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Pakamwong B, Thongdee P, Kamsri B, Phusi N, Taveepanich S, Chayajarus K, Kamsri P, Punkvang A, Hannongbua S, Sangswan J, Suttisintong K, Sureram S, Kittakoop P, Hongmanee P, Santanirand P, Leanpolchareanchai J, Spencer J, Mulholland AJ, Pungpo P. Ligand-Based Virtual Screening for Discovery of Indole Derivatives as Potent DNA Gyrase ATPase Inhibitors Active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Hit Validation by Biological Assays. J Chem Inf Model 2024; 64:5991-6002. [PMID: 38993154 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.4c00511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the single most important global infectious disease killer and a World Health Organization critical priority pathogen for development of new antimicrobials. M. tuberculosis DNA gyrase is a validated target for anti-TB agents, but those in current use target DNA breakage-reunion, rather than the ATPase activity of the GyrB subunit. Here, virtual screening, subsequently validated by whole-cell and enzyme inhibition assays, was applied to identify candidate compounds that inhibit M. tuberculosis GyrB ATPase activity from the Specs compound library. This approach yielded six compounds: four carbazole derivatives (1, 2, 3, and 8), the benzoindole derivative 11, and the indole derivative 14. Carbazole derivatives can be considered a new scaffold for M. tuberculosis DNA gyrase ATPase inhibitors. IC50 values of compounds 8, 11, and 14 (0.26, 0.56, and 0.08 μM, respectively) for inhibition of M. tuberculosis DNA gyrase ATPase activity are 5-fold, 2-fold, and 16-fold better than the known DNA gyrase ATPase inhibitor novobiocin. MIC values of these compounds against growth of M. tuberculosis H37Ra are 25.0, 3.1, and 6.2 μg/mL, respectively, superior to novobiocin (MIC > 100.0 μg/mL). Molecular dynamics simulations of models of docked GyrB:inhibitor complexes suggest that hydrogen bond interactions with GyrB Asp79 are crucial for high-affinity binding of compounds 8, 11, and 14 to M. tuberculosis GyrB for inhibition of ATPase activity. These data demonstrate that virtual screening can identify known and new scaffolds that inhibit both M. tuberculosis DNA gyrase ATPase activity in vitro and growth of M. tuberculosis bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bongkochawan Pakamwong
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani 34190, Thailand
| | - Paptawan Thongdee
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani 34190, Thailand
| | - Bundit Kamsri
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani 34190, Thailand
| | - Naruedon Phusi
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani 34190, Thailand
| | - Somjintana Taveepanich
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani 34190, Thailand
| | - Kampanart Chayajarus
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani 34190, Thailand
| | - Pharit Kamsri
- Division of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Nakhon Phanom University, Nakhon Phanom 48000, Thailand
| | - Auradee Punkvang
- Division of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Nakhon Phanom University, Nakhon Phanom 48000, Thailand
| | - Supa Hannongbua
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Jidapa Sangswan
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani 34190, Thailand
| | - Khomson Suttisintong
- National Nanotechnology Center, NSTDA, 111 Thailand Science Park, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Sanya Sureram
- Chulabhorn Research Institute, Laksi, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Prasat Kittakoop
- Chulabhorn Research Institute, Laksi, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
- Program in Chemical Sciences, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), OPS, Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Poonpilas Hongmanee
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Pitak Santanirand
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | | | - James Spencer
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, U.K
| | - Adrian J Mulholland
- Centre for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Pornpan Pungpo
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani 34190, Thailand
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Qiu X, Zhang Q, Li Z, Zhang J, Liu H. Revealing the Interaction Mechanism between Mycobacterium tuberculosis GyrB and Novobiocin, SPR719 through Binding Thermodynamics and Dissociation Kinetics Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3764. [PMID: 38612573 PMCID: PMC11011931 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
With the rapid emergence of drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), various levels of resistance against existing anti-tuberculosis (TB) drugs have developed. Consequently, the identification of new anti-TB targets and drugs is critically urgent. DNA gyrase subunit B (GyrB) has been identified as a potential anti-TB target, with novobiocin and SPR719 proposed as inhibitors targeting GyrB. Therefore, elucidating the molecular interactions between GyrB and its inhibitors is crucial for the discovery and design of efficient GyrB inhibitors for combating multidrug-resistant TB. In this study, we revealed the detailed binding mechanisms and dissociation processes of the representative inhibitors, novobiocin and SPR719, with GyrB using classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, tau-random acceleration molecular dynamics (τ-RAMD) simulations, and steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulations. Our simulation results demonstrate that both electrostatic and van der Waals interactions contribute favorably to the inhibitors' binding to GyrB, with Asn52, Asp79, Arg82, Lys108, Tyr114, and Arg141 being key residues for the inhibitors' attachment to GyrB. The τ-RAMD simulations indicate that the inhibitors primarily dissociate from the ATP channel. The SMD simulation results reveal that both inhibitors follow a similar dissociation mechanism, requiring the overcoming of hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding interactions formed with the ATP active site. The binding and dissociation mechanisms of GyrB with inhibitors novobiocin and SPR719 obtained in our work will provide new insights for the development of promising GyrB inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Qiu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (X.Q.); (Z.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Faculty of Applied Science, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao SAR, China;
| | - Zhaoguo Li
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (X.Q.); (Z.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Juan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (X.Q.); (Z.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Huanxiang Liu
- Faculty of Applied Science, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao SAR, China;
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Kamsri B, Pakamwong B, Thongdee P, Phusi N, Kamsri P, Punkvang A, Ketrat S, Saparpakorn P, Hannongbua S, Sangswan J, Suttisintong K, Sureram S, Kittakoop P, Hongmanee P, Santanirand P, Leanpolchareanchai J, Goudar KE, Spencer J, Mulholland AJ, Pungpo P. Bioisosteric Design Identifies Inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA Gyrase ATPase Activity. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:2707-2718. [PMID: 37074047 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c01376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in DNA gyrase confer resistance to fluoroquinolones, second-line antibiotics for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections. Identification of new agents that inhibit M. tuberculosis DNA gyrase ATPase activity is one strategy to overcome this. Here, bioisosteric designs using known inhibitors as templates were employed to define novel inhibitors of M. tuberculosis DNA gyrase ATPase activity. This yielded the modified compound R3-13 with improved drug-likeness compared to the template inhibitor that acted as a promising ATPase inhibitor against M. tuberculosis DNA gyrase. Utilization of compound R3-13 as a virtual screening template, supported by subsequent biological assays, identified seven further M. tuberculosis DNA gyrase ATPase inhibitors with IC50 values in the range of 0.42-3.59 μM. The most active compound 1 showed an IC50 value of 0.42 μM, 3-fold better than the comparator ATPase inhibitor novobiocin (1.27 μM). Compound 1 showed noncytotoxicity to Caco-2 cells at concentrations up to 76-fold higher than its IC50 value. Molecular dynamics simulations followed by decomposition energy calculations identified that compound 1 occupies the binding pocket utilized by the adenosine group of the ATP analogue AMPPNP in the M. tuberculosis DNA gyrase GyrB subunit. The most prominent contribution to the binding of compound 1 to M. tuberculosis GyrB subunit is made by residue Asp79, which forms two hydrogen bonds with the OH group of this compound and also participates in the binding of AMPPNP. Compound 1 represents a potential new scaffold for further exploration and optimization as a M. tuberculosis DNA gyrase ATPase inhibitor and candidate anti-tuberculosis agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bundit Kamsri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani 34190, Thailand
| | - Bongkochawan Pakamwong
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani 34190, Thailand
| | - Paptawan Thongdee
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani 34190, Thailand
| | - Naruedon Phusi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani 34190, Thailand
| | - Pharit Kamsri
- Division of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Nakhon Phanom University, Nakhon Phanom 48000, Thailand
| | - Auradee Punkvang
- Division of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Nakhon Phanom University, Nakhon Phanom 48000, Thailand
| | - Sombat Ketrat
- School of Information Science and Technology, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | | | - Supa Hannongbua
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Jidapa Sangswan
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani 34190, Thailand
| | - Khomson Suttisintong
- National Nanotechnology Center, NSTDA, 111 Thailand Science Park, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Sanya Sureram
- Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Prasat Kittakoop
- Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
- Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chemical Biology Program, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), OPS, Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Poonpilas Hongmanee
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Pitak Santanirand
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Jiraporn Leanpolchareanchai
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-Ayuthaya Road,Rajathevi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Kirsty E Goudar
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - James Spencer
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian J Mulholland
- Centre for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Pornpan Pungpo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani 34190, Thailand
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4
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Novel fluorophenyl tethered thiazole and chalcone analogues as potential anti-tubercular agents: Design, synthesis, biological and in silico evaluations. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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5
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Pudipeddi A, Vasudevan S, Shanmugam K, Mohan S S, Vairaprakash P, Neelakantan P, Balraj AS, Solomon AP. Design, dynamic docking, synthesis, and in vitro validation of a novel DNA gyrase B inhibitor. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022:1-14. [PMID: 35924774 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2107073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-intermediate-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) are among the WHO's high priority pathogens. Among these two, MRSA is the most globally documented pathogen that necessitates the pressing demand for new classes of anti-MRSA drugs. Bacterial gyrase targeted therapeutics are unique strategies to overcome cross-resistance as they are present only in bacteria and absent in higher eukaryotes. The GyrB subunit is essential for the catalytic functions of the bacterial enzyme DNA Gyrase, thereby constituting a promising druggable target. The current study performed a structure-based virtual screening to designing GyrB target-specific candidate molecules. The de novo ligand design of novel hit molecules was performed using a rhodanine scaffold. Through a systematic in silico screening process, the hit molecules were screened for their synthetic accessibility, drug-likeness and pharmacokinetics properties in addition to its target specific interactions. Of the 374 hit molecules obtained through de novo ligand design, qsl-304 emerged as the most promising ligand. The molecular dynamic simulation studies confirmed the stable interaction between the key residues and qsl-304. qsl-304 was synthesized through a one-step chemical synthesis procedure, and the in vitro activity was proven, with an IC50 of 31.23 µg/mL against the novobiocin resistant clinical isolate, Staphylococcus aureus sa-P2003. Further studies on time-kill kinetics showed the bacteriostatic nature with the diminished recurrence of resistance. The on-target gyrB inhibition further proved the efficacy of qsl-304.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhila Pudipeddi
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre of Research in Infectious Diseases, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India.,Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Sahana Vasudevan
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre of Research in Infectious Diseases, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Karthi Shanmugam
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre of Research in Infectious Diseases, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India.,Department of Bioinformatics, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Suma Mohan S
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Pothiappan Vairaprakash
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India
| | | | - Alex Stanley Balraj
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre of Research in Infectious Diseases, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India.,Department of Bioinformatics, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Adline Princy Solomon
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre of Research in Infectious Diseases, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India
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Pakamwong B, Thongdee P, Kamsri B, Phusi N, Kamsri P, Punkvang A, Ketrat S, Saparpakorn P, Hannongbua S, Ariyachaokun K, Suttisintong K, Sureram S, Kittakoop P, Hongmanee P, Santanirand P, Spencer J, Mulholland AJ, Pungpo P. Identification of Potent DNA Gyrase Inhibitors Active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Chem Inf Model 2022; 62:1680-1690. [PMID: 35347987 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c01390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA gyrase manipulates the DNA topology using controlled breakage and religation of DNA driven by ATP hydrolysis. DNA gyrase has been validated as the enzyme target of fluoroquinolones (FQs), second-line antibiotics used for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Mutations around the DNA gyrase DNA-binding site result in the emergence of FQ resistance in M. tuberculosis; inhibition of DNA gyrase ATPase activity is one strategy to overcome this. Here, virtual screening, subsequently validated by biological assays, was applied to select candidate inhibitors of the M. tuberculosis DNA gyrase ATPase activity from the Specs compound library (www.specs.net). Thirty compounds were identified and selected as hits for in vitro biological assays, of which two compounds, G24 and G26, inhibited the growth of M. tuberculosis H37Rv with a minimal inhibitory concentration of 12.5 μg/mL. The two compounds inhibited DNA gyrase ATPase activity with IC50 values of 2.69 and 2.46 μM, respectively, suggesting this to be the likely basis of their antitubercular activity. Models of complexes of compounds G24 and G26 bound to the M. tuberculosis DNA gyrase ATP-binding site, generated by molecular dynamics simulations followed by pharmacophore mapping analysis, showed hydrophobic interactions of inhibitor hydrophobic headgroups and electrostatic and hydrogen bond interactions of the polar tails, which are likely to be important for their inhibition. Decreasing compound lipophilicity by increasing the polarity of these tails then presents a likely route to improving the solubility and activity. Thus, compounds G24 and G26 provide attractive starting templates for the optimization of antitubercular agents that act by targeting DNA gyrase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bongkochawan Pakamwong
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani 34190, Thailand
| | - Paptawan Thongdee
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani 34190, Thailand
| | - Bundit Kamsri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani 34190, Thailand
| | - Naruedon Phusi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani 34190, Thailand
| | - Pharit Kamsri
- Division of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Nakhon Phanom University, Nakhon Phanom 48000, Thailand
| | - Auradee Punkvang
- Division of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Nakhon Phanom University, Nakhon Phanom 48000, Thailand
| | - Sombat Ketrat
- School of Information Science and Technology, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | | | - Supa Hannongbua
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Kanchiyaphat Ariyachaokun
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani 34190, Thailand
| | - Khomson Suttisintong
- National Nanotechnology Center, NSTDA, 111 Thailand Science Park, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Sanya Sureram
- Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Prasat Kittakoop
- Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
- Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chemical Biology Program, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), CHE, Ministry of Education, Bangkok 10300, Thailand
| | - Poonpilas Hongmanee
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Pitak Santanirand
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - James Spencer
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, Bristol BS8 1TD, U.K
| | - Adrian J Mulholland
- Centre for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Pornpan Pungpo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani 34190, Thailand
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In Vitro Resistance against DNA Gyrase Inhibitor SPR719 in Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium abscessus. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0132121. [PMID: 35019671 PMCID: PMC8754139 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01321-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aminobenzimidazole SPR719 targets DNA gyrase in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The molecule acts as inhibitor of the enzyme’s ATPase located on the Gyrase B subunit of the tetrameric Gyrase A2B2 protein. SPR719 is also active against non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) and recently entered clinical development for lung disease caused by these bacteria. Resistance against SPR719 in NTM has not been characterized. Here, we determined spontaneous in vitro resistance frequencies in single step resistance development studies, MICs of resistant strains, and resistance associated DNA sequence polymorphisms in two major NTM pathogens Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium abscessus. A low-frequency resistance (10−8/CFU) was associated with missense mutations in the ATPase domain of the Gyrase B subunit in both bacteria, consistent with inhibition of DNA gyrase as the mechanism of action of SPR719 against NTM. For M. abscessus, but not for M. avium, a second, high-frequency (10−6/CFU) resistance mechanism was observed. High-frequency SPR719 resistance was associated with frameshift mutations in the transcriptional repressor MAB_4384 previously shown to regulate expression of the drug efflux pump system MmpS5/MmpL5. Our results confirm DNA gyrase as target of SPR719 in NTM and reveal differential resistance development in the two NTM species, with M. abscessus displaying high-frequency indirect resistance possibly involving drug efflux. IMPORTANCE Clinical emergence of resistance to new antibiotics affects their utility. Characterization of in vitro resistance is a first step in the profiling of resistance properties of novel drug candidates. Here, we characterized in vitro resistance against SPR719, a drug candidate for the treatment of lung disease caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). The identified resistance associated mutations and the observed differential resistance behavior of the two characterized NTM species provide a basis for follow-up studies of resistance in vivo to further inform clinical development of SPR719.
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8
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Addison W, Frederickson M, Coyne AG, Abell C. Potential therapeutic targets from Mycobacterium abscessus (Mab): Recently reported efforts towards the discovery of novel antibacterial agents to treat Mab infections. RSC Med Chem 2022; 13:392-404. [PMID: 35647542 PMCID: PMC9020770 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00359c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium abscessus (Mab) are rapidly growing mycobacteria that cause severe and persistent infections in both skin and lung tissues. Treatment regimens involve the extended usage of complex combinations of drugs, often leading to severe adverse side effects, particularly in immunocompromised patients. Current macrolide therapies are gradually proving to be less effective, largely due to emergence of antibiotic resistance; there is therefore an increasing need for the discovery of new antibacterials that are active against Mab. This review highlights recent research centred upon a number of potential therapeutic targets from Mab (Ag85C, ClpC1, GyrB, MmpL3 and TrmD), and discusses the various approaches used to discover small molecule inhibitors, in the search for future antibiotics for the treatment of Mab infections. Recently reported inhibitors developed against targets from Mycobacterium absecessus (Mab).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- William Addison
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Martyn Frederickson
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Anthony G Coyne
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Chris Abell
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
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9
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Virtual screening against Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA gyrase: Applications and success stories. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.armc.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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10
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Pidot SJ, Porter JL, Lister T, Stinear TP. In vitro activity of SPR719 against Mycobacterium ulcerans, Mycobacterium marinum and Mycobacterium chimaera. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009636. [PMID: 34310615 PMCID: PMC8341698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nontuberculosis mycobacterial (NTM) infections are increasing in prevalence across the world. In many cases, treatment options for these infections are limited. However, there has been progress in recent years in the development of new antimycobacterial drugs. Here, we investigate the in vitro activity of SPR719, a novel aminobenzimidazole antibiotic and the active form of the clinical-stage compound, SPR720, against several isolates of Mycobacterium ulcerans, Mycobacterium marinum and Mycobacterium chimaera. We show that SPR719 is active against these NTM species with a MIC range of 0.125–4 μg/ml and that this compares favorably with the commonly utilized antimycobacterial antibiotics, rifampicin and clarithromycin. Our findings suggest that SPR720 should be further evaluated for the treatment of NTM infections. Nontuberculosis mycobacteria represent a large group of diverse bacteria that live across a range of environments. Human contact with the habitats in which these organisms live can result in opportunistic infections. Among the NTM, Mycobacterium ulcerans causes necrotic skin ulcers that can lead to significant long term physical impairment; Mycobacterium marinum causes granulomatous skin lesions; and Mycobacterium chimaera has been linked to contaminated heater-cooler units used during cardiac surgery, resulting in prosthetic heart valve infections that are particularly difficult to treat. We performed laboratory experiments to test the susceptibility of these NTM species (M. ulcerans, M. marinum and M. chimaera) to a recently developed antibiotic, SPR719. We found that SPR719 inhibits the growth of these mycobacteria at concentration ranges similar to or better than commonly used anti-mycobacterial antibiotics. As SPR720, the oral prodrug of SPR719, has recently completed a Phase I safety, tolerability and PK study in healthy human volunteers, the potential exists for this product to be explored for the treatment of NTM infections, where new treatment options are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sacha J. Pidot
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Jessica L. Porter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Troy Lister
- Spero Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Timothy P. Stinear
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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11
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Karunanidhi S, Chandrasekaran B, Karpoormath R, Patel HM, Kayamba F, Merugu SR, Kumar V, Dhawan S, Kushwaha B, Mahlalela MC. Novel thiomorpholine tethered isatin hydrazones as potential inhibitors of resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Bioorg Chem 2021; 115:105133. [PMID: 34329993 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Novel chemotherapeutic agents against multidrug resistant-tuberculosis (MDR-TB) are urgently needed at this juncture to save the life of TB-infected patients. In this work, we have synthesized and characterized novel isatin hydrazones 4(a-o) and their thiomorpholine tethered analogues 5(a-o). All the synthesized compounds were initially screened for their anti-mycobacterial activity against the H37Rv strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) under level-I testing. Remarkably, five compounds 4f, 4h, 4n, 5f and 5m (IC50 = 1.9 µM to 9.8 µM) were found to be most active, with 4f (IC50 = 1.9 µM) indicating highest inhibition of H37Rv. These compounds were further evaluated at level-II testing against the five drug-resistant strains such as isoniazid-resistant strains (INH-R1 and INH-R2), rifampicin-resistant strains (RIF-R1 and RIF-R2) and fluoroquinolone-resistant strain (FQ-R1) of MTB. Interestingly, 4f and 5f emerged as the most potent compounds with IC50 of 3.6 µM and 1.9 µM against RIF-R1 MTB strain, followed by INH-R1 MTB strain with IC50 of 3.5 µM and 3.4 µM, respectively. Against FQ-R1 MTB strain, the lead compounds 4f and 5f displayed excellent inhibition at IC50 5.9 µM and 4.9 µM, respectively indicating broad-spectrum of activity. Further, molecular docking, ADME pharmacokinetic and molecular dynamics simulations of the compounds were performed against the DNA gyrase B and obtained encouraging results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivanandhan Karunanidhi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Balakumar Chandrasekaran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Rajshekhar Karpoormath
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban 4000, South Africa.
| | - Harun M Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban 4000, South Africa; R.C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur (Dhule) 425405, Maharashtra, India
| | - Francis Kayamba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Srinivas Reddy Merugu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Vishal Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Sanjeev Dhawan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Babita Kushwaha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Mavela Cleopus Mahlalela
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban 4000, South Africa
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12
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Abstract
After several years of limited success, an effective regimen for the treatment of both drug-sensitive and multiple-drug-resistant tuberculosis is in place. However, this success is still incomplete, as we need several more novel combinations to treat extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis, as well newer emerging resistance. Additionally, the goal of a shortened therapy continues to evade us. A systematic analysis of the tuberculosis drug discovery approaches employed over the last two decades shows that the lead identification path has been largely influenced by the improved understanding of the biology of the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Interestingly, the drug discovery efforts can be grouped into a few defined approaches that predominated over a period of time. This review delineates the key drivers during each of these periods. While doing so, the author’s experiences at AstraZeneca R&D, Bangalore, India, on the discovery of new antimycobacterial candidate drugs are used to exemplify the concept. Finally, the review also discusses the value of validated targets, promiscuous targets, the current anti-TB pipeline, the gaps in it, and the possible way forward.
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13
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Stokes SS, Vemula R, Pucci MJ. Advancement of GyrB Inhibitors for Treatment of Infections Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Non-tuberculous Mycobacteria. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:1323-1331. [PMID: 32183511 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The prospect of ever increasing antibiotic resistance eroding currently available treatment options for bacterial infections underscores the need to continue to identify new antibiotics, preferably those that act on novel targets or with novel mechanisms of action. Bacterial gyrase B subunit (GyrB), an essential component of bacterial gyrase required for successful DNA replication, represents such a target. We describe recent examples of GyrB inhibitors and point out their potential utility for treatment of mycobacterial diseases caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) and non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). Current therapeutic options for these diseases are often suboptimal due to resistance to current standard of care antibiotics. A future GyrB inhibitor-based antibiotic could offer a new and effective addition to the armamentarium for treatment of mycobacterial diseases and possibly for infections caused by other bacterial pathogens. One GyrB inhibitor, SPR720, has recently completed a first-in-human clinical trial and is in clinical development for the treatment of NTM and TB infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne S. Stokes
- Spero Therapeutics, 675 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Rajender Vemula
- Spero Therapeutics, 675 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael J. Pucci
- Spero Therapeutics, 675 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Anti-Tubercular Activity of Substituted 7-Methyl and 7-Formylindolizines and In Silico Study for Prospective Molecular Target Identification. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:antibiotics8040247. [PMID: 31816928 PMCID: PMC6963442 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8040247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel series of diversely substituted indolizines were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their in vitro anti-mycobacterial activity against H37Rv and multi-drug-resistant (MDR) strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Many compounds exhibited significant inhibitory activity against MTB H37Rv strains. Indolizines 2d, 2e, and 4 were also found to be active against MTB clinical isolates with multi-resistance to rifampicin and isoniazid. Indolizine 4 was identified as the most promising anti-mycobacterial agent, displaying minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 4 and 32 μg/mL against H37Rv and MDR strains, respectively. Furthermore, an in silico study was carried out for prospective molecular target identification and revealed favorable interactions with the target enzymes CYP 121, malate synthase, and DNA GyrB ATPase. None of the potent molecules presented toxicity against peripheral blood mononuclear (PBM) cell lines, demonstrating their potentiality to be used for drug-sensitive and drug-resistant tuberculosis therapy.
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15
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Kamsri P, Punkvang A, Hannongbua S, Suttisintong K, Kittakoop P, Spencer J, Mulholland AJ, Pungpo P. In silico study directed towards identification of the key structural features of GyrB inhibitors targeting MTB DNA gyrase: HQSAR, CoMSIA and molecular dynamics simulations. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 30:775-800. [PMID: 31607177 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2019.1658218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA gyrase subunit B (GyrB) has been identified as a promising target for rational drug design against fluoroquinolone drug-resistant tuberculosis. In this study, we attempted to identify the key structural feature for highly potent GyrB inhibitors through 2D-QSAR using HQSAR, 3D-QSAR using CoMSIA and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations approaches on a series of thiazole urea core derivatives. The best HQSAR and CoMSIA models based on IC50 and MIC displayed the structural basis required for good activity against both GyrB enzyme and mycobacterial cell. MD simulations and binding free energy analysis using MM-GBSA and waterswap calculations revealed that the urea core of inhibitors has the strongest interaction with Asp79 via hydrogen bond interactions. In addition, cation-pi interaction and hydrophobic interactions of the R2 substituent with Arg82 and Arg141 help to enhance the binding affinity in the GyrB ATPase binding site. Thus, the present study provides crucial structural features and a structural concept for rational design of novel DNA gyrase inhibitors with improved biological activities against both enzyme and mycobacterial cell, and with good pharmacokinetic properties and drug safety profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kamsri
- Division of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Nakhon Phanom University , Nakhon Phanon , Thailand
| | - A Punkvang
- Division of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Nakhon Phanom University , Nakhon Phanon , Thailand
| | - S Hannongbua
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - K Suttisintong
- National Nanotechnology Center, NSTDA , Pathum Thani , Thailand
| | - P Kittakoop
- Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chemical Biology Program, Chulabhorn Royal Academy , Bangkok , Thailand
- Chulabhorn Research Institute , Bangkok , Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), CHE, Ministry of Education , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - J Spencer
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol , Bristol , UK
| | - A J Mulholland
- Centre for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol , Bristol , UK
| | - P Pungpo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ubon Ratchathani University , Ubon Ratchathani , Thailand
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16
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Das S, Garg T, Srinivas N, Dasgupta A, Chopra S. Targeting DNA Gyrase to Combat Mycobacterium tuberculosis: An Update. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:579-593. [PMID: 30834837 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190304130218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
DNA gyrase is a clinically validated drug target, currently targeted only by fluoroquinolone class of antibacterials. However, owing to increasing drug resistance as well as a concomitant reduction in the availability of newer classes of antibiotics, fluoroquinolones are increasingly being over-utilized in order to treat serious infections, including multi-drug resistant tuberculosis. This, in turn, increases the probability of resistance to fluoroquinolones, which is mediated by a single amino acid change in gyrA, leading to class-wide resistance. In this review, we provide an overview of the recent progress in identifying novel scaffolds which target DNA gyrase and provide an update on their discovery and development status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swetarka Das
- Division of Microbiology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Tanu Garg
- Division of Microbiology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nanduri Srinivas
- Department of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Arunava Dasgupta
- Division of Microbiology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sidharth Chopra
- Division of Microbiology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
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17
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In Vitro and In Vivo Activities of DS-2969b, a Novel GyrB Inhibitor, and Its Water-Soluble Prodrug, DS11960558, against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.02556-17. [PMID: 29610202 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02556-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
DS-2969b is a novel GyrB inhibitor under clinical development. In this study, the in vitro activity of DS-2969b and the in vivo activities of DS-2969b and its water-soluble prodrug, DS11960558, against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were evaluated. DS-2969b inhibited the supercoiling activity of S. aureus DNA gyrase and the decatenation activity of its topoisomerase IV. DS-2969b showed antibacterial activity against Gram-positive aerobes but not against Gram-negative aerobes, except for Moraxella catarrhalis and Haemophilus influenzae DS-2969b was active against MRSA with an MIC90 of 0.25 μg/ml, which was 8-fold lower than that of linezolid. The presence of a pulmonary surfactant did not affect the MIC of DS-2969b. DS-2969b showed time-dependent slow killing against MRSA. The frequency of spontaneous resistance development was less than 6.2 × 10-10 in all four S. aureus isolates at 4× MIC of DS-2969b. In a neutropenic MRSA-induced murine muscle infection model, DS-2969b was more efficacious than linezolid by both the subcutaneous and oral routes. DS-2969b and DS11960558 showed efficacy in a neutropenic murine MRSA lung infection model. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of DS-2969b and DS11960558 against MRSA were characterized in a neutropenic murine thigh infection model; the percentage of time during the dosing period in which the free drug concentration exceeded the MIC (fTMIC) correlated best with in vivo efficacy, and the static percent fTMIC was 43 to 49%. A sufficient fTMIC was observed in a phase 1 multiple-ascending-dose study of DS-2969b given orally at 400 mg once a day. These results suggest that DS11960558 and DS-2969b have potential for use as intravenous-to-oral step-down therapy for treating MRSA infections with a higher efficacy than linezolid.
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18
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Reiche MA, Warner DF, Mizrahi V. Targeting DNA Replication and Repair for the Development of Novel Therapeutics against Tuberculosis. Front Mol Biosci 2017; 4:75. [PMID: 29184888 PMCID: PMC5694481 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2017.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the etiological agent of tuberculosis (TB), an infectious disease which results in approximately 10 million incident cases and 1.4 million deaths globally each year, making it the leading cause of mortality from infection. An effective frontline combination chemotherapy exists for TB; however, this regimen requires the administration of four drugs in a 2 month long intensive phase followed by a continuation phase of a further 4 months with two of the original drugs, and is only effective for the treatment of drug-sensitive TB. The emergence and global spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) as well as extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains of M. tuberculosis, and the complications posed by co-infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other co-morbidities such as diabetes, have prompted urgent efforts to develop shorter regimens comprising new compounds with novel mechanisms of action. This demands that researchers re-visit cellular pathways and functions that are essential to M. tuberculosis survival and replication in the host but which are inadequately represented amongst the targets of current anti-mycobacterial agents. Here, we consider the DNA replication and repair machinery as a source of new targets for anti-TB drug development. Like most bacteria, M. tuberculosis encodes a complex array of proteins which ensure faithful and accurate replication and repair of the chromosomal DNA. Many of these are essential; so, too, are enzymes in the ancillary pathways of nucleotide biosynthesis, salvage, and re-cycling, suggesting the potential to inhibit replication and repair functions at multiple stages. To this end, we provide an update on the state of chemotherapeutic inhibition of DNA synthesis and related pathways in M. tuberculosis. Given the established links between genotoxicity and mutagenesis, we also consider the potential implications of targeting DNA metabolic pathways implicated in the development of drug resistance in M. tuberculosis, an organism which is unusual in relying exclusively on de novo mutations and chromosomal rearrangements for evolution, including the acquisition of drug resistance. In that context, we conclude by discussing the feasibility of targeting mutagenic pathways in an ancillary, “anti-evolution” strategy aimed at protecting existing and future TB drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Reiche
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Digby F Warner
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Valerie Mizrahi
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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19
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DNA topoisomerase I and DNA gyrase as targets for TB therapy. Drug Discov Today 2017; 22:510-518. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Engineering another class of anti-tubercular lead: Hit to lead optimization of an intriguing class of gyrase ATPase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 122:216-231. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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21
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Comparative Study of Activities of a Diverse Set of Antimycobacterial Agents against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium ulcerans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:3132-7. [PMID: 26883701 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02658-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A library of compounds covering a broad chemical space was selected from a tuberculosis drug development program and was screened in a whole-cell assay against Mycobacterium ulcerans, the causative agent of the necrotizing skin disease Buruli ulcer. While a number of potent antitubercular agents were only weakly active or inactive against M. ulcerans, five compounds showed high activity (90% inhibitory concentration [IC90], ≤1 μM), making screening of focused antitubercular libraries a good starting point for lead generation against M. ulcerans.
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22
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Jeankumar VU, Saxena S, Vats R, Reshma RS, Janupally R, Kulkarni P, Yogeeswari P, Sriram D. Structure-Guided Discovery of Antitubercular Agents That Target the Gyrase ATPase Domain. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:539-48. [PMID: 26805396 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In this study we explored the pharmaceutically underexploited ATPase domain of DNA gyrase (GyrB) as a potential platform for developing novel agents that target Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In this effort a combination of ligand- and structure-based pharmacophore modeling was used to identify structurally diverse small-molecule inhibitors of the mycobacterial GyrB domain based on the crystal structure of the enzyme with a pyrrolamide inhibitor (PDB ID: 4BAE). Pharmacophore modeling and subsequent in vitro screening resulted in an initial hit compound 5 [(E)-5-(5-(2-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-2-cyanovinyl)furan-2-yl)isophthalic acid; IC50 =4.6±0.1 μm], which was subsequently tailored through a combination of molecular modeling and synthetic chemistry to yield the optimized lead compound 24 [(E)-3-(5-(2-cyano-2-(5-methyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)vinyl)thiophen-2-yl)benzoic acid; IC50 =0.3±0.2 μm], which was found to display considerable in vitro efficacy against the purified GyrB enzyme and potency against the H37 Rv strain of M. tuberculosis. Structural handles were also identified that will provide a suitable foundation for further optimization of these potent analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Variam U Jeankumar
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science - Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Shameerpet, R.R. District, Hyderabad, 500078, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Shalini Saxena
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science - Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Shameerpet, R.R. District, Hyderabad, 500078, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Rahul Vats
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science - Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Shameerpet, R.R. District, Hyderabad, 500078, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Rudraraju Srilakshmi Reshma
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science - Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Shameerpet, R.R. District, Hyderabad, 500078, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Renuka Janupally
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science - Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Shameerpet, R.R. District, Hyderabad, 500078, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Pushkar Kulkarni
- Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, India.,Zephase Therapeutics (an incubated company at Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences), University of Hyderabad Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Perumal Yogeeswari
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science - Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Shameerpet, R.R. District, Hyderabad, 500078, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Dharmarajan Sriram
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science - Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Shameerpet, R.R. District, Hyderabad, 500078, Andhra Pradesh, India.
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23
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Klahn P, Brönstrup M. New Structural Templates for Clinically Validated and Novel Targets in Antimicrobial Drug Research and Development. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2016; 398:365-417. [PMID: 27704270 DOI: 10.1007/82_2016_501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The development of bacterial resistance against current antibiotic drugs necessitates a continuous renewal of the arsenal of efficacious drugs. This imperative has not been met by the output of antibiotic research and development of the past decades for various reasons, including the declining efforts of large pharma companies in this area. Moreover, the majority of novel antibiotics are chemical derivatives of existing structures that represent mostly step innovations, implying that the available chemical space may be exhausted. This review negates this impression by showcasing recent achievements in lead finding and optimization of antibiotics that have novel or unexplored chemical structures. Not surprisingly, many of the novel structural templates like teixobactins, lysocin, griselimycin, or the albicidin/cystobactamid pair were discovered from natural sources. Additional compounds were obtained from the screening of synthetic libraries and chemical synthesis, including the gyrase-inhibiting NTBI's and spiropyrimidinetrione, the tarocin and targocil inhibitors of wall teichoic acid synthesis, or the boronates and diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octane as novel β-lactamase inhibitors. A motif that is common to most clinically validated antibiotics is that they address hotspots in complex biosynthetic machineries, whose functioning is essential for the bacterial cell. Therefore, an introduction to the biological targets-cell wall synthesis, topoisomerases, the DNA sliding clamp, and membrane-bound electron transport-is given for each of the leads presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Klahn
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Mark Brönstrup
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany.
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24
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Bobesh KA, Renuka J, Srilakshmi RR, Yellanki S, Kulkarni P, Yogeeswari P, Sriram D. Replacement of cardiotoxic aminopiperidine linker with piperazine moiety reduces cardiotoxicity? Mycobacterium tuberculosis novel bacterial topoisomerase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 24:42-52. [PMID: 26678175 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Recently numerous non-fluoroquinolone-based bacterial type II topoisomerase inhibitors from both the GyrA and GyrB classes have been reported as antibacterial agents. Inhibitors of the GyrA class include aminopiperidine-based novel bacterial type II topoisomerase inhibitors (NBTIs). However, inhibition of the cardiac ion channel remains a serious liability for the aminopiperidine based NBTIs. In this paper we replaced central aminopiperidine linker with piperazine moiety and tested for its biological activity. We developed a series of twenty four compounds with a piperazine linker 1-(2-(piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)-1,5-naphthyridin-2(1H)-one, by following a multistep protocol. Among them compound 4-(2-(7-methoxy-2-oxo-1,5-naphthyridin-1(2H)-yl)ethyl)-N-(4-nitrophenyl)piperazine-1-carboxamide (11) was the most promising inhibitor with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) DNA gyrase enzyme supercoiling IC50 of 0.29±0.22μM, with a good MTB MIC of 3.45μM. These kind of compounds retains good potency and showed reduced cardiotoxicity compared to aminopiperidines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karyakulam Andrews Bobesh
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawaharnagar, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Janupally Renuka
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawaharnagar, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Rudraraju Reshma Srilakshmi
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawaharnagar, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Swapna Yellanki
- Dr Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India; Zephase Therapeutics (an Incubated Company at the Dr Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences), University of Hyderabad Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Pushkar Kulkarni
- Dr Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India; Zephase Therapeutics (an Incubated Company at the Dr Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences), University of Hyderabad Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Perumal Yogeeswari
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawaharnagar, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Dharmarajan Sriram
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawaharnagar, Hyderabad 500078, India.
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Hameed P S, Manjrekar P, Raichurkar A, Shinde V, Puttur J, Shanbhag G, Chinnapattu M, Patil V, Rudrapatana S, Sharma S, Kumar CNN, Nandishaiah R, Madhavapeddi P, Sriram D, Solapure S, Sambandamurthy VK. Left-Hand Side Exploration of Novel Bacterial Topoisomerase Inhibitors to Improve Selectivity against hERG Binding. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:741-6. [PMID: 26191359 DOI: 10.1021/ml500531p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Structure-activity relationship (SAR) exploration on the left-hand side (LHS) of a novel class of bacterial topoisomerase inhibitors led to a significant improvement in the selectivity against hERG cardiac channel binding with concomitant potent antimycobacterial activity. Bulky polar substituents at the C-7 position of the naphthyridone ring did not disturb its positioning between two base pairs of DNA. Further optimization of the polar substituents on the LHS of the naphthyridone ring led to potent antimycobacterial activity (Mtb MIC = 0.06 μM) against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Additionally, this knowledge provided a robust SAR understanding to mitigate the hERG risk. This compound class inhibits Mtb DNA gyrase and retains its antimycobacterial activity against moxifloxacin-resistant strains of Mtb. Finally, we demonstrate in vivo proof of concept in an acute mouse model of TB following oral administration of compound 19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahul Hameed P
- AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd, Avishkar, Bellary Road, Bangalore-560024, India
| | - Praveena Manjrekar
- AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd, Avishkar, Bellary Road, Bangalore-560024, India
| | | | - Vikas Shinde
- AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd, Avishkar, Bellary Road, Bangalore-560024, India
| | - Jayashree Puttur
- AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd, Avishkar, Bellary Road, Bangalore-560024, India
| | - Gajanan Shanbhag
- AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd, Avishkar, Bellary Road, Bangalore-560024, India
| | | | - Vikas Patil
- AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd, Avishkar, Bellary Road, Bangalore-560024, India
| | - Suresh Rudrapatana
- AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd, Avishkar, Bellary Road, Bangalore-560024, India
| | - Sreevalli Sharma
- AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd, Avishkar, Bellary Road, Bangalore-560024, India
| | - C. N. Naveen Kumar
- AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd, Avishkar, Bellary Road, Bangalore-560024, India
| | - Radha Nandishaiah
- AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd, Avishkar, Bellary Road, Bangalore-560024, India
| | | | - D. Sriram
- AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd, Avishkar, Bellary Road, Bangalore-560024, India
| | - Suresh Solapure
- AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd, Avishkar, Bellary Road, Bangalore-560024, India
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A novel inhibitor of gyrase B is a potent drug candidate for treatment of tuberculosis and nontuberculosis mycobacterial infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 59:1455-65. [PMID: 25534737 DOI: 10.1128/aac.04347-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
New drugs to treat drug-resistant tuberculosis are urgently needed. Extensively drug-resistant and probably the totally drug-resistant tuberculosis strains are resistant to fluoroquinolones like moxifloxacin, which target gyrase A, and most people infected with these strains die within a year. In this study, we found that a novel aminobenzimidazole, VXc-486, which targets gyrase B, potently inhibits multiple drug-sensitive isolates and drug-resistant isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro (MICs of 0.03 to 0.30 μg/ml and 0.08 to 5.48 μg/ml, respectively) and reduces mycobacterial burdens in lungs of infected mice in vivo. VXc-486 is active against drug-resistant isolates, has bactericidal activity, and kills intracellular and dormant M. tuberculosis bacteria in a low-oxygen environment. Furthermore, we found that VXc-486 inhibits the growth of multiple strains of Mycobacterium abscessus, Mycobacterium avium complex, and Mycobacterium kansasii (MICs of 0.1 to 2.0 μg/ml), as well as that of several strains of Nocardia spp. (MICs of 0.1 to 1.0 μg/ml). We made a direct comparison of the parent compound VXc-486 and a phosphate prodrug of VXc-486 and showed that the prodrug of VXc-486 had more potent killing of M. tuberculosis than did VXc-486 in vivo. In combination with other antimycobacterial drugs, the prodrug of VXc-486 sterilized M. tuberculosis infection when combined with rifapentine-pyrazinamide and bedaquiline-pyrazinamide in a relapse infection study in mice. Furthermore, the prodrug of VXc-486 appeared to perform at least as well as the gyrase A inhibitor moxifloxacin. These findings warrant further development of the prodrug of VXc-486 for the treatment of tuberculosis and nontuberculosis mycobacterial infections.
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Humnabadkar V, Madhavapeddi P, Basavarajappa H, Sheikh MG, Rane R, Basu R, Verma P, Sundaram A, Mukherjee K, de Sousa SM. Assays, Surrogates, and Alternative Technologies for a TB Lead Identification Program Targeting DNA Gyrase ATPase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 20:265-74. [DOI: 10.1177/1087057114554170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) DNA gyrase ATPase was the target of a tuberculosis drug discovery program. The low specific activity of the Mtb ATPase prompted the use of Mycobacterium smegmatis (Msm) enzyme as a surrogate for lead generation, since it had 20-fold higher activity. Addition of GyrA or DNA did not significantly increase the activity of the Msm GyrB ATPase, and an assay was developed using GyrB alone. Inhibition of the Msm ATPase correlated well with inhibition of Mtb DNA gyrase supercoiling across three chemical scaffolds, justifying its use. As the IC50 of compounds approached the enzyme concentration, surrogate assays were used to estimate potencies (e.g., the shift in thermal melt of Mtb GyrB, which correlated well with IC50s >10 nM). Analysis using the Morrison equation enabled determination of [Formula: see text]s in the sub-nanomolar range. Surface plasmon resonance was used to confirm these IC50s and measure the Kds of binding, but a fragment of Mtb GyrB had to be used. Across three scaffolds, the dissociation half life, t1/2, of the inhibitor-target complex was ≤8 min. This toolkit of assays was developed to track the potency of enzyme inhibition and guide the chemistry for progression of compounds in a lead identification program.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Halesha Basavarajappa
- AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore, India
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Md. Gulebahar Sheikh
- AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore, India
- Enzene Bioscience Ltd., Bangalore, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Kakoli Mukherjee
- AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore, India
- Alkem Laboratories, Bangalore, India
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Ehmann DE, Lahiri SD. Novel compounds targeting bacterial DNA topoisomerase/DNA gyrase. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2014; 18:76-83. [PMID: 25271174 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Among the targets for the development of new antibacterial agents, bacterial topoisomerases remain a vibrant area of discovery. A structurally diverse set of inhibitors that bind to the adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) site of type II topoisomerases have been disclosed recently. Seven compounds with this mechanism are highlighted, focusing on antibacterial potency and spectrum, as well as examples of in vivo efficacy against pathogens including Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Five compounds from two structural classes are exemplified that are inhibitors that bind to the catalytic site of DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of these molecules, derived from in vivo efficacy against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens, define the potential for these agents with broad-spectrum and targeted-spectrum clinical utilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Ehmann
- Infection Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, USA.
| | - Sushmita D Lahiri
- Infection Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
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Panda M, Ramachandran S, Ramachandran V, Shirude PS, Humnabadkar V, Nagalapur K, Sharma S, Kaur P, Guptha S, Narayan A, Mahadevaswamy J, Ambady A, Hegde N, Rudrapatna SS, Hosagrahara VP, Sambandamurthy VK, Raichurkar A. Discovery of pyrazolopyridones as a novel class of noncovalent DprE1 inhibitor with potent anti-mycobacterial activity. J Med Chem 2014; 57:4761-71. [PMID: 24818517 DOI: 10.1021/jm5002937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel pyrazolopyridone class of inhibitors was identified from whole cell screening against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The series exhibits excellent bactericidality in vitro, resulting in a 4 log reduction in colony forming units following compound exposure. The significant modulation of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against a Mtb strain overexpressing the Rv3790 gene suggested the target of pyrazolopyridones to be decaprenylphosphoryl-β-D-ribose-2'-epimerase (DprE1). Genetic mapping of resistance mutation coupled with potent enzyme inhibition activity confirmed the molecular target. Detailed biochemical characterization revealed the series to be a noncovalent inhibitor of DprE1. Docking studies at the active site suggest that the series can be further diversified to improve the physicochemical properties without compromising the antimycobacterial activity. The pyrazolopyridone class of inhibitors offers an attractive non-nitro lead series targeting the essential and vulnerable DprE1 enzyme for the discovery of novel antimycobacterial agents to treat both drug susceptible and drug resistant strains of Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoranjan Panda
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Bioscience, IMED Infection, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd. , Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, India
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Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of AZD5847 in a mouse model of tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:4185-90. [PMID: 24820085 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00137-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AZD5847, a novel oxazolidinone with an MIC of 1 μg/ml, exhibits exposure-dependent killing kinetics against extracellular and intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Oral administration of AZD5847 to mice infected with M. tuberculosis H37Rv in a chronic-infection model resulted in a 1.0-log10 reduction in the lung CFU count after 4 weeks of treatment at a daily area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) of 105 to 158 μg · h/ml. The pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic parameter that best predicted success in an acute-infection model was an AUC for the free, unbound fraction of the drug/MIC ratio of ≥ 20. The percentage of time above the MIC in all of the efficacious regimens was 25% or greater.
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Mayer C, Janin YL. Non-quinolone inhibitors of bacterial type IIA topoisomerases: a feat of bioisosterism. Chem Rev 2013; 114:2313-42. [PMID: 24313284 DOI: 10.1021/cr4003984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudine Mayer
- Unité de Microbiologie Structurale, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Institut Pasteur , 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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