1
|
Dong X, Meng F, Hu T, Ju S, Li Y, Sun P, Wang Y, Chen W, Zhang F, Su H, Li S, Cui H, Chen J, Xu S, Fang L, Luan H, Zhang Z, Chang S, Li J, Wang L, Zhao P, Shi W, Cui Z. Dynamic Co-evolution and Interaction of Avian Leukosis Virus Genetic Variants and Host Immune Responses. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1168. [PMID: 28694798 PMCID: PMC5483431 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Subgroup J avian leukosis virus (ALV-J), a typical retrovirus, is characterized of existence of a cloud of diverse variants and considerable genetic diversity. Previous studies describing the evolutionary dynamics of ALV-J genetic variants mainly focused on the early infection period or few randomly selected clones. Here, we inoculated 30 specific-pathogen-free chickens with the same founder ALV-J stock of known genetic background. Six (three antibody positive and three antibody negative) chickens were selected among 15 chickens with viremia. Viruses were serially isolated in 36 weeks and then sequenced using MiSeq high-throughput sequencing platform. This produced the largest ALV-J dataset to date, composed of more than three million clean reads. Our results showed that host humoral immunity could greatly enhance the genetic diversity of ALV-J genetic variants. In particular, selection pressures promoted a dynamic proportional changes in ALV-J genetic variants frequency. Cross-neutralization experiment showed that along with the change of the dominant variant, the antibody titers specific to infectious clones corresponding to the most dominant variants in weeks 12 and 28 have also changed significantly in sera collected in weeks 16 and 32. In contrast, no shift of dominant variant was observed in antibody-negative chickens. Moreover, we identified a novel hypervariable region in the gp85 gene. Our study reveals the interaction between ALV-J and the host, which could facilitate the development of vaccines and antiviral drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaian, China
| | - Fanfeng Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaian, China
| | - Tao Hu
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, Taishan Medical CollegeTaian, China
| | - Sidi Ju
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaian, China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaian, China
| | - Peng Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaian, China
| | - Yixin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaian, China
| | - Wenqing Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaian, China
| | - Fushou Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaian, China
| | - Hongqin Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaian, China
| | - Sifei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaian, China
| | - He Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaian, China
| | - Junxia Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaian, China
| | - Shuzhen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaian, China
| | - Lichun Fang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaian, China
| | - Huaibiao Luan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaian, China
| | - Zhenjie Zhang
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, Taishan Medical CollegeTaian, China
| | - Shuang Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaian, China
| | - Jianliang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaian, China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaian, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaian, China
| | - Weifeng Shi
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, Taishan Medical CollegeTaian, China
| | - Zhizhong Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaian, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Meng F, Dong X, Hu T, Chang S, Fan J, Zhao P, Cui Z. A deep sequencing reveals significant diversity among dominant variants and evolutionary dynamics of avian leukosis viruses in two infectious ecosystems. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:287. [PMID: 27993149 PMCID: PMC5168851 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0902-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As a typical retrovirus, the evolution of Avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J) in different infectious ecosystems is not characterized, what we know is there are a cloud of diverse variants, namely quasispecies with considerable genetic diversity. This study is to explore the selection of infectious ecosystems on dominant variants and their evolutionary dynamics of ALV-J between DF1 cells and specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens. High-throughput sequencing platforms provide an approach for detecting quasispecies diversity more fully. Results An average of about 20,000 valid reads were obtained from two variable regions of gp85 gene and LTR-U3 region from each sample in different infectious ecosystems. The top 10 dominant variants among ALV-J from chicken plasmas, DF1 cells and liver tumor were completely different from each other. Also there was a difference of shannon entropy and global selection pressure values (ω) in different infectious ecosystems. In the plasmas of two chickens, a large portion of quasispecies contained a 3-peptides “LSD” repeat insertion that was only less than 0.01% in DF1 cell culture supernatants. In parallel studies, the LTR-U3 region of ALV-J from the chicken plasmas demonstrated more variants with mutations in their transcription regulatory elements than those from DF1 cells. Conclusions Our data taken together suggest that the molecular epidemiology based on isolated ALV-J in cell culture may not represent the true evolution of virus in chicken flocks in the field. The biological significance of the “LSD” insert and mutations in LTR-U3 needs to be further studied. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-016-0902-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fanfeng Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Xuan Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Tao Hu
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, Taishan Medical College, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Shuang Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Jianhua Fan
- Poultry lnstitute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China.
| | - Zhizhong Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Validation of the HIV Tropism Test TROCAI Using the Virological Response to a Short-Term Maraviroc Monotherapy Exposure. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:6398-401. [PMID: 27480849 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01326-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
TROCAI is a phenotypic tropism test developed using the virological response to a short-term exposure to maraviroc monotherapy (Maraviroc Clinical Test [MCT]). It was found that with TROCAI, a cutoff of <0.5% of dual/mixed viruses was needed to predict R5 HIV tropism. Here, we have validated TROCAI, using this cutoff, in a new cohort of 42 patients, finding a very high concordance between TROCAI and MCT (98%), and a good concordance (71 to 87%) with other genotypic/phenotypic methods.
Collapse
|
4
|
No selection of CXCR4-using variants in cell reservoirs of dual-mixed HIV-infected patients on suppressive maraviroc therapy. AIDS 2016; 30:965-8. [PMID: 26752281 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We used ultradeep sequencing to investigate the evolution of the frequency of CXCR4-using viruses in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 22 patients infected with both CCR5 and CXCR4-using viruses treated with the CCR5 antagonist maraviroc for 24 weeks and a stable antiviral therapy. The mean CXCR4-using virus frequency in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was 59% before maraviroc intensification and 52% after 24 weeks of effective treatment, indicating no selection by maraviroc.
Collapse
|
5
|
Yokoyama M, Nomaguchi M, Doi N, Kanda T, Adachi A, Sato H. In silico Analysis of HIV-1 Env-gp120 Reveals Structural Bases for Viral Adaptation in Growth-Restrictive Cells. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:110. [PMID: 26903989 PMCID: PMC4746247 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Variable V1/V2 and V3 loops on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope-gp120 core play key roles in modulating viral competence to recognize two infection receptors, CD4 and chemokine-receptors. However, molecular bases for the modulation largely remain unclear. To address these issues, we constructed structural models for a full-length gp120 in CD4-free and -bound states. The models showed topologies of gp120 surface loop that agree with those in reported structural data. Molecular dynamics simulation showed that in the unliganded state, V1/V2 loop settled into a thermodynamically stable arrangement near V3 loop for conformational masking of V3 tip, a potent neutralization epitope. In the CD4-bound state, however, V1/V2 loop was rearranged near the bound CD4 to support CD4 binding. In parallel, cell-based adaptation in the absence of anti-viral antibody pressures led to the identification of amino acid substitutions that individually enhance viral entry and growth efficiencies in association with reduced sensitivity to CCR5 antagonist TAK-779. Notably, all these substitutions were positioned on the receptors binding surfaces in V1/V2 or V3 loop. In silico structural studies predicted some physical changes of gp120 by substitutions with alterations in viral replication phenotypes. These data suggest that V1/V2 loop is critical for creating a gp120 structure that masks co-receptor binding site compatible with maintenance of viral infectivity, and for tuning a functional balance of gp120 between immune escape ability and infectivity to optimize HIV-1 replication fitness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Yokoyama
- Laboratory of Viral Genomics, Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masako Nomaguchi
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School Tokushima, Japan
| | - Naoya Doi
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School Tokushima, Japan
| | - Tadahito Kanda
- Laboratory of Viral Genomics, Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious DiseasesTokyo, Japan; Department of Research Promotion, Division of Infectious Disease Research, Japan Agency for Medical Research and DevelopmentTokyo, Japan
| | - Akio Adachi
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hironori Sato
- Laboratory of Viral Genomics, Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gonzalez-Serna A, Genebat M, Ruiz-Mateos E, Leal M. Short-term maraviroc exposure, a clinical approach to decide on maraviroc prescription in HIV-1-infected treatment-naïve patients. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2016; 10:353-4. [PMID: 26848259 PMCID: PMC4723024 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s100639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Gonzalez-Serna
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Maranon, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Genebat
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Ezequiel Ruiz-Mateos
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Manuel Leal
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, Seville, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Incompatible Natures of the HIV-1 Envelope in Resistance to the CCR5 Antagonist Cenicriviroc and to Neutralizing Antibodies. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 60:437-50. [PMID: 26525792 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02285-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cenicriviroc is a CCR5 antagonist which prevents human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) from cellular entry. The CCR5-binding regions of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein are important targets for neutralizing antibodies (NAbs), and mutations conferring cenicriviroc resistance may therefore affect sensitivity to NAbs. Here, we used the in vitro induction of HIV-1 variants resistant to cenicriviroc or NAbs to examine the relationship between resistance to cenicriviroc and resistance to NAbs. The cenicriviroc-resistant variant KK652-67 (strain KK passaged 67 times in the presence of increasing concentrations of cenicriviroc) was sensitive to neutralization by NAbs against the V3 loop, the CD4-induced (CD4i) region, and the CD4-binding site (CD4bs), whereas the wild-type (WT) parental HIV-1 strain KKWT from which cenicriviroc-resistant strain KK652-67 was obtained was resistant to these NAbs. The V3 region of KK652-67 was important for cenicriviroc resistance and critical to the high sensitivity of the V3, CD4i, and CD4bs epitopes to NAbs. Moreover, induction of variants resistant to anti-V3 NAb 0.5γ and anti-CD4i NAb 4E9C from cenicriviroc-resistant strain KK652-67 resulted in reversion to the cenicriviroc-sensitive phenotype comparable to that of the parental strain, KKWT. Resistance to 0.5γ and 4E9C was caused by the novel substitutions R315K, G324R, and E381K in the V3 and C3 regions near the substitutions conferring cenicriviroc resistance. Importantly, these amino acid changes in the CCR5-binding region were also responsible for reversion to the cenicriviroc-sensitive phenotype. These results suggest the presence of key amino acid residues where resistance to cenicriviroc is incompatible with resistance to NAbs. This implies that cenicriviroc and neutralizing antibodies may restrict the emergence of variants resistant to each other.
Collapse
|
8
|
Garcia-Perez J, Staropoli I, Azoulay S, Heinrich JT, Cascajero A, Colin P, Lortat-Jacob H, Arenzana-Seisdedos F, Alcami J, Kellenberger E, Lagane B. A single-residue change in the HIV-1 V3 loop associated with maraviroc resistance impairs CCR5 binding affinity while increasing replicative capacity. Retrovirology 2015; 12:50. [PMID: 26081316 PMCID: PMC4470041 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-015-0177-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Maraviroc (MVC) is an allosteric CCR5 inhibitor used against HIV-1 infection. While MVC-resistant viruses have been identified in patients, it still remains incompletely known how they adjust their CD4 and CCR5 binding properties to resist MVC inhibition while preserving their replicative capacity. It is thought that they maintain high efficiency of receptor binding. To date however, information about the binding affinities to receptors for inhibitor-resistant HIV-1 remains limited. Results Here, we show by means of viral envelope (gp120) binding experiments and virus-cell fusion kinetics that a MVC-resistant virus (MVC-Res) that had emerged as a dominant viral quasispecies in a patient displays reduced affinities for CD4 and CCR5 either free or bound to MVC, as compared to its MVC-sensitive counterpart isolated before MVC therapy. An alanine insertion within the GPG motif (G310_P311insA) of the MVC-resistant gp120 V3 loop is responsible for the decreased CCR5 binding affinity, while impaired binding to CD4 is due to sequence changes outside V3. Molecular dynamics simulations of gp120 binding to CCR5 further emphasize that the Ala insertion alters the structure of the V3 tip and weakens interaction with CCR5 ECL2. Paradoxically, infection experiments on cells expressing high levels of CCR5 also showed that Ala allows MVC-Res to use CCR5 efficiently, thereby improving viral fusion and replication efficiencies. Actually, although we found that the V3 loop of MVC-Res is required for high levels of MVC resistance, other regions outside V3 are sufficient to confer a moderate level of resistance. These sequence changes outside V3, however, come with a replication cost, which is compensated for by the Ala insertion in V3. Conclusion These results indicate that changes in the V3 loop of MVC-resistant viruses can augment the efficiency of CCR5-dependent steps of viral entry other than gp120 binding, thereby compensating for their decreased affinity for entry receptors and improving their fusion and replication efficiencies. This study thus sheds light on unsuspected mechanisms whereby MVC-resistant HIV-1 could emerge and grow in treated patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12977-015-0177-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Garcia-Perez
- AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Isabelle Staropoli
- INSERM U1108, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France. .,Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France.
| | | | | | - Almudena Cascajero
- AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Philippe Colin
- INSERM U1108, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France. .,Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France. .,Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Cellule Pasteur, Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015, Paris, France.
| | - Hugues Lortat-Jacob
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), 38027, Grenoble, France. .,CNRS, IBS, 38027, Grenoble, France. .,CEA, DSV, IBS, 38027, Grenoble, France.
| | - Fernando Arenzana-Seisdedos
- INSERM U1108, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France. .,Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France.
| | - Jose Alcami
- AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Bernard Lagane
- INSERM U1108, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France. .,Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Philip KE, Macartney MJ, Conibear TC, Smith CJ, Marshall N, Johnson MA, Haque T, Webster DP. HIV co-receptor tropism prediction remains stable over time in treatment-naïve patients. Int J STD AIDS 2015; 27:576-80. [PMID: 25999168 DOI: 10.1177/0956462415587225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
HIV co-receptor tropism determination is essential before prescribing the CCR5 antagonist maraviroc. British HIV Association guidelines suggest tropism testing may remain valid for only 90 days in antiretroviral-naïve patients. We aimed to determine the accuracy of this figure. Tropism was assessed in 26 antiretroviral-naïve patients with ongoing viral replication, sampled yearly from first clinic visit. The V3 region of HIV-1 was sequenced in triplicate, then tropism predicted using the Geno2Pheno system. Baseline tropism prediction remained valid for a median of 52 months (range 7-81). For 19/26 individuals baseline tropism remained unchanged throughout a median of 54 months follow-up; 18 R5 tropic and 1 X4 tropic. In seven patients (27%) baseline tropism switched at least once (range 1-4 switches) during follow-up; however, their baseline tropism prediction remained valid for a median of 45 months. Co-receptor tropism in treatment-naïve patients with ongoing viral replication appears highly stable over time, suggesting that baseline genotypic tropism prediction may be valid for a longer duration in patients delaying ART initiation. In this study, baseline tropism prediction remained valid for a median of 52 months, suggesting current guidelines recommending repeat testing after 90 days may be excessively conservative in their assessment of tropism stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keir Ej Philip
- Department of Virology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Tim Cr Conibear
- Department of Virology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Colette J Smith
- Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Neal Marshall
- Department of HIV Medicine, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Margaret A Johnson
- Department of HIV Medicine, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Tanzina Haque
- Department of Virology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Daniel P Webster
- Department of Virology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Raymond S, Maillard A, Amiel C, Peytavin G, Trabaud MA, Desbois D, Bellecave P, Delaugerre C, Soulie C, Marcelin AG, Descamps D, Izopet J, the ANRS ACll Resistance Study Group, Reigadas S, Bellecave P, Pinson-Recordon P, Fleury H, Masquelier B, Signori-Schmuck A, Morand P, Bocket L, Mouna L, Andre P, Tardy JC, Trabaud MA, Descamps D, Charpentier C, Peytavin G, Brun-Vezinet F, Haim-Boukobza S, Roques AM, Soulie C, Lambert-Niclot S, Malet I, Wirden M, Fourati S, Marcelin AG, Calvez V, Flandre P, Assoumou L, Costagliola D, Morand-Joubert L, Delaugerre C, Schneider V, Amiel C, Giraudeau G, Maillard A, Nicot F, Izopet J. Virological failure of patients on maraviroc-based antiretroviral therapy. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015; 70:1858-64. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkv026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
11
|
Abstract
ABSTRACT HIV resistance against currently approved entry inhibitors, the chemokine receptor-5 (CCR5) antagonist maraviroc and the fusion inhibitor enfuvirtide (T-20), manifests in a complex manner that is distinct from the resistance patterns against other classes of antiretroviral drugs. Several attachment and fusion inhibitors are currently under various stages of development. Whereas CCR5 co-receptor antagonists have been widely studied until now, because patients who lack CCR5 are healthy and protected to some extent from HIV-infection, CXCR4-antagonist development has been slower, due to limited antiviral activity and potential toxicity given that CXCR4 may have essential cellular functions. Novel fusion inhibitor development is focusing on orally available small-molecule inhibitors that might replace T-20, which needs to be administered by subcutaneous injection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor G Kramer
- McGill AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mark A Wainberg
- McGill AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Quiñones-Mateu ME, Avila S, Reyes-Teran G, Martinez MA. Deep sequencing: becoming a critical tool in clinical virology. J Clin Virol 2014; 61:9-19. [PMID: 24998424 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Population (Sanger) sequencing has been the standard method in basic and clinical DNA sequencing for almost 40 years; however, next-generation (deep) sequencing methodologies are now revolutionizing the field of genomics, and clinical virology is no exception. Deep sequencing is highly efficient, producing an enormous amount of information at low cost in a relatively short period of time. High-throughput sequencing techniques have enabled significant contributions to multiples areas in virology, including virus discovery and metagenomics (viromes), molecular epidemiology, pathogenesis, and studies of how viruses to escape the host immune system and antiviral pressures. In addition, new and more affordable deep sequencing-based assays are now being implemented in clinical laboratories. Here, we review the use of the current deep sequencing platforms in virology, focusing on three of the most studied viruses: human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and influenza virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel E Quiñones-Mateu
- University Hospital Translational Laboratory, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Santiago Avila
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico; Centro de Investigaciones en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Reyes-Teran
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico; Centro de Investigaciones en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Miguel A Martinez
- Fundació irsicaixa, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
A vaccine against CCR5 protects a subset of macaques upon intravaginal challenge with simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac251. J Virol 2013; 88:2011-24. [PMID: 24307581 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02447-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
As an alternative to targeting human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), we have developed vaccines targeting CCR5, a self-protein critically involved in HIV replication and pathogenesis. By displaying peptides derived from CCR5 at high density on the surface of virus-like particles, we can efficiently induce high-titer IgG antibodies against this self-molecule. Here, we investigated whether prophylactic immunization of rhesus macaques with a particle-based vaccine targeting two regions of macaque CCR5 could prevent or suppress vaginal infection with highly virulent SIVmac251. Twelve macaques were vaccinated with a bacteriophage Qß-based vaccine targeting macaque CCR5 (Qß.CCR5). Six control animals were immunized with the Qß platform alone. All animals immunized with Qß.CCR5 developed high-titer anti-CCR5 antibody responses. Macaques were vaginally challenged with a high dose of SIVmac251. The mean peak viral RNA levels in the vaccinated groups were 30-fold lower than in the control group (10(6.8) versus 10(8.3) copies/ml plasma). Three of the 12 vaccinated macaques dramatically suppressed simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) replication: peak viral loads were low (10(3) to 10(4) RNA copies/ml), and SIV RNA became undetectable from 6 weeks onward. No viral RNA or DNA could be detected in colon and lymph node biopsy specimens collected 13 months after challenge. In vivo depletion of CD8(+) cells failed to induce a viral rebound. However, once anti-CCR5 antibody responses had waned, the 3 animals became infected after intravaginal and/or intravenous rechallenge. In conclusion, vaccination against CCR5 was associated with dramatic suppression of virus replication in a subset (25%) of macaques. These data support further research of vaccination against CCR5 to combat HIV infection.
Collapse
|