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Kokesch-Himmelreich J, Treu A, Race AM, Walter K, Hölscher C, Römpp A. Do Anti-tuberculosis Drugs Reach Their Target?─High-Resolution Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging Provides Information on Drug Penetration into Necrotic Granulomas. Anal Chem 2022; 94:5483-5492. [PMID: 35344339 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is characterized by mycobacteria-harboring centrally necrotizing granulomas. The efficacy of anti-TB drugs depends on their ability to reach the bacteria in the center of these lesions. Therefore, we developed a mass spectrometry (MS) imaging workflow to evaluate drug penetration in tissue. We employed a specific mouse model that─in contrast to regular inbred mice─strongly resembles human TB pathology. Mycobacterium tuberculosis was inactivated in lung sections of these mice by γ-irradiation using a protocol that was optimized to be compatible with high spatial resolution MS imaging. Different distributions in necrotic granulomas could be observed for the anti-TB drugs clofazimine, pyrazinamide, and rifampicin at a pixel size of 30 μm. Clofazimine, imaged here for the first time in necrotic granulomas of mice, showed higher intensities in the surrounding tissue than in necrotic granulomas, confirming data observed in TB patients. Using high spatial resolution drug and lipid imaging (5 μm pixel size) in combination with a newly developed data analysis tool, we found that clofazimine does penetrate to some extent into necrotic granulomas and accumulates in the macrophages inside the granulomas. These results demonstrate that our imaging platform improves the predictive power of preclinical animal models. Our workflow is currently being applied in preclinical studies for novel anti-TB drugs within the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF). It can also be extended to other applications in drug development and beyond. In particular, our data analysis approach can be used to investigate diffusion processes by MS imaging in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kokesch-Himmelreich
- Bioanalytical Sciences and Food Analysis, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95447, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig 38124, Germany
| | - Axel Treu
- Bioanalytical Sciences and Food Analysis, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95447, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig 38124, Germany
| | - Alan M Race
- Bioanalytical Sciences and Food Analysis, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95447, Germany
| | - Kerstin Walter
- Infection Immunology, Leibniz Lung Center, Research Center Borstel, Borstel 23845, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig 38124, Germany
| | - Christoph Hölscher
- Infection Immunology, Leibniz Lung Center, Research Center Borstel, Borstel 23845, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig 38124, Germany
| | - Andreas Römpp
- Bioanalytical Sciences and Food Analysis, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95447, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig 38124, Germany
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