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Unger HW, Acharya S, Arnold L, Wu C, van Eijk AM, Gore-Langton GR, Ter Kuile FO, Lufele E, Chico RM, Price RN, Moore BR, Thriemer K, Rogerson SJ. The effect and control of malaria in pregnancy and lactating women in the Asia-Pacific region. Lancet Glob Health 2023; 11:e1805-e1818. [PMID: 37858590 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(23)00415-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Half of all pregnancies at risk of malaria worldwide occur in the Asia-Pacific region, where Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax co-exist. Despite substantial reductions in transmission, malaria remains an important cause of adverse health outcomes for mothers and offspring, including pre-eclampsia. Malaria transmission is heterogeneous, and infections are commonly subpatent and asymptomatic. High-grade antimalarial resistance poses a formidable challenge to malaria control in pregnancy in the region. Intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy reduces infection risk in meso-endemic New Guinea, whereas screen-and-treat strategies will require more sensitive point-of-care tests to control malaria in pregnancy. In the first trimester, artemether-lumefantrine is approved, and safety data are accumulating for other artemisinin-based combinations. Safety of novel antimalarials to treat artemisinin-resistant P falciparum during pregnancy, and of 8-aminoquinolines during lactation, needs to be established. A more systematic approach to the prevention of malaria in pregnancy in the Asia-Pacific is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger W Unger
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Darwin Hospital, Tiwi, NT, Australia; Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Sanjaya Acharya
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Lachlan Arnold
- Royal Melbourne Hospital Clinical School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Connie Wu
- Royal Melbourne Hospital Clinical School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Anna Maria van Eijk
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Georgia R Gore-Langton
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Feiko O Ter Kuile
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Elvin Lufele
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia; Vector-Borne Diseases Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - R Matthew Chico
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Ric N Price
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Brioni R Moore
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia; Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia; Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Kamala Thriemer
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Stephen J Rogerson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, The Doherty Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, The Doherty Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Domachowske JB, Anderson EJ, Goldstein M. The Future of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease Prevention and Treatment. Infect Dis Ther 2021; 10:47-60. [PMID: 33656652 PMCID: PMC7926075 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-020-00383-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of respiratory tract infections in infants, young children, and older or immunocompromised adults. Although aerosolized ribavirin was licensed for RSV treatment on the basis of data demonstrating a reduced need for supplemental oxygen, ribavirin use is limited because of issues with efficacy, safety, and cost. Currently, the treatment of RSV is primarily supportive. New antiviral treatments for RSV are in the early stages of development, but it will be years until any of these may be licensed by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Palivizumab, an RSV monoclonal antibody [immunoprophylaxis (IP)], has demonstrated effectiveness in disease prevention and is the only licensed IP for RSV disease in specific high-risk pediatric populations. Although its efficacy is well established, some challenges that may interfere with its clinical use include cost, need for monthly injections, and changing policy for use by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). Preventing RSV disease would be possible through RSV vaccine development (e.g., live-attenuated, vector-based subunit, or particle-based). Alternatively, new long-acting monoclonal antibodies have demonstrated promising results in early clinical trials. Despite scientific advances, until new agents become available, palivizumab should continue to be used to reduce RSV disease burden in high-risk patients for whom it is indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evan J Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mitchell Goldstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
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Reiter-Owona I, Hlobil H, Enders M, Klarmann-Schulz U, Gruetzmacher B, Rilling V, Hoerauf A, Garweg JG. Sulfadiazine plasma concentrations in women with pregnancy-acquired compared to ocular toxoplasmosis under pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine therapy: a case-control study. Eur J Med Res 2020; 25:59. [PMID: 33228795 PMCID: PMC7686675 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-020-00458-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dosing recommendations for the treatment of pregnancy-acquired toxoplasmosis are empirical and widely based on experimental data. There are no pharmacological data on pregnant women with acute Toxoplasma gondii infection under treatment with pyrimethamine (PY) and sulfadiazine (SA) and our study intends to tighten this gap. Methods In this retrospective case–control study, we included 89 pregnant women with primary Toxoplasma infection (PT) treated with PY (50 mg first dose, then 25 mg/day), SA (50 mg/kg of body weight/day), and folinic acid (10–15 mg per week). These were compared to a group of 17 women with acute ocular toxoplasmosis (OT) treated with an initial PY dose of 75 mg, thereafter 25 mg twice a day but on the same SA and folinic acid regimen. The exact interval between drug intake and blood sampling and co-medication had not been recorded. Plasma levels of PY and SA were determined 14 ± 4 days after treatment initiation using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and compared using the Mann–Whitney U test at a p < 0.05 level. Results In 23 PT patients (26%), SA levels were below 20 mg/l. Fifteen of these 23 patients (17% of all patients) in parallel presented with PY levels below 700 µg/l. Both drug concentrations differed remarkably between individuals and groups (PY: PT median 810 µg/l, 95% CI for the median [745; 917] vs. OT 1230 µg/l [780; 1890], p = 0.006; SA: PT 46.2 mg/l [39.9; 54.4] vs. OT 70.4 mg/l [52.4; 89], p = 0.015) despite an identical SA dosing scheme. Conclusions SA plasma concentrations were found in the median 34% lower in pregnant women with PT compared to OT patients and fell below a lower reference value of 50 mg/l in a substantial portion of PT patients. The interindividual variability of plasma concentrations in combination with systematically lower drug levels and possibly a lower compliance in pregnant women may thus account for a still not yet supportable transmission risk. Systematic drug-level testing in PT under PY/SA treatment deserves to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Reiter-Owona
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Martin Enders
- Labor Prof. Gisela Enders Und Kollegen, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ute Klarmann-Schulz
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum Für Infektionsforschung (DZIF) E. V., Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Barbara Gruetzmacher
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum Für Infektionsforschung (DZIF) E. V., Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Justus G Garweg
- Swiss Eye Institute, Berner Augenklinik am Lindenhofspital, Bremgartenstrasse 119, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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Moore BR, Davis TM. Updated pharmacokinetic considerations for the use of antimalarial drugs in pregnant women. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2020; 16:741-758. [PMID: 32729740 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2020.1802425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The association between pregnancy and altered drug pharmacokinetic (PK) properties is acknowledged, as is its impact on drug plasma concentrations and thus therapeutic efficacy. However, there have been few robust PK studies of antimalarial use in pregnancy. Given that inadequate dosing for prevention or treatment of malaria in pregnancy can result in negative maternal/infant outcomes, along with the potential to select for parasite drug resistance, it is imperative that reliable pregnancy-specific dosing recommendations are established. AREAS COVERED PK studies of antimalarial drugs in pregnancy. The present review summarizes the efficacy and PK properties of WHO-recommended therapies used in pregnancy, with a focus on PK studies published since 2014. EXPERT OPINION Changes in antimalarial drug disposition in pregnancy are well described, yet pregnant women continue to receive treatment regimens optimized for non-pregnant adults. Contemporary in silico modeling has recently identified a series of alternative dosing regimens that are predicted to provide optimal therapeutic efficacy for pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brioni R Moore
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University , Bentley, Western Australia, Australia.,Medical School, University of Western Australia , Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Timothy M Davis
- Medical School, University of Western Australia , Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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Salman S, Davis TME. Regarding "Lactation Status and Studies of Pyrimethamine Pharmacokinetics in Pregnancy". CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 6:730. [PMID: 29064165 PMCID: PMC5702900 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sam Salman
- University of Western Australia, Medical School, Fremantle Hospital, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Timothy M E Davis
- University of Western Australia, Medical School, Fremantle Hospital, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia
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