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Bonfim AP, Sakita KM, Faria DR, Arita GS, Rodrigues-Vendramini FA, Capoci IR, Braga AG, Mosca VA, Junior AG, Kioshima ÉS, Bonfim-Mendonça PS, Svidzinski TI. Successful treatment of experimental murine vulvovaginal candidiasis with gentian violet. Future Microbiol 2023; 18:1137-1146. [PMID: 37830930 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2023-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study evaluated the antifungal efficacy of gentian violet (GV) in an experimental vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) model. Materials & methods: In vitro susceptibility and cytotoxicity assays were performed to validate the antifungal potential and safety of GV. The antifungal efficacy was then evaluated in vivo through comparative analysis of the fungal burden following treatment with GV or nystatin, as well as assessment of the vaginal tissue by histology and electron microscopy. Results: GV demonstrated a safe antifungal profile against C. albicans, with a significant decrease in fungal burden and an improvement in the inflammatory process evaluated histologically. Conclusion: The results of this study motivate further assessment of GV as a promising alternative for VVC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda P Bonfim
- Medical Mycology Laboratory, Clinical Analyzes & Biomedicine Department, State University of Maringa, Maringa, PR, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Karina M Sakita
- Medical Mycology Laboratory, Clinical Analyzes & Biomedicine Department, State University of Maringa, Maringa, PR, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Daniella R Faria
- Medical Mycology Laboratory, Clinical Analyzes & Biomedicine Department, State University of Maringa, Maringa, PR, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Glaucia S Arita
- Medical Mycology Laboratory, Clinical Analyzes & Biomedicine Department, State University of Maringa, Maringa, PR, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Franciele Av Rodrigues-Vendramini
- Medical Mycology Laboratory, Clinical Analyzes & Biomedicine Department, State University of Maringa, Maringa, PR, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Isis Rg Capoci
- Medical Mycology Laboratory, Clinical Analyzes & Biomedicine Department, State University of Maringa, Maringa, PR, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Andressa G Braga
- Medical Mycology Laboratory, Clinical Analyzes & Biomedicine Department, State University of Maringa, Maringa, PR, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Valéria Ab Mosca
- Medical Mycology Laboratory, Clinical Analyzes & Biomedicine Department, State University of Maringa, Maringa, PR, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Admilton Go Junior
- Electron Microscopy & Microanalysis Laboratory, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Érika S Kioshima
- Medical Mycology Laboratory, Clinical Analyzes & Biomedicine Department, State University of Maringa, Maringa, PR, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Patrícia S Bonfim-Mendonça
- Medical Mycology Laboratory, Clinical Analyzes & Biomedicine Department, State University of Maringa, Maringa, PR, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Terezinha Ie Svidzinski
- Medical Mycology Laboratory, Clinical Analyzes & Biomedicine Department, State University of Maringa, Maringa, PR, 87020-900, Brazil
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Chayachinda C, Thamkhantho M, Ngamsakulrungroj P, Leeyaphan C, Tulyaprawat O. Effect of intravaginal gentian violet for acute vaginal candidiasis treated with a single dose oral fluconazole: a randomised controlled trial. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2022; 42:2190-2196. [DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2022.2035336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chenchit Chayachinda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Manopchai Thamkhantho
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Popchai Ngamsakulrungroj
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Charussri Leeyaphan
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Orwan Tulyaprawat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Ong KS, Mawang CI, Daniel-Jambun D, Lim YY, Lee SM. Current anti-biofilm strategies and potential of antioxidants in biofilm control. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2018; 16:855-864. [PMID: 30308132 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2018.1535898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Biofilm formation is a strategy for microorganisms to adapt and survive in hostile environments. Microorganisms that are able to produce biofilms are currently recognized as a threat to human health. Areas covered: Many strategies have been employed to eradicate biofilms, but several drawbacks from these methods had subsequently raised concerns on the need for alternative approaches to effectively prevent biofilm formation. One of the main mechanisms that drives a microorganism to transit from a planktonic to a biofilm-sessile state, is oxidative stress. Chemical agents that could target oxidative stress regulators, for instance antioxidants, could therefore be used to treat biofilm-associated infections. Expert commentary: The focus of this review is to summarize the function and limitation of the current anti-biofilm strategies and will propose the use of antioxidants as an alternative method to treat, prevent and eradicate biofilms. Studies have shown that water-soluble and lipid-soluble antioxidants can reduce and prevent biofilm formation, by influencing the expression of genes associated with oxidative stress. Further in vivo work should be conducted to ensure the efficacy of these antioxidants in a biological environment. Nevertheless, antioxidants are promising anti-biofilm agents, and thus is a potential solution for biofilm-associated infections in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Shion Ong
- a School of Science , Monash University Malaysia , Bandar Sunway , Selangor , Malaysia.,b Tropical Medicine and Biology Multidisciplinary Platform , Monash University Malaysia , Bandar Sunway , Selangor , Malaysia
| | | | | | - Yau Yan Lim
- a School of Science , Monash University Malaysia , Bandar Sunway , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Sui Mae Lee
- a School of Science , Monash University Malaysia , Bandar Sunway , Selangor , Malaysia.,b Tropical Medicine and Biology Multidisciplinary Platform , Monash University Malaysia , Bandar Sunway , Selangor , Malaysia
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Topical gentian violet compared with nystatin oral suspension for the treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis in HIV-1-infected participants. AIDS 2017; 31:81-88. [PMID: 27677161 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Compare the safety and efficacy of topical gentian violet with that of nystatin oral suspension (NYS) for the treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis in HIV-1-infected adults in resource-limited settings. DESIGN Multicenter, open-label, evaluator-blinded, randomized clinical trial at eight international sites, within the AIDS Clinical Trials Group. STUDY PARTICIPANTS AND INTERVENTION Adult HIV-infected participants with oropharyngeal candidiasis, stratified by CD4 cell counts and antiretroviral therapy status at study entry, were randomized to receive either gentian violet (0.00165%, BID) or NYS (500 000 units, QID) for 14 days. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Cure or improvement after 14 days of treatment. Signs and symptoms of oropharyngeal candidiasis were evaluated in an evaluator-blinded manner. RESULTS The study was closed early per Data Safety Monitoring Board after enrolling 221 participants (target = 494). Among the 182 participants eligible for efficacy analysis, 63 (68.5%) in the gentian violet arm had cure or improvement of oropharyngeal candidiasis versus 61 (67.8%) in the NYS arm, resulting in a nonsizable difference of 0.007 (95% confidence interval: -0.129, 0.143). There was no sizable difference in cure rates between the two arms (-0.0007; 95% confidence interval: -0.146, 0.131). No gentian violet-related adverse events were noted. No sizable differences were identified in tolerance, adherence, quality of life, or acceptability of study drugs. In gentian violet arm, 61 and 39% of participants reported 'no' and 'mild-to-moderate' staining, respectively. Cost for medication procurement was significantly lower for gentian violet versus NYS (median $2.51 and 19.42, respectively, P = 0.01). CONCLUSION Efficacy of gentian violet was not statistically different than NYS, was well tolerated, and its procurement cost was substantially less than NYS.
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Gupta AK, Daigle D, Carviel JL. The role of biofilms in onychomycosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2016; 74:1241-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Chandra J, Mukherjee PK. Candida Biofilms: Development, Architecture, and Resistance. Microbiol Spectr 2015; 3:10.1128/microbiolspec.MB-0020-2015. [PMID: 26350306 PMCID: PMC4566167 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.mb-0020-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravascular device-related infections are often associated with biofilms (microbial communities encased within a polysaccharide-rich extracellular matrix) formed by pathogens on the surfaces of these devices. Candida species are the most common fungi isolated from catheter-, denture-, and voice prosthesis-associated infections and also are commonly isolated from contact lens-related infections (e.g., fungal keratitis). These biofilms exhibit decreased susceptibility to most antimicrobial agents, which contributes to the persistence of infection. Recent technological advances have facilitated the development of novel approaches to investigate the formation of biofilms and identify specific markers for biofilms. These studies have provided extensive knowledge of the effect of different variables, including growth time, nutrients, and physiological conditions, on biofilm formation, morphology, and architecture. In this article, we will focus on fungal biofilms (mainly Candida biofilms) and provide an update on the development, architecture, and resistance mechanisms of biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotsna Chandra
- Center for Medical Mycology and Mycology Reference Laboratory, Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Cleveland and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Pranab K Mukherjee
- Center for Medical Mycology and Mycology Reference Laboratory, Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Cleveland and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
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Shahinas D, Debnath A, Benedict C, McKerrow JH, Pillai DR. Heat shock protein 90 inhibitors repurposed against Entamoeba histolytica. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:368. [PMID: 26029171 PMCID: PMC4429810 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hsp90 is an essential chaperone responsible for trafficking a vast array of client proteins, which are substrates that Hsp90 regulates in eukaryotic cells under stress conditions. The ATP-binding N-terminal domain of Hsp90 (also known as a GHKL type ATPase domain) can serve as a specific drug target, because sufficient structural diversity in the ATP-binding pocket of Hsp90 allows for ortholog selectivity of Hsp90 inhibitors. The primary objective of this study is to identify inhibitors specific for the ATP-binding domain of Entamoeba histolytica Hsp90 (EhHsp90). An additional aim, using a combination of site-directed mutagenesis and a protein in vitro assay, is to show that the antiparasitic activity of Hsp90 inhibitors is dependent on specific residues within the ATP-binding domain. Here, we tested the activity of 43 inhibitors of Hsp90 that we previously identified using a high-throughput screen. Of the 43 compounds tested, 19 competed for binding of the EhHsp90 ATP-binding domain. Five out of the 19 EhHsp90 protein hits demonstrated activity against E. histolytica in vitro culture: rifabutin, rutilantin, cetylpyridinium chloride, pararosaniline pamoate and gentian violet. These five top E. histolytica Hsp90 inhibitors showed 30-100% inhibition of E. histolytica in culture in the micromolar range. These data suggest that E. histolytica-specific Hsp90 inhibitors are possible to identify and provide important lead compounds for the development of novel antiamebic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dea Shahinas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anjan Debnath
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christan Benedict
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - James H McKerrow
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dylan R Pillai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada
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Maley AM, Arbiser JL. Gentian violet: a 19th century drug re-emerges in the 21st century. Exp Dermatol 2013; 22:775-80. [PMID: 24118276 PMCID: PMC4396813 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Gentian violet (GV) has a long and varied history as a medicinal agent. Historically used as an antibacterial and antifungal, recent reports have shown its utility as an antitypranosomal, antiviral and anti-angiogenic agent. The objective of this article is to summarize evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of GV use in dermatology. Recent discoveries have found novel targets of GV, namely NADPH oxidase in mammalian cells and thioredoxin reductase 2 in bacterial, fungal and parasitic cells. These discoveries have expanded the use of GV in the 21st century. Given that GV is well tolerated, effective and inexpensive, its use in dermatology is predicted to increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Maley
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Atlanta Veterans Administration Hospital, Atlanta, GA, USA
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