1
|
Abimbola Salubi C, Abbo HS, Jahed N, Titinchi S. Medicinal chemistry perspectives on the development of piperazine-containing HIV-1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 99:117605. [PMID: 38246116 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2024.117605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), one of the most perilous diseases known to humankind. A 2023 estimate put the number of people living with HIV around 40 million worldwide, with the majority benefiting from various antiretroviral therapies. Consequently, the urgent need for the development of effective drugs to combat this virus cannot be overstated. In the realm of medicinal and organic chemistry, the synthesis and identification of novel compounds capable of inhibiting HIV enzymes at different stages of their life cycle are of paramount importance. Notably, the spotlight is on the progress made in enhancing the potency of HIV inhibitors through the use of piperazine-based compounds. Multiple studies have revealed that the incorporation of a piperazine moiety results in a noteworthy enhancement of anti-HIV activity. The piperazine ring assumes a pivotal role in shaping the pharmacophore responsible for inhibiting HIV-1 at critical stage, including attachment, reverse transcription, integration, and protease activity. This review also sheds light on the various opportunities that can be exploited to develop effective antiretroviral targets and eliminate latent HIV reservoirs. The advancement of highly potent analogues in HIV inhibitor research has been greatly facilitated by contemporary medicinal strategies, including molecular/fragment hybridization, structure-based drug design, and bioisosterism. These techniques have opened up new avenues for the development of compounds with enhanced efficacy in combating the virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christiana Abimbola Salubi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Hanna S Abbo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nazeeen Jahed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Salam Titinchi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Botta L, Cesarini S, Zippilli C, Bizzarri BM, Fanelli A, Saladino R. Multicomponent reactions in the synthesis of antiviral compounds. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:2013-2050. [PMID: 34620058 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666211007121837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multicomponent reactions are one-pot processes for the synthesis of highly functionalized hetero-cyclic and hetero-acyclic compounds, often endowed with biological activity. OBJECTIVE Multicomponent reactions are considered green processes with high atom economy. In addition, they present advantages compared to the classic synthetic methods such as high efficiency and low wastes production. METHOD In these reactions two or more reagents are combined together in the same flask to yield a product containing almost all the atoms of the starting materials. RESULTS The scope of this review is to present an overview of the application of multicomponent reactions in the synthesis of compounds endowed with antiviral activity. The syntheses are classified depending on the viral target. CONCLUSION Multicomponent reactions can be applied to all the stages of the drug discovery and development process making them very useful in the search for new agents active against emerging (viral) pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Botta
- Department Biological and Ecological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo. Italy
| | - Silvia Cesarini
- Department Biological and Ecological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo. Italy
| | - Claudio Zippilli
- Department Biological and Ecological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo. Italy
| | | | - Angelica Fanelli
- Department Biological and Ecological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo. Italy
| | - Raffaele Saladino
- Department Biological and Ecological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo. Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Syntheses and anti-HIV and human cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) down-modulating potencies of pyridine-fused cyclotriazadisulfonamide (CADA) compounds. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115816. [PMID: 33181479 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
CADA compounds selectively down-modulate human cell-surface CD4 protein and are of interest as HIV entry inhibitors and as drugs for asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes and some cancers. Postulating that fusing a pyridine ring bearing hydrophobic substituents into the macrocyclic scaffold of CADA compounds may lead to potent compounds with improved properties, 17 macrocycles were synthesized, 14 with 12-membered rings having an isobutylene head group, two arenesulfonyl side arms, and fused pyridine rings bearing a para substituent. The analogs display a wide range of CD4 down-modulating and anti-HIV potencies, including some with greater potency than CADA, proving that a highly basic nitrogen atom in the 12-membered ring is not required for potency and that hydrophobic substituents enhance potency of pyridine-fused CADA compounds. Cytotoxicities of the new compounds compared favorably with those of CADA, showing that incorporation of a pyridine ring into the macrocyclic scaffold can produce selective compounds for potently down-modulating proteins of medicinal interest.
Collapse
|
4
|
Cagno V, Tintori C, Civra A, Cavalli R, Tiberi M, Botta L, Brai A, Poli G, Tapparel C, Lembo D, Botta M. Novel broad spectrum virucidal molecules against enveloped viruses. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208333. [PMID: 30532192 PMCID: PMC6285983 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infections are an important cause of death worldwide. Unfortunately, there is still a lack of antiviral drugs or vaccines for a large number of viruses, and this represents a remarkable challenge particularly for emerging and re-emerging viruses. For this reason, the identification of broad spectrum antiviral compounds provides a valuable opportunity for developing efficient antiviral therapies. Here we report on a class of rhodanine and thiobarbituric derivatives displaying a broad spectrum antiviral activity against seven different enveloped viruses including an HSV-2 acyclovir resistant strain with favorable selectivity indexes. Due to their selective action on enveloped viruses and to their lipid oxidation ability, we hypothesize a mechanism on the viral envelope that affects the fluidity of the lipid bilayer, thus compromising the efficiency of virus-cell fusion and preventing viral entry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Cagno
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Antiviral Research, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Tintori
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Andrea Civra
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Antiviral Research, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Roberta Cavalli
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Marika Tiberi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Botta
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Annalaura Brai
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Lead Discovery Siena S.r.l., Castelnuovo Berardenga, Siena, Italy
| | - Giulio Poli
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Caroline Tapparel
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David Lembo
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Antiviral Research, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Maurizio Botta
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Lead Discovery Siena S.r.l., Castelnuovo Berardenga, Siena, Italy
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tintori C, Iovenitti G, Ceresola ER, Ferrarese R, Zamperini C, Brai A, Poli G, Dreassi E, Cagno V, Lembo D, Canducci F, Botta M. Rhodanine derivatives as potent anti-HIV and anti-HSV microbicides. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198478. [PMID: 29870553 PMCID: PMC5988308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAART) remarkably increased life expectancy of HIV positive people, the rate of novel HIV-1 infections worldwide still represent a major concern. In this context, pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) approaches such as vaginal microbicide gels topically releasing antiretroviral drugs, showed to have a striking impact in limiting HIV-1 spread. Nevertheless, the co-presence of other genital infections, particularly those due to HSV-1 or 2, constitute a serious drawback that strongly limits the efficacy of PrEP approaches. For this reason, combinations of different compounds with mixed antiviral and antiretroviral activity are thoroughly investigated Here we report the synthesis and the biological evaluation of a novel series of rhodanine derivatives, which showed to inhibit both HIV-1 and HSV-1/2 replication at nanomolar concentration, and were found to be active also on acyclovir resistant HSV-2 strains. The compounds showed a considerable reduction of activity in presence of serum due to a high binding to serum albumin, as determined through in vitro ADME evaluations. However, the most promising compound of the series maintained a considerable activity in gel formulation, with an EC50 comparable to that obtained for the reference drug tenofovir. Moreover, the series of compounds showed pharmacokinetic properties suitable for topical formulation, thus suggesting that the novel rhodanine derivatives could represent effective agents to be used as dual anti HIV/HSV microbicides in PrEP approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Tintori
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Giulia Iovenitti
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Elisa Rita Ceresola
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Ferrarese
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Zamperini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Lead Discovery Siena S.r.l., Castelnuovo Berardenga, Siena, Italy
| | - Annalaura Brai
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Lead Discovery Siena S.r.l., Castelnuovo Berardenga, Siena, Italy
| | - Giulio Poli
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Elena Dreassi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Valeria Cagno
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Antiviral Research. Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David Lembo
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Antiviral Research. Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Filippo Canducci
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Botta
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Lead Discovery Siena S.r.l., Castelnuovo Berardenga, Siena, Italy
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sanna C, Scognamiglio M, Fiorentino A, Corona A, Graziani V, Caredda A, Cortis P, Montisci M, Ceresola ER, Canducci F, Poli F, Tramontano E, Esposito F. Prenylated phloroglucinols from Hypericum scruglii, an endemic species of Sardinia (Italy), as new dual HIV-1 inhibitors effective on HIV-1 replication. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195168. [PMID: 29601601 PMCID: PMC5877874 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In a search for new potential multitarget anti-HIV compounds from natural products, we have identified in Hypericum scruglii, an endemic and exclusive species of Sardinia (Italy), a potent plant lead. The phytochemical study of the hydroalcoholic extract obtained from its leaves led to the isolation of its most abundant secondary metabolites, belonging to different chemical classes. In particular, three phloroglucinols derivatives were identified, confirming their significance as chemotaxonomic markers of the Hypericum genus. Among them, the 3-(13-hydroxygeranyl)-1-(2'-methylbutanoyl)phloroglucinol was reported here for the first time. All six isolated compounds have been evaluated firstly for the inhibition of both Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) Reverse Transcriptase (RT)-associated DNA Polymerase (RDDP) and Ribonuclease H (RNase H) activities, for the inhibition of HIV-1 integrase (IN) in biochemical assays, and also for their effect on viral replication. Among the isolated metabolites, three phloroglucinol derivatives and quercitrin were effective on both RT-associated RDDP and RNase H activities in biochemical assays. The same active compounds affected also HIV-1 IN strand transfer function, suggesting the involvement of the RNase H active site. Furthermore, phloroglucinols compounds, included the newly identified compound, were able to inhibit the HIV-1 replication in cell based assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Sanna
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Antonio Fiorentino
- Department of Environmental Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania, Caserta, Italy
| | - Angela Corona
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Vittoria Graziani
- Department of Environmental Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania, Caserta, Italy
| | - Alessia Caredda
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Cortis
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Mariofilippo Montisci
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Elisa Rita Ceresola
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Filippo Canducci
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
- Laboratory of Microbiology, San Raffaele Hospital, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Ferruccio Poli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Enzo Tramontano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Francesca Esposito
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Madni M, Hameed S, Ahmed MN, Tahir MN, Al-Masoudi NA, Pannecouque C. Synthesis, crystal structure, anti-HIV, and antiproliferative activity of new pyrazolylthiazole derivatives. Med Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-017-1963-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
8
|
Botta L, Maccari G, Calandro P, Tiberi M, Brai A, Zamperini C, Canducci F, Chiariello M, Martí-Centelles R, Falomir E, Carda M. One drug for two targets: Biological evaluation of antiretroviral agents endowed with antiproliferative activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:2502-2505. [PMID: 28408224 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.03.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIDS-related cancer diseases are malignancies with low incidence on healthy people that affect mostly subjects already immunocompromised. The connection between HIV/AIDS and these cancers has not been established yet, but a weakened immune system is certainly the main cause. We envisaged the possibility to screen a small library of compounds synthesized in our laboratory against opportunistic tumors mainly due to HIV infection like Burkitt's Lymphoma. From cellular assays and gene expression analysis we identified two promising compounds. These derivatives have the dual action required inhibiting HIV replication in human TZM-bl cells infected with HIV-1 NL4.3 and showing cytotoxic activity on human colon HT-29 and breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cells. In addition, preclinical in vitro adsorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion studies highlighted a satisfactory pharmacokinetic profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Botta
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università Federico II di Napoli, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Maccari
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Calandro
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Marika Tiberi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Annalaura Brai
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Claudio Zamperini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Filippo Canducci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Mario Chiariello
- Istituto Toscano Tumori (ITT), Core Research Laboratory (CRL), AOU Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Rosa Martí-Centelles
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, Universidad Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Eva Falomir
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, Universidad Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Miguel Carda
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, Universidad Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Malik T, Chauhan G, Rath G, Murthy RSR, Goyal AK. "Fusion and binding inhibition" key target for HIV-1 treatment and pre-exposure prophylaxis: targets, drug delivery and nanotechnology approaches. Drug Deliv 2017; 24:608-621. [PMID: 28240046 PMCID: PMC8241151 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2016.1228717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 35 million people are living with HIV worldwide with approximately 2.3 million new infections per year. Cascade of events (cell entry, virus replication, assembly and release of newly formed virions) is involved in the HIV-1 transmission process. Every single step offers a potential therapeutic strategy to halt this progression and HIV fusion into the human host cell is one such stage. Controlling the initial event of HIV-1 transmission is the best way to control its dissemination especially when prophylaxis is concerned. Action is required either on the HIV’s or host’s cell surface which is logically more rational when compared with other intracellular acting moieties. Aim of this manuscript is to detail the significance and current strategies to halt this initial step, thus blocking the entry of HIV-1 for further infection. Both HIV-1 and the possible host cell’s receptors/co-receptors are under focus while specifying the targets available for inhibiting this fusion. Current and under investigation moieties are categorized based on their versatile mechanisms. Advanced drug delivery and nanotechnology approaches present a key tool to exploit the therapeutic potential in a boosted way. Current drug delivery and the impact of nanotechnology in potentiating this strategy are detailed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanushree Malik
- a DBT Lab, Indo Soviet Friendship College of Pharmacy , Moga , India and
| | - Gaurav Chauhan
- a DBT Lab, Indo Soviet Friendship College of Pharmacy , Moga , India and.,b Centre for Nanosciences, Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur , Kanpur , India
| | - Goutam Rath
- a DBT Lab, Indo Soviet Friendship College of Pharmacy , Moga , India and
| | - R S R Murthy
- a DBT Lab, Indo Soviet Friendship College of Pharmacy , Moga , India and
| | - Amit K Goyal
- a DBT Lab, Indo Soviet Friendship College of Pharmacy , Moga , India and
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Martini R, Esposito F, Corona A, Ferrarese R, Ceresola ER, Visconti L, Tintori C, Barbieri A, Calcaterra A, Iovine V, Canducci F, Tramontano E, Botta M. Natural Product Kuwanon-L Inhibits HIV-1 Replication through Multiple Target Binding. Chembiochem 2017; 18:374-377. [PMID: 27992102 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In recent years many advances have been made in the fight against HIV-1 infection. However, the lack of a vaccine, together with the increasing resistance to the highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART), make HIV-1 infection still a serious global emergency. Thus, new compounds with original modes of action are continuously required, and natural products have ever been a very interesting class of pharmacologically active molecules. Some of them have been used since ancient times against viral infections. Here we present a work in which we suggest that kuwanon-L, a natural product active as an HIV-1 integrase (IN) inhibitor, might exert its overall antiviral activity through binding to multiple viral targets. Specific enzymatic tests, together with a time-of-addition (TOA) experiment, support our hypothesis of binding both to IN and to reverse transcriptase (RT). Overall, this compound can be considered an attractive lead for the development of new classes of antiviral agents able to overcome the problem of resistance, due to its ability to exert its action by binding simultaneously to multiple viral targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Martini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Esposito
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, SS 554, 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Angela Corona
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, SS 554, 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Roberto Ferrarese
- Laboratory of Microbiology, San Raffaele Hospital, IRCCS, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Rita Ceresola
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via Ravasi 2, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Laura Visconti
- Laboratory of Microbiology, San Raffaele Hospital, IRCCS, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Tintori
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandro Barbieri
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Andrea Calcaterra
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, University of Rome "Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Valentina Iovine
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, University of Rome "Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Filippo Canducci
- Laboratory of Microbiology, San Raffaele Hospital, IRCCS, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via Ravasi 2, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Enzo Tramontano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, SS 554, 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maurizio Botta
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy.,Lead Discovery Siena s.r.l., Via Vittorio Alfieri 31, 53019, Castelnuovo Berardenga, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tryptophan dendrimers that inhibit HIV replication, prevent virus entry and bind to the HIV envelope glycoproteins gp120 and gp41. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 106:34-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
12
|
Protein-protein interactions and human cellular cofactors as new targets for HIV therapy. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2014; 18:1-8. [PMID: 24993074 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Two novel approaches for the development of new drugs against AIDS are summarized each leading to the achievement of important discoveries in anti-HIV therapy. Despite the success of HAART in reducing mortality, resistant strains continue to emerge in the clinic, underscoring the importance of developing next-generation drugs. Protein-protein interactions and human cellular cofactors represent the new targets of tomorrow in HIV research. The most relevant results obtained in the last few years by the two new strategies are described herein.
Collapse
|