceae indicate key ecological functions, a notion supported by their dominance in the intestinal microbiota of biosynthetic gene clusters involved in the synthesis of post-translationally modified peptide microcins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Baquero
- Department of Microbiology, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Val F Lanza
- Bioinformatics Unit, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria-Rosario Baquero
- Department of Microbiology, Alfonso X El Sabio University, Villanueva de la Cañada, Spain
| | - Rosa Del Campo
- Department of Microbiology, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel A Bravo-Vázquez
- Department of Microbiology, Alfonso X El Sabio University, Villanueva de la Cañada, Spain
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Pham TDM, Ziora ZM, Blaskovich MAT. Quinolone antibiotics. MEDCHEMCOMM 2019; 10:1719-1739. [PMID: 31803393 PMCID: PMC6836748 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00120d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The quinolone antibiotics arose in the early 1960s, with the first examples possessing a narrow-spectrum of activity with unfavorable pharmacokinetic properties. Over time, the development of new quinolone antibiotics has led to improved analogues with an expanded spectrum and high efficacy. Nowadays, quinolones are widely used for treating a variety of infections. Quinolones are broad-spectrum antibiotics that are active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including mycobacteria, and anaerobes. They exert their actions by inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis through disrupting the enzymes topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase, and by causing breakage of bacterial chromosomes. However, bacteria have acquired resistance to quinolones, similar to other antibacterial agents, due to the overuse of these drugs. Mechanisms contributing to quinolone resistance are mediated by chromosomal mutations and/or plasmid gene uptake that alter the topoisomerase targets, modify the quinolone, and/or reduce drug accumulation by either decreased uptake or increased efflux. This review discusses the development of this class of antibiotics in terms of potency, pharmacokinetics and toxicity, along with the resistance mechanisms which reduce the quinolones' activity against pathogens. Potential strategies for future generations of quinolone antibiotics with enhanced activity against resistant strains are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu D M Pham
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , QLD 4072 , Australia
| | - Zyta M Ziora
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , QLD 4072 , Australia .
| | - Mark A T Blaskovich
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , QLD 4072 , Australia .
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Abstract
While the description of resistance to quinolones is almost as old as these antimicrobial agents themselves, transferable mechanisms of quinolone resistance (TMQR) remained absent from the scenario for more than 36 years, appearing first as sporadic events and afterward as epidemics. In 1998, the first TMQR was soundly described, that is, QnrA. The presence of QnrA was almost anecdotal for years, but in the middle of the first decade of the 21st century, there was an explosion of TMQR descriptions, which definitively changed the epidemiology of quinolone resistance. Currently, 3 different clinically relevant mechanisms of quinolone resistance are encoded within mobile elements: (i) target protection, which is mediated by 7 different families of Qnr (QnrA, QnrB, QnrC, QnrD, QnrE, QnrS, and QnrVC), which overall account for more than 100 recognized alleles; (ii) antibiotic efflux, which is mediated by 2 main transferable efflux pumps (QepA and OqxAB), which together account for more than 30 alleles, and a series of other efflux pumps (e.g., QacBIII), which at present have been sporadically described; and (iii) antibiotic modification, which is mediated by the enzymes AAC(6')Ib-cr, from which different alleles have been claimed, as well as CrpP, a newly described phosphorylase.
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Collin F, Maxwell A. The Microbial Toxin Microcin B17: Prospects for the Development of New Antibacterial Agents. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:3400-3426. [PMID: 31181289 PMCID: PMC6722960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Microcin B17 (MccB17) is an antibacterial peptide produced by strains of Escherichia coli harboring the plasmid-borne mccB17 operon. MccB17 possesses many notable features. It is able to stabilize the transient DNA gyrase-DNA cleavage complex, a very efficient mode of action shared with the highly successful fluoroquinolone drugs. MccB17 stabilizes this complex by a distinct mechanism making it potentially valuable in the fight against bacterial antibiotic resistance. MccB17 was the first compound discovered from the thiazole/oxazole-modified microcins family and the linear azole-containing peptides; these ribosomal peptides are post-translationally modified to convert serine and cysteine residues into oxazole and thiazole rings. These chemical moieties are found in many other bioactive compounds like the vitamin thiamine, the anti-cancer drug bleomycin, the antibacterial sulfathiazole and the antiviral nitazoxanide. Therefore, the biosynthetic machinery that produces these azole rings is noteworthy as a general method to create bioactive compounds. Our knowledge of MccB17 now extends to many aspects of antibacterial-bacteria interactions: production, transport, interaction with its target, and resistance mechanisms; this knowledge has wide potential applicability. After a long time with limited progress on MccB17, recent publications have addressed critical aspects of MccB17 biosynthesis as well as an explosion in the discovery of new related compounds in the thiazole/oxazole-modified microcins/linear azole-containing peptides family. It is therefore timely to summarize the evidence gathered over more than 40 years about this still enigmatic molecule and place it in the wider context of antibacterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Collin
- Department Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Anthony Maxwell
- Department Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
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Bi YP, Wang HM, Qu HY, Liang XC, Zhou Y, Li XY, Xu D, Shen MH, Xu HD. Stereoselective synthesis of all-cis boryl tetrahydroquinolines via copper-catalyzed regioselective addition/cyclization of o-aldiminyl cinnamate with B 2Pin 2. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:1542-1546. [PMID: 30681111 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob03195a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A copper catalyzed intramolecular 1,2-carboboration of o-aldiminyl cinnamate has been realized in both regio- and stereoselective fashions. This reaction provides a convenient entry to highly valuable and otherwise challenging cis-2,3,4-trisubstituted tetrahydroquinolines carrying a 4-boryl group. An unusual non-Michael addition intermediate or alternatively, a cyclic enolate is proposed to account for the intriguing all-cis configuration in the final products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ping Bi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province 213164, China.
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Antimicrobial Chemicals Associate with Microbial Function and Antibiotic Resistance Indoors. mSystems 2018; 3:mSystems00200-18. [PMID: 30574558 PMCID: PMC6290264 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00200-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitous use of antimicrobial chemicals may have undesired consequences, particularly on microbes in buildings. This study shows that the taxonomy and function of microbes in indoor dust are strongly associated with antimicrobial chemicals—more so than any other feature of the buildings. Moreover, we identified links between antimicrobial chemical concentrations in dust and culturable bacteria that are cross-resistant to three clinically relevant antibiotics. These findings suggest that humans may be influencing the microbial species and genes that are found indoors through the addition and removal of particular antimicrobial chemicals. Humans purposefully and inadvertently introduce antimicrobial chemicals into buildings, resulting in widespread compounds, including triclosan, triclocarban, and parabens, in indoor dust. Meanwhile, drug-resistant infections continue to increase, raising concerns that buildings function as reservoirs of, or even select for, resistant microorganisms. Support for these hypotheses is limited largely since data describing relationships between antimicrobials and indoor microbial communities are scant. We combined liquid chromatography-isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry with metagenomic shotgun sequencing of dust collected from athletic facilities to characterize relationships between indoor antimicrobial chemicals and microbial communities. Elevated levels of triclosan and triclocarban, but not parabens, were associated with distinct indoor microbiomes. Dust of high triclosan content contained increased Gram-positive species with diverse drug resistance capabilities, whose pangenomes were enriched for genes encoding osmotic stress responses, efflux pump regulation, lipid metabolism, and material transport across cell membranes; such triclosan-associated functional shifts have been documented in laboratory cultures but not yet from buildings. Antibiotic-resistant bacterial isolates were cultured from all but one facility, and resistance often increased in buildings with very high triclosan levels, suggesting links between human encounters with viable drug-resistant bacteria and local biocide conditions. This characterization uncovers complex relationships between antimicrobials and indoor microbiomes: some chemicals elicit effects, whereas others may not, and no single functional or resistance factor explained chemical-microbe associations. These results suggest that anthropogenic chemicals impact microbial systems in or around buildings and their occupants, highlighting an emergent need to identify the most important indoor, outdoor, and host-associated sources of antimicrobial chemical-resistome interactions. IMPORTANCE The ubiquitous use of antimicrobial chemicals may have undesired consequences, particularly on microbes in buildings. This study shows that the taxonomy and function of microbes in indoor dust are strongly associated with antimicrobial chemicals—more so than any other feature of the buildings. Moreover, we identified links between antimicrobial chemical concentrations in dust and culturable bacteria that are cross-resistant to three clinically relevant antibiotics. These findings suggest that humans may be influencing the microbial species and genes that are found indoors through the addition and removal of particular antimicrobial chemicals.
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Kocsis B, Szmolka A, Szabo O, Gulyas D, Kristóf K, Göcző I, Szabo D. Ciprofloxacin Promoted qnrD Expression and Phylogenetic Analysis of qnrD Harboring Plasmids. Microb Drug Resist 2018; 25:501-508. [PMID: 30461351 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2018.0245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Morganella morganii SE10MM harboring quinolone resistance determinant qnrD was investigated in our study. An entirely sequenced novel 2,662 bp qnrD-plasmid pSE10MM was identified and deposited at GenBank under accession number KU160530. Nucleic acid sequence of pSE10MM showed 94-97% similarity to previously detected qnrD-plasmids of Proteus mirabilis strains. Phylogenetic analysis by Geneious 9.0.5 showed clusters of plasmids with possible common origin. Initial expression of qnrD gene was found 12.5 normalized to rpoB housekeeping gene. Subsequently, a sub-minimum inhibitory concentration (1 mg/L) ciprofloxacin exposure resulted in a fold change of 30.06 at 24 hours. In contrast, qnrD-plasmid pSE10MM copy number increased in time from 1.1 to 6.63. Chromosomal mutations of gyrA with S83I, gyrB with S463A, and parC with S80I amino acid substitutions were detected, but no other mutations have occurred as a consequence of ciprofloxacin exposure. Elevated expression of qnrD correlated with that of recA in M. morganii during ciprofloxacin exposure, which indicates SOS-dependent regulation of qnrD. Protective effect of QnrD plays a role in fluoroquinolone-resistant strain even in the presence of chromosomal mutations in gyrase and topoisomerase IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bela Kocsis
- 1 Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ama Szmolka
- 2 Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Szabo
- 1 Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Daniel Gulyas
- 1 Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Kristóf
- 3 Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Diagnostic Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Istvan Göcző
- 1 Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dora Szabo
- 1 Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Phenotype and genotype alteration during adaptive evolution of Enterococcus faecalis to antimicrobials. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 62:80-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance: Two decades on. Drug Resist Updat 2016; 29:13-29. [PMID: 27912841 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
After two decades of the discovery of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR), three different mechanisms have been associated to this phenomenon: target protection (Qnr proteins, including several families with multiple alleles), active efflux pumps (mainly QepA and OqxAB pumps) and drug modification [AAC(6')-Ib-cr acetyltransferase]. PMQR genes are usually associated with mobile or transposable elements on plasmids, and, in the case of qnr genes, are often incorporated into sul1-type integrons. PMQR has been found in clinical and environmental isolates around the world and appears to be spreading. Although the three PMQR mechanisms alone cause only low-level resistance to quinolones, they can complement other mechanisms of chromosomal resistance to reach clinical resistance level and facilitate the selection of higher-level resistance, raising a threat to the treatment of infections by microorganisms that host these mechanisms.
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Hooper DC, Jacoby GA. Topoisomerase Inhibitors: Fluoroquinolone Mechanisms of Action and Resistance. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2016; 6:cshperspect.a025320. [PMID: 27449972 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a025320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Quinolone antimicrobials are widely used in clinical medicine and are the only current class of agents that directly inhibit bacterial DNA synthesis. Quinolones dually target DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV binding to specific domains and conformations so as to block DNA strand passage catalysis and stabilize DNA-enzyme complexes that block the DNA replication apparatus and generate double breaks in DNA that underlie their bactericidal activity. Resistance has emerged with clinical use of these agents and is common in some bacterial pathogens. Mechanisms of resistance include mutational alterations in drug target affinity and efflux pump expression and acquisition of resistance-conferring genes. Resistance mutations in one or both of the two drug target enzymes are commonly in a localized domain of the GyrA and ParC subunits of gyrase and topoisomerase IV, respectively, and reduce drug binding to the enzyme-DNA complex. Other resistance mutations occur in regulatory genes that control the expression of native efflux pumps localized in the bacterial membrane(s). These pumps have broad substrate profiles that include other antimicrobials as well as quinolones. Mutations of both types can accumulate with selection pressure and produce highly resistant strains. Resistance genes acquired on plasmids confer low-level resistance that promotes the selection of mutational high-level resistance. Plasmid-encoded resistance is because of Qnr proteins that protect the target enzymes from quinolone action, a mutant aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme that also modifies certain quinolones, and mobile efflux pumps. Plasmids with these mechanisms often encode additional antimicrobial resistances and can transfer multidrug resistance that includes quinolones.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Hooper
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - George A Jacoby
- Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington, Massachusetts 01805
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Rational design, synthesis, anti-HIV-1 RT and antimicrobial activity of novel 3-(6-methoxy-3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2H)-yl)-1-(piperazin-1-yl)propan-1-one derivatives. Bioorg Chem 2016; 67:75-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Chander S, Ashok P, Zheng YT, Wang P, Raja KS, Taneja A, Murugesan S. Design, synthesis and in-vitro evaluation of novel tetrahydroquinoline carbamates as HIV-1 RT inhibitor and their antifungal activity. Bioorg Chem 2016; 64:66-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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