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Maseda E, Martín-Loeches I, Zaragoza R, Pemán J, Fortún J, Grau S, Aguilar G, Varela M, Borges M, Giménez MJ, Rodríguez A. Critical appraisal beyond clinical guidelines for intraabdominal candidiasis. Crit Care 2023; 27:382. [PMID: 37789338 PMCID: PMC10546659 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-023-04673-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regardless of the available antifungals, intraabdominal candidiasis (IAC) mortality continues to be high and represents a challenge for clinicians. MAIN BODY This opinion paper discusses alternative antifungal options for treating IAC. This clinical entity should be addressed separately from candidemia due to the peculiarity of the required penetration of antifungals into the peritoneal cavity. Intraabdominal concentrations may be further restricted in critically ill patients where pathophysiological facts alter normal drug distribution. Echinocandins are recommended as first-line treatment in guidelines for invasive candidiasis. However, considering published data, our pharmacodynamic analysis suggests the required increase of doses, postulated by some authors, to attain adequate pharmacokinetic (PK) levels in peritoneal fluid. Given the limited evidence in the literature on PK/PD-based treatments of IAC, an algorithm is proposed to guide antifungal treatment. Liposomal amphotericin B is advocated as first-line therapy in patients with sepsis/septic shock presenting candidemia or endophthalmitis, or with prior exposure to echinocandins and/or fluconazole, or with infections by Candida glabrata. Other situations and alternatives, such as new compounds or combination therapy, are also analysed. CONCLUSION There is a critical need for more robust clinical trials, studies examining patient heterogeneity and surveillance of antifungal resistance to enhance patient care and optimise treatment outcomes. Such evidence will help refine the existing guidelines and contribute to a more personalised and effective approach to treating this serious medical condition. Meanwhile, it is suggested to broaden the consideration of other options, such as liposomal amphotericin B, as first-line treatment until the results of the fungogram are available and antifungal stewardship could be implemented to prevent the development of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Maseda
- Service of Anesthesia, Hospital Quirónsalud Valle del Henares, Av. de La Constitución, 249, 28850, Torrejón de Ardoz, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ignacio Martín-Loeches
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Multidisciplinary Intensive Care Research Organization (MICRO), St James's Hospital, James Street, Leinster, Dublin 8, D08 NHY1, Ireland.
- Pulmonary Intensive Care Unit, Respiratory Institute, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS (Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer), University of Barcelona, CIBERes, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | - Javier Pemán
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitari I Politecnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain
- Fundación Micellium, La Eliana, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jesús Fortún
- Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Grau
- Service of Pharmacy, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gerardo Aguilar
- Service of Anesthesia, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marina Varela
- Service of Anesthesia, Área Sanitaria de Pontevedra, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Marcio Borges
- ICU, Hospital Universitario Son Llátzer, Palma, Spain
| | - María-José Giménez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physiotherapy, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Lin XB, Hu XG, Tang ZX, Guo PH, Liu XM, Liang T, Xia YZ, Lui KY, Chen P, Tang KJ, Chen X, Cai CJ. Pharmacokinetics of Voriconazole in Peritoneal Fluid of Critically Ill Patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2023; 67:e0172122. [PMID: 37022169 PMCID: PMC10190584 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01721-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Data on the distribution of voriconazole (VRC) in the human peritoneal cavity are sparse. This prospective study aimed to describe the pharmacokinetics of intravenous VRC in the peritoneal fluid of critically ill patients. A total of 19 patients were included. Individual pharmacokinetic curves, drawn after single (first dose on day 1) and multiple (steady-state) doses, displayed a slower rise and lower fluctuation of VRC concentrations in peritoneal fluid than in plasma. Good but variable penetration of VRC into the peritoneal cavity was observed, and the median (range) peritoneal fluid/plasma ratios of the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) were 0.54 (0.34 to 0.73) and 0.67 (0.63 to 0.94) for single and multiple doses, respectively. Approximately 81% (13/16) of the VRC steady-state trough concentrations (Cmin,ss) in plasma were within the therapeutic range (1 to 5.5 μg/mL), and the corresponding Cmin,ss (median [range]) in peritoneal fluid was 2.12 (1.39 to 3.72) μg/mL. Based on the recent 3-year (2019 to 2021) surveillance of the antifungal susceptibilities for Candida species isolated from peritoneal fluid in our center, the aforementioned 13 Cmin,ss in peritoneal fluid exceeded the MIC90 of C. albicans, C. glabrata, and C. parapsilosis (0.06, 1.00, and 0.25 μg/mL, respectively), which supported VRC as a reasonable choice for initial empirical therapies against intraabdominal candidiasis caused by these three Candida species, prior to the receipt of susceptibility testing results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-bin Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-guang Hu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhao-xia Tang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng-hao Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-man Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Liang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-zhe Xia
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ka Yin Lui
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pan Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ke-jing Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chang-jie Cai
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Population Pharmacokinetic Model and Optimal Sampling Strategies for Micafungin in Critically Ill Patients Diagnosed with Invasive Candidiasis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022; 66:e0111322. [PMID: 36377940 PMCID: PMC9765295 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01113-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida bloodstream infections are associated with high attributable mortality, where early initiation of adequate antifungal therapy is important to increase survival in critically ill patients. The exposure variability of micafungin, a first-line agent used for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, in critically ill patients is significant, potentially resulting in underexposure in a substantial portion of these patients. The objective of this study was to develop a population pharmacokinetic model including appropriate sampling strategies for assessing micafungin drug exposure in critically ill patients to support adequate area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) determination. A two-compartment pharmacokinetic model was developed using data from intensive care unit (ICU) patients (n = 19), with the following parameters: total body clearance (CL), volume of distribution of the central compartment (V1), inter-compartmental clearance (CL12), and volume of distribution of the peripheral compartment (V2). The final model was evaluated with bootstrap analysis and the goodness-of-fit plots for the population and individual predicted micafungin plasma concentrations. Optimal sampling strategies (with sampling every hour, 24 h per day) were developed with 1- and 2-point sampling schemes. Final model parameters (±SD) were: CL = 1.03 (0.37) (L/h/1.85 m2), V1 = 0.17 (0.07) (L/kg LBMc), CL12 = 1.80 (4.07) (L/h/1.85 m2), and V2 = 0.12 (0.06) (L/kg LBMc). Sampling strategies with acceptable accuracy and precision were developed to determine the micafungin AUC. The developed model with optimal sampling procedures provides the opportunity to achieve quick optimization of the micafungin exposure from a single blood sample using Bayesian software and may be helpful in guiding early dose decision-making.
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Garbez N, Mbatchi LC, Louart G, Wallis SC, Muller L, Lipman J, Roberts JA, Lefrant JY, Roger C. Micafungin Population PK Analysis in Healthy and Septic Pigs: Can the Septic Porcine Model Predict the Micafungin PK in Septic Patients? Pharm Res 2021; 38:1863-1871. [PMID: 34845574 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03137-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe micafungin pharmacokinetic (PK) alterations of sepsis induced in piglets and to determine whether the porcine septic model is able to predict the PK of micafungin in septic patients at the plasma and peritoneal sites. METHODS From healthy (n = 8) and septic piglet group (n = 16), total micafungin concentrations were subject to a population PK analysis using Monolix®. Data from 16 septic humans patients from others studies was used to compare micafungin PK between septic piglets and septic patients. RESULTS Sepsis induced in piglets slightly alters the total clearance and the volume of distribution, while inter-compartment clearance is increased (from 3.88 to 5.74 L/h) as well as the penetration into peritoneal cavity (from 61 to 90%). In septic human patients, PK parameters are similar except for the Vd, which is corrected by an allometric factor based on the body weight of each species. Micafungin penetration into peritoneal cavity of humans is lower than in septic piglets (40 versus 90%). CONCLUSIONS The sepsis induced in the porcine model alters the PK of micafungin comparable to that in humans. In addition, micafungin PK is similar between these two species at the plasma level taking into account the allometric relationship of the body weight of these species on the central volume of distribution. The porcine septic plasma model would be able to predict the micafungin PK in the septic patients. However, further studies on peritoneal penetration are necessary to characterize this inter-species difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Garbez
- Service Des Réanimations, Pôle Anesthésie Réanimation Douleur Urgence, CHU Nîmes, Nîmes, France.
- Laboratoire de Pharmacocinétique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
- UR-UM 103: IMAGINE (Initial Management And Prévention of orGan Failures IN Critically Ill patiEnts), Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| | - Litaty C Mbatchi
- Laboratoire de Pharmacocinétique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) of Nîmes, Hôpital Carémeau, Nîmes, France
| | - Guillaume Louart
- Service Des Réanimations, Pôle Anesthésie Réanimation Douleur Urgence, CHU Nîmes, Nîmes, France
- UR-UM 103: IMAGINE (Initial Management And Prévention of orGan Failures IN Critically Ill patiEnts), Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Steven C Wallis
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Laurent Muller
- Service Des Réanimations, Pôle Anesthésie Réanimation Douleur Urgence, CHU Nîmes, Nîmes, France
- UR-UM 103: IMAGINE (Initial Management And Prévention of orGan Failures IN Critically Ill patiEnts), Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jeffrey Lipman
- UR-UM 103: IMAGINE (Initial Management And Prévention of orGan Failures IN Critically Ill patiEnts), Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Jamieson Trauma Institute and Intensive Care Services, Royal Brisbane and Womens' Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jason A Roberts
- UR-UM 103: IMAGINE (Initial Management And Prévention of orGan Failures IN Critically Ill patiEnts), Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Jamieson Trauma Institute and Intensive Care Services, Royal Brisbane and Womens' Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Translational Anti-Infective Pharmacodynamics, School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Pharmacy Department, Royal Brisbane and Womens' Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jean-Yves Lefrant
- Service Des Réanimations, Pôle Anesthésie Réanimation Douleur Urgence, CHU Nîmes, Nîmes, France
- UR-UM 103: IMAGINE (Initial Management And Prévention of orGan Failures IN Critically Ill patiEnts), Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Claire Roger
- Service Des Réanimations, Pôle Anesthésie Réanimation Douleur Urgence, CHU Nîmes, Nîmes, France
- UR-UM 103: IMAGINE (Initial Management And Prévention of orGan Failures IN Critically Ill patiEnts), Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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