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Seetsi A, N'Da DD, Nyembe N, Suganuma K, Ramatla T, Thekisoe O. In vitro antitrypanosomal activity of synthesized nitrofurantoin-triazole hybrids against Trypanosoma species causing animal African trypanosomosis. Exp Parasitol 2024; 259:108711. [PMID: 38355002 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Animal African trypanosomosis (AAT) is a disease caused by Trypanosoma brucei brucei, T. vivax, T. evansi and T. congolense which are mainly transmitted by tsetse flies (maybe the family/genus scientific name for the tsetse flies here?). Synthetic trypanocidal drugs are used to control AAT but have reduced efficacy due to emergence of drug resistant trypanosomes. Therefore, there is a need for the continued development of new safe and effective drugs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro anti-trypanosomal activity of novel nitrofurantoin compounds against trypanosomes (Trypanosoma brucei brucei, T. evansi and T. congolense) causing AAT. This study assessed previously synthesized nineteen nitrofurantoin-triazole (NFT-TZ) hybrids against animal trypanosomes and evaluated their cytotoxicity using Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells. The n-alkyl sub-series hybrids, 8 (IC50 0.09 ± 0.02 μM; SI 686.45) and 9 (IC50 0.07 ± 0.04 μM; SI 849.31) had the highest anti-trypanosomal activity against T. b. brucei. On the contrary, the nonyl 6 (IC50 0.12 ± 0.06 μM; SI 504.57) and nitrobenzyl 18 (IC50 0.11 ± 0.03 μM; SI 211.07) displayed the highest trypanocidal activity against T. evansi. The nonyl hybrid 6 (IC50 0.02 ± 0.01 μM; SI 6328.76) was also detected alongside the undecyl 8 (IC50 0.02 ± 0.01 μM; SI 3454.36) and 3-bromobenzyl 19 (IC50 0.02 ± 0.01 μM; SI 2360.41) as the most potent hybrids against T. congolense. These hybrids had weak toxicity effects on the mammalian cells and highly selective submicromolar antiparasitic action efficacy directed towards the trypanosomes, hence they can be regarded as potential trypanocidal leads for further in vivo investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Seetsi
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa
| | - David D N'Da
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (PHARMACEN), North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2521, South Africa
| | - Nthatisi Nyembe
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Phuthaditjhaba, 9880, South Africa
| | - Keisuke Suganuma
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Tsepo Ramatla
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa; Gastrointestinal Research Unit, Department of Surgery, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa.
| | - Oriel Thekisoe
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa
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Gaiya DD, Muhammad A, Aimola IA, Udu SK, Balarabe SA, Auta R, Ekpa E, Sheyin A. Potential of Onchocerca ochengi inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) and guanosine-5'-monophosphate oxidoreductase (GMPR) as druggable and vaccine candidates: immunoinformatics screening. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:14832-14848. [PMID: 36866624 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2184171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Onchocerciasis is a vector-borne disease caused by the filarial nematode Onchocerca volvulus, which is responsible for most of the visual impairments recorded in Africa, Asia and the Americas. It is known that O. volvulus has similar molecular and biological characteristics as Onchocerca ochengi in cattle. This study was designed to screen for immunogenic epitopes and binding pockets of O. ochengi IMPDH and GMPR ligands using immunoinformatic approaches. In this study, a total of 23 B cell epitopes for IMPDH and 7 B cell epitopes for GMPR were predicted using ABCpred tool, Bepipred 2.0 and Kolaskar and Tongaonkar methods. The CD4+ Th computational results showed 16 antigenic epitopes from IMPDH with strong binding affinity for DRB1_0301, DRB3_0101, DRB1_0103 and DRB1_1501 MHC II alleles while 8 antigenic epitopes from GMPR were predicted to bind DRB1_0101 and DRB1_0401 MHC II alleles, respectively. For the CD8+ CTLs analysis, 8 antigenic epitopes from IMPDH showed strong binding affinity to human leukocyte antigen HLA-A*26:01, HLA-A*03:01, HLA-A*24:02 and HLA-A*01:01 MHC I alleles while 2 antigenic epitopes from GMPR showed strong binding affinity to HLA-A*01:01 allele, respectively. The immunogenic B cell and T cell epitopes were further evaluated for antigenicity, non-alllergernicity, toxicity, IFN-gamma, IL4 and IL10. The docking score revealed favorable binding free energy with IMP and MYD scoring the highest binding affinity at -6.6 kcal/mol with IMPDH and -8.3 kcal/mol with GMPR. This study provides valuable insight on IMPDH and GMPR as potential drug targets and for the development of multiple epitope vaccine candidates.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Danladi Gaiya
- Biology Unit, Faculty of Science, Air Force Institute of Technology, Nigerian Air Force Base, Kawo, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Aliyu Muhammad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Idowu Asegame Aimola
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Stella Kuyet Udu
- Biology Unit, Faculty of Science, Air Force Institute of Technology, Nigerian Air Force Base, Kawo, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Sallau Abdullahi Balarabe
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Richard Auta
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel Ekpa
- Biology Unit, Faculty of Science, Air Force Institute of Technology, Nigerian Air Force Base, Kawo, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Abraham Sheyin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
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Inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase from Trypanosoma brucei cleanses cytosolic pools from deaminated nucleotides. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6408. [PMID: 35436992 PMCID: PMC9016069 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10149-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractInosine triphosphate pyrophosphatases (ITPases) are ubiquitous house-cleaning enzymes that specifically recognize deaminated purine nucleotides and catalyze their hydrolytic cleavage. In this work, we have characterized the Trypanosoma brucei ITPase ortholog (TbITPA). Recombinant TbITPA efficiently hydrolyzes (deoxy)ITP and XTP nucleotides into their respective monophosphate form. Immunolocalization analysis performed in bloodstream forms suggests that the primary role of TbITPA is the exclusion of deaminated purines from the cytosolic nucleoside triphosphate pools. Even though ITPA-knockout bloodstream parasites are viable, they are more sensitive to inhibition of IMP dehydrogenase with mycophenolic acid, likely due to an expansion of IMP, the ITP precursor. On the other hand, TbITPA can also hydrolyze the activated form of the antiviral ribavirin although in this case, the absence of ITPase activity in the cell confers protection against this nucleoside analog. This unexpected phenotype is dependant on purine availability and can be explained by the fact that ribavirin monophosphate, the reaction product generated by TbITPA, is a potent inhibitor of trypanosomal IMP dehydrogenase and GMP reductase. In summary, the present study constitutes the first report on a protozoan inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase involved in the removal of harmful deaminated nucleotides from the cytosolic pool.
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Chan-Bacab MJ, Reyes-Estebanez MM, Camacho-Chab JC, Ortega-Morales BO. Microorganisms as a Potential Source of Molecules to Control Trypanosomatid Diseases. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26051388. [PMID: 33806654 PMCID: PMC7962016 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomatids are the causative agents of leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis, which affect about 20 million people in the world’s poorest countries, leading to 95,000 deaths per year. They are often associated with malnutrition, weak immune systems, low quality housing, and population migration. They are generally recognized as neglected tropical diseases. New drugs against these parasitic protozoa are urgently needed to counteract drug resistance, toxicity, and the high cost of commercially available drugs. Microbial bioprospecting for new molecules may play a crucial role in developing a new generation of antiparasitic drugs. This article reviews the current state of the available literature on chemically defined metabolites of microbial origin that have demonstrated antitrypanosomatid activity. In this review, bacterial and fungal metabolites are presented; they originate from a range of microorganisms, including cyanobacteria, heterotrophic bacteria, and filamentous fungi. We hope to provide a useful overview for future research to identify hits that may become the lead compounds needed to accelerate the discovery of new drugs against trypanosomatids.
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Vaidya GN, Rana P, Venkatesh A, Chatterjee DR, Contractor D, Satpute DP, Nagpure M, Jain A, Kumar D. Paradigm shift of "classical" HDAC inhibitors to "hybrid" HDAC inhibitors in therapeutic interventions. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 209:112844. [PMID: 33143937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
'Epigenetic' regulation of genes via post-translational modulation of proteins is the current mainstay approach for the disease therapies, particularly explored in the Histone Deacetylase (HDAC) class of enzymes. Mainly sight saw in cancer chemotherapeutics, HDAC inhibitors have also found a promising role in other diseases (neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and viral infections) and successfully entered in various combination therapies (pre-clinical/clinical stages). The prevalent flexibility in the structural design of HDAC inhibitors makes them easily tuneable to merge with other pharmacophore modules for generating multi-targeted single hybrids as a novel tactic to overcome drawbacks of polypharmacy. Herein, we reviewed the putative role of prevalent HDAC hybrids inhibitors in the current and prospective stage as a translational approach to overcome the limitations of the existing conventional drug candidates (parent molecule) when used either alone (drug resistance, solubility issues, adverse side effects, selectivity profile) or in combination (pharmacokinetic interactions, patient compliance) for treating various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gargi Nikhil Vaidya
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Pooja Rana
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Ashwini Venkatesh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Deep Rohan Chatterjee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Darshan Contractor
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Dinesh Parshuram Satpute
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Mithilesh Nagpure
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Alok Jain
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India; Department of Bio-Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, India.
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India.
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Suganuma K, Kondoh D, Sivakumar T, Mizushima D, Elata ATM, Thekisoe OMM, Yokoyama N, Inoue N. Molecular characterization of a new Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) theileri isolate supports the two main phylogenetic lineages of this species in Japanese cattle. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:1927-1935. [PMID: 31055671 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06313-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) theileri is a cosmopolitan, usually non-pathogenic, trypanosome of cattle transmitted by blood-sucking arthropods, mainly tabanid flies. Several T. theileri strains isolated from domestic and wild ruminants via co-culturing with mammalian feeder cells or blood cells have been characterized morphologically and genetically. Here, we cultured a new trypanosome isolate from a Holstein cow in Hokkaido, Japan, and performed morphological and molecular characterization studies. The new isolate (Obihiro strain) was co-cultivated with Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells in GIT medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. Trypomastigotes and epimastigotes, but not intracellular parasites, were identified in the culture. Analysis of the V7-V8 region of 18S rRNA sequences showed that the Obihiro strain is positioned within the subgenus Megatrypanum. A dendrogram based on whole internal transcribed spacer rDNA sequence showed that the Obihiro strain clustered in the lineage TthII together with the Japanese isolates of T. theileri, Esashi 9, and Esashi 12, and isolates from Zambia and the USA. T. theileri of the KM strain and a T. theileri-like trypanosome isolated from deer (TSD1 strain) clustered in the lineage TthI, separate from the Obihiro strain. Based on a partial cathepsin L-like protein gene analysis, the Obihiro strain clustered with isolates of the TthIIF genotype, which includes T. theileri from Vietnam, Sri Lanka, and Brazil. Our analyses of the T. theileri Obihiro strain provide relevant insights into its genetic diversity in Japanese cattle and corroborate the host specificity of cattle and deer trypanosomes of the subgenus Megatrypanum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Suganuma
- Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan. .,National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Kondoh
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Thillaiampalam Sivakumar
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Daiki Mizushima
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Afra'a Tajelsir Mohamed Elata
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Oriel M M Thekisoe
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Naoaki Yokoyama
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Noboru Inoue
- Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
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Odonbayar B, Murata T, Suganuma K, Ishikawa Y, Buyankhishig B, Batkhuu J, Sasaki K. Acylated Lignans Isolated from Brachanthemum gobicum and Their Trypanocidal Activity. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:774-784. [PMID: 30896183 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Eight isovaleryllignans (1-4 and 8-11), three isovalerylphenylpropanoids (5-7), three known lignans (12-14), and four known compounds were isolated from an extract of the aerial part of Brachanthemum gobicum. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated based on NMR and MS data analyses. The enantiomers of compounds 1-3, 5, 8, and 9 were isolated using chiral-phase HPLC, and the absolute configurations of 1a/1b-3a/3b, 5a/5b, 8a/8b, and 9a/9b were elucidated from their optical rotations and ECD spectra; the other lignans were assumed to be racemic or scalemic by chiral-phase HPLC analyses and optical rotation data. Some of the acylated lignans (racemic mixtures) (1-4, 8, 9, and 12-14) exhibited moderate inhibitory activities against Trypanosoma congolense, the causative agent of nagana disease in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batsukh Odonbayar
- Department of Pharmacognosy , Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University , Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558 , Japan
| | - Toshihiro Murata
- Department of Pharmacognosy , Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University , Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558 , Japan
| | | | - Yoshinobu Ishikawa
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Shizuoka , 52-1, Yada , Suruga-ku , Shizuoka 422-8526 , Japan
| | - Buyanmandakh Buyankhishig
- Department of Pharmacognosy , Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University , Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558 , Japan
| | - Javzan Batkhuu
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences , National University of Mongolia , POB-617, Ulaanbaatar -46A, 14201 , Mongolia
| | - Kenroh Sasaki
- Department of Pharmacognosy , Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University , Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558 , Japan
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Sarwono AEY, Mitsuhashi S, Kabir MHB, Shigetomi K, Okada T, Ohsaka F, Otsuguro S, Maenaka K, Igarashi M, Kato K, Ubukata M. Repurposing existing drugs: identification of irreversible IMPDH inhibitors by high-throughput screening. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2018; 34:171-178. [PMID: 30451014 PMCID: PMC6249553 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2018.1540474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) is an essential enzyme for the production of guanine nucleotides. Disruption of IMPDH activity has been explored as a therapeutic strategy for numerous purposes, such as for anticancer, immunosuppression, antiviral, and antimicrobial therapy. In the present study, we established a luciferase-based high-throughput screening system to identify IMPDH inhibitors from our chemical library of known bioactive small molecules. The screening of 1400 compounds resulted in the discovery of three irreversible inhibitors: disulfiram, bronopol, and ebselen. Each compound has a distinct chemical moiety that differs from other reported IMPDH inhibitors. Further evaluation revealed that these compounds are potent inhibitors of IMPDHs with kon values of 0.7 × 104 to 9.3 × 104 M-1·s-1. Both disulfiram and bronopol exerted similar degree of inhibition to protozoan and mammalian IMPDHs. Ebselen showed an intriguing difference in mode of inhibition for different IMPDHs, with reversible and irreversible inhibition to each Cryptosporidium parvum IMPDH and human IMPDH type II, respectively. In the preliminary efficacy experiment against cryptosporidiosis in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mouse, a decrease in the number of oocyst shed was observed upon the oral administration of disulfiram and bronopol, providing an early clinical proof-of-concept for further utilization of these compounds as IMPDH inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shinya Mitsuhashi
- a Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan.,b Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology , The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler , Tyler , TX , USA
| | - Mohammad Hazzaz Bin Kabir
- c National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases , Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine , Obihiro , Japan
| | - Kengo Shigetomi
- a Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan
| | - Tadashi Okada
- c National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases , Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine , Obihiro , Japan.,e Division of Neurology, Respirology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , University of Miyazaki , Kiyotake , Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Fumina Ohsaka
- d Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan
| | - Satoko Otsuguro
- d Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan
| | - Katsumi Maenaka
- d Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan
| | - Makoto Igarashi
- c National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases , Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine , Obihiro , Japan
| | - Kentaro Kato
- c National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases , Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine , Obihiro , Japan
| | - Makoto Ubukata
- a Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan
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Ubukata M. The logic of biologically active small molecules: amazing ability of microorganisms*. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 82:1063-1072. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1451740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In this review article, I will outline my way of thinking about biologically active small molecules. The structure of liposidomycin B from Streptomyces species resulted in my initial sense that a structure tells its function. A biologically active small molecule may save directly or indirectly a number of people. Even if the molecule has not been used as a therapeutic agent, it can be used as a useful chemical probe for dissecting a living cell into different biochemical pieces. Such biologically active small molecules derived from microorganisms have been primarily found in cultivable microorganisms that make up only 1% of total microbes in nature. Discovery of novel growth factors, zincmethylphyrin, zinc coproporphyrin, and coproporphyrin enabled laboratory cultivation of previously uncultured Leucobacter sp. These findings might expand the possibility for further discovery of novel therapeutic agents or chemical probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ubukata
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University , Kita-ku, Japan
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10
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An ATP-Based Luciferase Viability Assay for Animal African Trypanosomes Using a 96-Well Plate. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1601:89-95. [PMID: 28470520 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6960-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cell viability assays using multi-well cell culture plates are frequently used for in vitro drug screening. We herein describe an ATP-based luciferase viability assay for animal African trypanosomes using a 96-well plate. This assay could be further applied to the screening of novel compounds for the treatment of animal African trypanosomiasis.
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Zulfiqar B, Jones AJ, Sykes ML, Shelper TB, Davis RA, Avery VM. Screening a Natural Product-Based Library against Kinetoplastid Parasites. Molecules 2017; 22:E1715. [PMID: 29023425 PMCID: PMC6151456 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinetoplastid parasites cause vector-borne parasitic diseases including leishmaniasis, human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) and Chagas disease. These Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) impact on some of the world's lowest socioeconomic communities. Current treatments for these diseases cause severe toxicity and have limited efficacy, highlighting the need to identify new treatments. In this study, the Davis open access natural product-based library was screened against kinetoplastids (Leishmania donovani DD8, Trypanosoma brucei brucei and Trypanosoma cruzi) using phenotypic assays. The aim of this study was to identify hit compounds, with a focus on improved efficacy, selectivity and potential to target several kinetoplastid parasites. The IC50 values of the natural products were obtained for L. donovani DD8, T. b. brucei and T. cruzi in addition to cytotoxicity against the mammalian cell lines, HEK-293, 3T3 and THP-1 cell lines were determined to ascertain parasite selectivity. Thirty-one compounds were identified with IC50 values of ≤ 10 µM against the kinetoplastid parasites tested. Lissoclinotoxin E (1) was the only compound identified with activity across all three investigated parasites, exhibiting IC50 values < 5 µM. In this study, natural products with the potential to be new chemical starting points for drug discovery efforts for kinetoplastid diseases were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Zulfiqar
- Discovery Biology, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
| | - Amy J Jones
- Discovery Biology, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
| | - Melissa L Sykes
- Discovery Biology, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
| | - Todd B Shelper
- Discovery Biology, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
| | - Rohan A Davis
- Natural Product Chemistry, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
| | - Vicky M Avery
- Discovery Biology, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
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Sarwono AEY, Suganuma K, Mitsuhashi S, Okada T, Musinguzi SP, Shigetomi K, Inoue N, Ubukata M. Identification and characterization of guanosine 5'-monophosphate reductase of Trypanosoma congolense as a drug target. Parasitol Int 2017; 66:537-544. [PMID: 28366788 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma congolense is one of the most prevalent pathogens which causes trypanosomosis in African animals, resulting in a significant economic loss. In its life cycle, T. congolense is incapable of synthesizing purine nucleotides via a de novo pathway, and thus relies on a salvage pathway to survive. In this study, we identified a gene from T. congolense, TcIL3000_5_1940, as a guanosine 5'-monophosphate reductase (GMPR), an enzyme that modulates the concentration of intracellular guanosine in the pathogen. The recombinant protein was expressed in Escherichia coli, and the gene product was enzymatically confirmed as a unique GMPR, designated as rTcGMPR. This enzyme was constitutively expressed in glycosomes at all of the parasite's developmental stages similar to other purine nucleotide metabolic enzymes. Mycophenolic acid (MPA) was found to inhibit rTcGMPR activity. Hence, it is a potential lead compound for the design of trypanocidal agents, specifically GMPR inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albertus Eka Yudistira Sarwono
- Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
| | - Keisuke Suganuma
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Shinya Mitsuhashi
- Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
| | - Tadashi Okada
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Simon Peter Musinguzi
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Kengo Shigetomi
- Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
| | - Noboru Inoue
- Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Makoto Ubukata
- Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan.
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Suganuma K, Narantsatsral S, Battur B, Yamasaki S, Otgonsuren D, Musinguzi SP, Davaasuren B, Battsetseg B, Inoue N. Isolation, cultivation and molecular characterization of a new Trypanosoma equiperdum strain in Mongolia. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:481. [PMID: 27580944 PMCID: PMC5007690 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1755-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trypanosoma equiperdum causes dourine via sexual transmission in Equidae. T. equiperdum is classified under the subgenus Trypanozoon along with the T. brucei sspp. and T. evansi; however, the species classification of Trypanozoon remains a controversial topic due to the limited number of T. equiperdum reference strains. In addition, it is possible that some were misclassified T. evansi strains. Thus, there is a strong need for a new T. equiperdum strain directly isolated from the genital mucosa of a horse with a clinically- and parasitologically-confirmed dourine infection. Methods Trypanosomes isolated from the urethral tract of a stallion with suspected dourine, were directly cultivated using soft agarose media at 37 °C in 5 % CO2. For molecular characterization, 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and 8 maxicircle DNA regions were amplified by a PCR and their sequences were determined. To analyze the ratio of the kinetoplastic/akinetoplastic population, the kinetoplasts and the nuclei of trypanosomes were subjected to Hoechst staining and observed by fluorescence microscopy. Results In addition to the clinical symptoms and the molecular diagnosis, this stallion was definitively diagnosed with dourine by the detection of trypanosomes in the urethral mucosa. These results strongly suggested that the isolated trypanosome was true T. equiperdum. T. equiperdum isolated from the urethral tract was adapted in vitro using soft agarose media. Based on the results of a phylogenetic analysis of 18S rRNA and ITS, this T. equiperdum isolate was classified into the Trypanozoon clade. In a PCR of the maxicircle DNA region, only NADH-dehydrogenase subunits 4 and 5 was amplified. Clear kinetoplasts were observed in most of the T. equiperdum isolates. In contrast, most culture-adapted T. equiperdum were of the akinetoplastic form. Conclusion We concluded that our isolated trypanosome was the first confirmed case of T. equiperdum in Mongolia and named it “T. equiperdum IVM-t1”. T. equiperdum IVM-t1 was well adapted and propagated in soft agarose media, which indicates that this culture method is useful for isolation of T. equiperdum from horses with dourine. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1755-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Suganuma
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, OIE Reference Laboratory for Surra, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Sandagdorj Narantsatsral
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan, 17024, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Banzragch Battur
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan, 17024, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Shino Yamasaki
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, OIE Reference Laboratory for Surra, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Davaajav Otgonsuren
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan, 17024, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Simon Peter Musinguzi
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, OIE Reference Laboratory for Surra, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Batdorj Davaasuren
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, OIE Reference Laboratory for Surra, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.,Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan, 17024, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Badgar Battsetseg
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan, 17024, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Noboru Inoue
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, OIE Reference Laboratory for Surra, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
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