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Van Horn KS, Zhao Y, Parvatkar PT, Maier J, Mutka T, Lacrue A, Brockmeier F, Ebert D, Wu W, Casandra DR, Namelikonda N, Yacoub J, Sigal M, Knapp S, Floyd D, Waterson D, Burrows JN, Duffy J, DeRisi JL, Kyle DE, Guy RK, Manetsch R. Optimization of diastereomeric dihydropyridines as antimalarials. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 275:116599. [PMID: 38909569 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
The increase in research funding for the development of antimalarials since 2000 has led to a surge of new chemotypes with potent antimalarial activity. High-throughput screens have delivered several thousand new active compounds in several hundred series, including the 4,7-diphenyl-1,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydroquinolines, hereafter termed dihydropyridines (DHPs). We optimized the DHPs for antimalarial activity. Structure-activity relationship studies focusing on the 2-, 3-, 4-, 6-, and 7-positions of the DHP core led to the identification of compounds potent (EC50 < 10 nM) against all strains of P. falciparum tested, including the drug-resistant parasite strains K1, W2, and TM90-C2B. Evaluation of efficacy of several compounds in vivo identified two compounds that reduced parasitemia by >75 % in mice 6 days post-exposure following a single 50 mg/kg oral dose. Resistance acquisition experiments with a selected dihydropyridine led to the identification of a single mutation conveying resistance in the gene encoding for Plasmodium falciparum multi-drug resistance protein 1 (PfMDR1). The same dihydropyridine possessed transmission blocking activity. The DHPs have the potential for the development of novel antimalarial drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt S Van Horn
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL, 33620, United States; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, United States.
| | - Yingzhao Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, United States
| | - Prakash T Parvatkar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, United States
| | - Julie Maier
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, United States
| | - Tina Mutka
- Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Tampa, FL, 33612, United States
| | - Alexis Lacrue
- Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Tampa, FL, 33612, United States
| | - Fabian Brockmeier
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, United States
| | - Daniel Ebert
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, United States
| | - Wesley Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, United States
| | - Debora R Casandra
- Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Tampa, FL, 33612, United States
| | - Niranjan Namelikonda
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL, 33620, United States
| | - Jeanine Yacoub
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL, 33620, United States
| | - Martina Sigal
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, United States
| | - Spencer Knapp
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, United States
| | - David Floyd
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, United States
| | - David Waterson
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, 20, Route de Pré-Bois, P.O. Box 1826, 1215, Geneva, 15, Switzerland
| | - Jeremy N Burrows
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, 20, Route de Pré-Bois, P.O. Box 1826, 1215, Geneva, 15, Switzerland
| | - James Duffy
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, 20, Route de Pré-Bois, P.O. Box 1826, 1215, Geneva, 15, Switzerland
| | - Joseph L DeRisi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, United States
| | - Dennis E Kyle
- Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Tampa, FL, 33612, United States; Center for Tropical & Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, United States
| | - R Kiplin Guy
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, United States
| | - Roman Manetsch
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL, 33620, United States; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, United States.
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Demarta-Gatsi C, Andenmatten N, Jiménez-Díaz MB, Gobeau N, Cherkaoui-Rabti MH, Fuchs A, Díaz P, Berja S, Sánchez R, Gómez H, Ruiz E, Sainz P, Salazar E, Gil-Merino R, Mendoza LM, Eguizabal C, Leroy D, Moehrle JJ, Tornesi B, Angulo-Barturen I. Predicting Optimal Antimalarial Drug Combinations from a Standardized Plasmodium falciparum Humanized Mouse Model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2023; 67:e0157422. [PMID: 37133382 PMCID: PMC10269072 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01574-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of new combinations of antimalarial drugs is urgently needed to prevent the spread of parasites resistant to drugs in clinical use and contribute to the control and eradication of malaria. In this work, we evaluated a standardized humanized mouse model of erythrocyte asexual stages of Plasmodium falciparum (PfalcHuMouse) for the selection of optimal drug combinations. First, we showed that the replication of P. falciparum was robust and highly reproducible in the PfalcHuMouse model by retrospective analysis of historical data. Second, we compared the relative value of parasite clearance from blood, parasite regrowth after suboptimal treatment (recrudescence), and cure as variables of therapeutic response to measure the contributions of partner drugs to combinations in vivo. To address the comparison, we first formalized and validated the day of recrudescence (DoR) as a new variable and found that there was a log-linear relationship with the number of viable parasites per mouse. Then, using historical data on monotherapy and two small cohorts of PfalcHuMice evaluated with ferroquine plus artefenomel or piperaquine plus artefenomel, we found that only measurements of parasite killing (i.e., cure of mice) as a function of drug exposure in blood allowed direct estimation of the individual drug contribution to efficacy by using multivariate statistical modeling and intuitive graphic displays. Overall, the analysis of parasite killing in the PfalcHuMouse model is a unique and robust experimental in vivo tool to inform the selection of optimal combinations by pharmacometric pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Aline Fuchs
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pablo Díaz
- The Art of Discovery, Derio, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Sandra Berja
- The Art of Discovery, Derio, Basque Country, Spain
| | | | - Hazel Gómez
- The Art of Discovery, Derio, Basque Country, Spain
| | | | - Paula Sainz
- The Art of Discovery, Derio, Basque Country, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Cristina Eguizabal
- Cell Therapy, Stem Cells and Tissues Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
- Basque Centre for Blood Transfusion and Human Tissues, Galdakao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Didier Leroy
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, Geneva, Switzerland
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