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Identifying a Deferiprone-Resveratrol Hybrid as an Effective Lipophilic Anti-Plasmodial Agent. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26134074. [PMID: 34279413 PMCID: PMC8271877 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26134074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria i a serious health problem caused by Plasmodium spp. that can be treated by an anti-folate pyrimethamine (PYR) drug. Deferiprone (DFP) is an oral iron chelator used for the treatment of iron overload and has been recognized for its potential anti-malarial activity. Deferiprone-resveratrol hybrids (DFP-RVT) have been synthesized to present therapeutic efficacy at a level which is superior to DFP. We have focused on determining the lipophilicity, toxicity and inhibitory effects on P. falciparum growth and the iron-chelating activity of labile iron pools (LIPs) by DFP-RVT. According to our findings, DFP-RVT was more lipophilic than DFP (p < 0.05) and nontoxic to blood mononuclear cells. Potency for the inhibition of P. falciparum was PYR > DFP-RVT > DFP in the 3D7 strain (IC50 = 0.05, 16.82 and 47.67 µM, respectively) and DFP-RVT > DFP > PYR in the K1 strain (IC50 = 13.38, 42.02 and 105.61 µM, respectively). The combined treatment of DFP-RVT with PYR additionally enhanced the PYR activity in both strains. DFP-RVT dose-dependently lowered LIP levels in PRBCs and was observed to be more effective than DFP at equal concentrations. Thus, the DFP-RVT hybrid should be considered a candidate as an adjuvant anti-malarial drug through the deprivation of cellular iron.
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Saraiva RG, Dimopoulos G. Bacterial natural products in the fight against mosquito-transmitted tropical diseases. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 37:338-354. [PMID: 31544193 DOI: 10.1039/c9np00042a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2019 Secondary metabolites of microbial origin have long been acknowledged as medically relevant, but their full potential remains largely unexploited. Of the countless natural compounds discovered thus far, only 5-10% have been isolated from microorganisms. At the same time, while whole-genome sequencing has demonstrated that bacteria and fungi often encode natural products, only a few genera have yet been mined for new compounds. This review explores the contributions of bacterial natural products to combatting infection by malaria parasites, filarial worms, and arboviruses such as dengue, Zika, Chikungunya, and West Nile. It highlights how molecules isolated from microorganisms ranging from marine cyanobacteria to mosquito endosymbionts can be exploited as antimicrobials and antivirals. Pursuit of this mostly untapped source of chemical entities will potentially result in new interventions against these tropical diseases, which are urgently needed to combat the increase in the incidence of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl G Saraiva
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
| | - George Dimopoulos
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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Tripathi AK, Mlambo G, Kanatani S, Sinnis P, Dimopoulos G. Plasmodium falciparum Gametocyte Culture and Mosquito Infection Through Artificial Membrane Feeding. J Vis Exp 2020. [PMID: 32716382 DOI: 10.3791/61426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains one of the most important public health problems, causing significant morbidity and mortality. Malaria is a mosquito borne disease transmitted through an infectious bite from the female Anopheles mosquito. Malaria control will eventually rely on a multitude of approaches, which includes ways to block transmission to, through and from mosquitoes. To study mosquito stages of malaria parasites in the laboratory, we have optimized a protocol to culture highly infectious Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes, a parasite stage required for transmission from the human host to the mosquito vector. P. falciparum gametocytes mature through five morphologically distinct steps, which takes approximately 1-2 weeks. Gametocyte culture described in this protocol is completed in 15 days and are infectious to mosquitoes from days 15-18. These protocols were developed to maintain a continuous cycle of infection competent gametocytes and to maintain uninterrupted supply of mosquito stages of the parasite. Here, we describe the methodology of gametocyte culture and how to infect mosquitoes with these parasites using glass membrane feeders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhai K Tripathi
- Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University;
| | - Godfree Mlambo
- Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University
| | - Sachie Kanatani
- Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University
| | - Photini Sinnis
- Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University
| | - George Dimopoulos
- Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University
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Ganley JG, Pandey A, Sylvester K, Lu KY, Toro-Moreno M, Rütschlin S, Bradford JM, Champion CJ, Böttcher T, Xu J, Derbyshire ER. A Systematic Analysis of Mosquito-Microbiome Biosynthetic Gene Clusters Reveals Antimalarial Siderophores that Reduce Mosquito Reproduction Capacity. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 27:817-826.e5. [PMID: 32619453 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Advances in infectious disease control strategies through genetic manipulation of insect microbiomes have heightened interest in microbially produced small molecules within mosquitoes. Herein, 33 mosquito-associated bacterial genomes were mined and over 700 putative biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) were identified, 135 of which belong to known classes of BGCs. After an in-depth analysis of the 135 BGCs, iron-binding siderophores were chosen for further investigation due to their high abundance and well-characterized bioactivities. Through various metabolomic strategies, eight siderophore scaffolds were identified in six strains of mosquito-associated bacteria. Among these, serratiochelin A and pyochelin were found to reduce female Anopheles gambiae overall fecundity likely by lowering their blood-feeding rate. Serratiochelin A and pyochelin were further found to inhibit the Plasmodium parasite asexual blood and liver stages in vitro. Our work supplies a bioinformatic resource for future mosquito-microbiome studies and highlights an understudied source of bioactive small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack G Ganley
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ashmita Pandey
- Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Program, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - Kayla Sylvester
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kuan-Yi Lu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Sina Rütschlin
- Department of Chemistry, Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, Zukunftskolleg, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | | | - Cody J Champion
- Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Program, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - Thomas Böttcher
- Department of Chemistry, Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, Zukunftskolleg, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Jiannong Xu
- Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Program, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - Emily R Derbyshire
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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Sharma P, Rani J, Chauhan C, Kumari S, Tevatiya S, Das De T, Savargaonkar D, Pandey KC, Dixit R. Altered Gut Microbiota and Immunity Defines Plasmodium vivax Survival in Anopheles stephensi. Front Immunol 2020; 11:609. [PMID: 32477320 PMCID: PMC7240202 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood-feeding enriched gut-microbiota boosts mosquitoes' anti-Plasmodium immunity. Here, we ask how Plasmodium vivax alters gut-microbiota, anti-Plasmodial immunity, and impacts tripartite Plasmodium-mosquito-microbiota interactions in the gut lumen. We used a metagenomics and RNAseq strategy to address these questions. In naïve mosquitoes, Elizabethkingia meningitis and Pseudomonas spp. are the dominant bacteria and blood-feeding leads to a heightened detection of Elizabethkingia, Pseudomonas and Serratia 16S rRNA. A parallel RNAseq analysis of blood-fed midguts also shows the presence of Elizabethkingia-related transcripts. After, P. vivax infected blood-meal, however, we do not detect bacterial 16S rRNA until circa 36 h. Intriguingly, the transcriptional expression of a selected array of antimicrobial arsenal cecropins 1-2, defensin-1, and gambicin remained low during the first 36 h-a time frame when ookinetes/early oocysts invaded the gut. We conclude during the preinvasive phase, P. vivax outcompetes midgut-microbiota. This microbial suppression likely negates the impact of mosquito immunity which in turn may enhance the survival of P. vivax. Detection of sequences matching to mosquito-associated Wolbachia opens a new inquiry for its exploration as an agent for "paratransgenesis-based" mosquito control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punita Sharma
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction Studies, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Jyoti Rani
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction Studies, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
- Bio and Nanotechnology Department, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Haryana, India
| | - Charu Chauhan
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction Studies, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Seena Kumari
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction Studies, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjay Tevatiya
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction Studies, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Tanwee Das De
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction Studies, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepali Savargaonkar
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction Studies, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Kailash C. Pandey
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction Studies, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajnikant Dixit
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction Studies, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
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Clonocoprogens A, B and C, new antimalarial coprogens from the Okinawan fungus Clonostachys compactiuscula FKR-0021. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2020; 73:365-371. [PMID: 32139881 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-020-0292-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Three new antimalarial compounds, clonocoprogens A, B, and C, were isolated from the static culture of an Okinawan fungus, Clonostachys compactiuscula FKR-0021. These compounds were new analogs of N14-palmitoylcoprogen, reported as a siderophore. They showed moderate antimalarial activity against chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains, with IC50 values ranging from 1.7 to 9.9 µM.
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Geiser DL, Thai TN, Love MB, Winzerling JJ. Iron and Ferritin Deposition in the Ovarian Tissues of the Yellow Fever Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2019; 19:5586715. [PMID: 31606748 PMCID: PMC6790249 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iez089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Dengue, yellow fever, and Zika are viruses transmitted by yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti [Linnaeus (Diptera: Culicidae)], to thousands of people each year. Mosquitoes transmit these viruses while consuming a blood meal that is required for oogenesis. Iron, an essential nutrient from the blood meal, is required for egg development. Mosquitoes receive a high iron load in the meal; although iron can be toxic, these animals have developed mechanisms for dealing with this load. Our previous research has shown iron from the blood meal is absorbed in the gut and transported by ferritin, the main iron transport and storage protein, to the ovaries. We now report the distribution of iron and ferritin in ovarian tissues before blood feeding and 24 and 72 h post-blood meal. Ovarian iron is observed in specific locations. Timing post-blood feeding influences the location and distribution of the ferritin heavy-chain homolog, light-chain homolog 1, and light-chain homolog 2 in ovaries. Understanding iron deposition in ovarian tissues is important to the potential use of interference in iron metabolism as a vector control strategy for reducing mosquito fecundity, decreasing mosquito populations, and thereby reducing transmission rates of vector-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn L Geiser
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Theresa N Thai
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Maria B Love
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Joy J Winzerling
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
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Parkinson CJ, Birrell GW, Chavchich M, Mackenzie D, Haynes RK, de Kock C, Richardson DR, Edstein MD. Development of pyridyl thiosemicarbazones as highly potent agents for the treatment of malaria after oral administration. J Antimicrob Chemother 2019; 74:2965-2973. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkz290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractObjectivesDrug resistance exists to all current and investigational antimalarial drug classes. Consequently, we have set out to develop chemically and mechanistically discrete antimalarials. Here we report on the development of thiosemicarbazone (TSC) antimalarials, with TSC3 as the most advanced lead.MethodsThiosemicarbazones were generated through simple condensation reactions of thiosemicarbazides and ketones. TSC3 was selected and tested for in vitro antimalarial activities against MDR Plasmodium falciparum lines using the [3H]hypoxanthine growth assay, in vitro cytotoxicity against mammalian cell lines using the alamarBlue fluorescence cell viability assay, in vivo potency in the mouse–Plasmodium berghei model and blood exposure in mice measured by LC-MS for pharmacokinetic analysis.ResultsTSC3 showed potent in vitro activity against atovaquone-, dihydroartemisinin-, chloroquine- and mefloquine-resistant P. falciparum lines (EC50 <15 nM). The selectivity index (EC50 cells/EC50Pf W2 line) of TSC3 was >500 in two of three mammalian cell lines. In P. berghei-infected mice, TSC3 showed potent activity in the Peters 4 day suppression test (ED50 1.2 mg/kg/day) and was as potent as artesunate and chloroquine in the curative modified Thompson test. A single oral dose of TSC3 at 16 mg/kg in healthy mice achieved a mean maximum blood concentration of 1883 ng/mL at 1 h after dosing and an elimination half-life of 48.7 h in groups of five mice.ConclusionsTSC3 shows promise as a persistent, potent and orally effective antimalarial. This, coupled with the extremely low cost of synthesis, suggests that the further development of antimalarial thiosemicarbazones is clearly warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Geoffrey W Birrell
- Australian Defence Force Malaria and Infectious Disease Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Marina Chavchich
- Australian Defence Force Malaria and Infectious Disease Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Donna Mackenzie
- Australian Defence Force Malaria and Infectious Disease Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Richard K Haynes
- Centre for Excellence in Pharmaceutical Discovery, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Carmen de Kock
- Division of Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Des R Richardson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael D Edstein
- Australian Defence Force Malaria and Infectious Disease Institute, Brisbane, Australia
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Akladios FN, Andrew SD, Boog SJ, de Kock C, Haynes RK, Parkinson CJ. The Evaluation of Metal Co-ordinating Bis-Thiosemicarbazones as Potential Anti-malarial Agents. Med Chem 2019; 15:51-58. [DOI: 10.2174/1573406414666180525132204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:The emergence of resistance to the artemisinins which are the current mainstays for antimalarial chemotheraphy has created an environment where the development of new drugs acting in a mechanistally discrete manner is a priority.Objective:The goal of this work was to synthesize ane evaluate bis-thiosemicarbazones as potential antimalarial agents. </P><P> Methods: Fifteen compounds were generated using two condensation protocols and evaluated in vitro against the NF54 (CQ sensitive) strain of Plasmodium falciparum. A preliminary assessment of the potential for human toxicity was conducted in vitro against the MRC5 human lung fibroblast line.Results:The activity of the bis-thiosemicarbazones was highly dependent on the nature of the arene at the core of the structure. The inclusion of a non-coordinating benzene core resulted in inactive compounds, while the inclusion of a pyridyl core resulted in compounds of moderate or potent antimalarial activity (4 compounds showing IC50 < 250 nM).Conclusion:Bis-thiosemicarbazones containing a central pyridyl core display potent antimalarial activity in vitro. Sequestration and activation of ferric iron appears to play a significant role in this activity. Ongoing studies are aimed at further development of this series as potential antimalarials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fady N. Akladios
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia
| | - Scott D. Andrew
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia
| | - Samantha J. Boog
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia
| | - Carmen de Kock
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Richard K. Haynes
- Centre for Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
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Dhusia K, Bajpai A, Ramteke PW. Overcoming antibiotic resistance: Is siderophore Trojan horse conjugation an answer to evolving resistance in microbial pathogens? J Control Release 2017; 269:63-87. [PMID: 29129658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Comparative study of siderophore biosynthesis pathway in pathogens provides potential targets for antibiotics and host drug delivery as a part of computationally feasible microbial therapy. Iron acquisition using siderophore models is an essential and well established model in all microorganisms and microbial infections a known to cause great havoc to both plant and animal. Rapid development of antibiotic resistance in bacterial as well as fungal pathogens has drawn us at a verge where one has to get rid of the traditional way of obstructing pathogen using single or multiple antibiotic/chemical inhibitors or drugs. 'Trojan horse' strategy is an answer to this imperative call where antibiotic are by far sneaked into the pathogenic cell via the siderophore receptors at cell and outer membrane. This antibiotic once gets inside, generates a 'black hole' scenario within the opportunistic pathogens via iron scarcity. For pathogens whose siderophore are not compatible to smuggle drug due to their complex conformation and stiff valence bonds, there is another approach. By means of the siderophore biosynthesis pathways, potential targets for inhibition of these siderophores in pathogenic bacteria could be achieved and thus control pathogenic virulence. Method to design artificial exogenous siderophores for pathogens that would compete and succeed the battle of intake is also covered with this review. These manipulated siderophore would enter pathogenic cell like any other siderophore but will not disperse iron due to which iron inadequacy and hence pathogens control be accomplished. The aim of this review is to offer strategies to overcome the microbial infections/pathogens using siderophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyani Dhusia
- Deptartment of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Jacob Institute of Biotechnology and Bio-Engineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences (SHUATS), Allahabad-211007 (U.P.), India
| | - Archana Bajpai
- Laboratory for Disease Systems Modeling, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - P W Ramteke
- Deptartment of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Jacob Institute of Biotechnology and Bio-Engineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences (SHUATS), Allahabad-211007 (U.P.), India
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A no film slot blot for the detection of developing P. falciparum oocysts in mosquitoes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174229. [PMID: 28430778 PMCID: PMC5400236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-microscopy-based assays for sensitive and rapid detection of Plasmodium infection in mosquitoes are needed to allow rapid and high throughput measurement of transmission intensity and malaria control program effectiveness. Here, we report on a modified enhanced chemiluminescence-based slot blot assay for detection of Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) circumsporozite protein (PfCSP) expressed on parasite oocysts developing inside the mosquito midgut. This modified assay has several novel features that include eliminating the need for exposure to autoradiography (AR) film, as well as utilizing a novel high affinity anti-CSP antibody, and optimizing assay procedures resulting in significant reduction in the time required to perform the assay. The chemiluminescent signal for the detection of PfCSP in mosquito samples was captured digitally utilizing the C-Digit blot scanner that, allowed the detection of 0.01 pg of recombinant P. falciparum CSP and as few as 0.02 P. falciparum oocysts in a little over two hours. The earlier ECL-SB detected rCSP and oocysts and took approximately 5 h to perform. Whole mosquito lysates from both high and low prevalence—infected mosquito populations were prepared and evaluated for PfCSP detection on the ECL-SB by both AR film and digital data capture and analysis. There was a 100% agreement between the AR film and the C-Digit scanner methods for PfCSP detection in randomly sampled mosquitoes. This novel “No Film” Slot Blot assay obviates the need for AR film exposure and development and significantly reduces the assay time enabling widespread use in field settings.
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Mishra M, Mishra VK, Kashaw V, Iyer AK, Kashaw SK. Comprehensive review on various strategies for antimalarial drug discovery. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 125:1300-1320. [PMID: 27886547 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The resistance of malaria parasites to existing drugs carries on growing and progressively limiting our ability to manage this severe disease and finally lead to a massive global health burden. Till now, malaria control has relied upon the traditional quinoline, antifolate and artemisinin compounds. Very few new antimalarials were developed in the past 50 years. Among recent approaches, identification of novel chemotherapeutic targets, exploration of natural products with medicinal significance, covalent bitherapy having a dual mode of action into a single hybrid molecule and malaria vaccine development are explored heavily. The proper execution of these approaches and proper investment from international agencies will accelerate the discovery of drugs that provide new hope for the control or eventual eradication of this global infectious disease. This review explores various strategies for assessment and development of new antimalarial drugs. Current status and scientific value of previous approaches are systematically reviewed and new approaches provide a pragmatic forecast for future developments are introduced as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitali Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour University (A Central University), Sagar, MP, India
| | - Vikash K Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour University (A Central University), Sagar, MP, India
| | - Varsha Kashaw
- SVN Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, SVN University, Sagar, MP, India
| | - Arun K Iyer
- Use-inspired Biomaterials & Integrated Nano Delivery (U-BiND) Systems Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sushil Kumar Kashaw
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour University (A Central University), Sagar, MP, India; Use-inspired Biomaterials & Integrated Nano Delivery (U-BiND) Systems Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
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Tapanelli S, Habluetzel A, Pellei M, Marchiò L, Tombesi A, Capparè A, Santini C. Novel metalloantimalarials: Transmission blocking effects of water soluble Cu(I), Ag(I) and Au(I) phosphane complexes on the murine malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei. J Inorg Biochem 2016; 166:1-4. [PMID: 27815977 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The water soluble phosphane complexes [M(L)4]PF6 (M=Cu(I), Ag(I)) and [Au(L)4]Cl (L=thp (tris(hydroxymethyl)phosphane) or PTA (1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane)) showed notable in vitro activity against Plasmodium early sporogonic stages, the sexual forms of the malaria parasite that are responsible for infection of the mosquito vector. Effects varied according to both, the type of metal and phosphane ligands. [Ag(thp)4]PF6 was the best performing complex exhibiting a half inhibitory concentration (IC50) value in the low micromolar range (0.3-15.6μM). The silver complex [Ag(thp)4]PF6 was characterized by X-ray crystallography revealing that the structure comprises the cationic complex [Ag(thp)4]+, the PF6- anion, and a water molecule of crystallization. Our results revealed that Cu(I), Ag(I) and Au(I) phosphanes complexes elicited similar activity profiles showing potential for the development of antimalarial, transmission blocking compounds. Molecules targeting the sexual parasite stages in the human and/or mosquito host are urgently needed to complement current artemisinin based treatments and next generation antimalarials in a vision not only to cure the disease but to interrupt its transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Tapanelli
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Annette Habluetzel
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, Camerino, MC, Italy.
| | - Maura Pellei
- School of Science and Technology - Chemistry Division, University of Camerino, via S. Agostino 1, Camerino, MC, Italy.
| | - Luciano Marchiò
- Department of Chemistry, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17A, Parma, Italy
| | - Alessia Tombesi
- School of Science and Technology - Chemistry Division, University of Camerino, via S. Agostino 1, Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Ambra Capparè
- School of Science and Technology - Chemistry Division, University of Camerino, via S. Agostino 1, Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Carlo Santini
- School of Science and Technology - Chemistry Division, University of Camerino, via S. Agostino 1, Camerino, MC, Italy
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14
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Shitlani D, Choudhary R, Pandey DP, Bodakhe SH. Ameliorative antimalarial effects of the combination of rutin and swertiamarin on malarial parasites. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(16)61067-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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15
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Slavic K, Krishna S, Lahree A, Bouyer G, Hanson KK, Vera I, Pittman JK, Staines HM, Mota MM. A vacuolar iron-transporter homologue acts as a detoxifier in Plasmodium. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10403. [PMID: 26786069 PMCID: PMC4735874 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential micronutrient but is also highly toxic. In yeast and plant cells, a key detoxifying mechanism involves iron sequestration into intracellular storage compartments, mediated by members of the vacuolar iron-transporter (VIT) family of proteins. Here we study the VIT homologue from the malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum (PfVIT) and Plasmodium berghei (PbVIT). PfVIT-mediated iron transport in a yeast heterologous expression system is saturable (Km ∼ 14.7 μM), and selective for Fe(2+) over other divalent cations. PbVIT-deficient P. berghei lines (Pbvit(-)) show a reduction in parasite load in both liver and blood stages of infection in mice. Moreover, Pbvit(-) parasites have higher levels of labile iron in blood stages and are more sensitive to increased iron levels in liver stages, when compared with wild-type parasites. Our data are consistent with Plasmodium VITs playing a major role in iron detoxification and, thus, normal development of malaria parasites in their mammalian host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenija Slavic
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sanjeev Krishna
- Institute for Infection & Immunity, St. George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Aparajita Lahree
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Guillaume Bouyer
- Institute for Infection & Immunity, St. George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, CNRS, UMR 8227, Comparative Physiology of Erythrocytes, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, 29688 Roscoff, France
| | - Kirsten K. Hanson
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
- Present address: University of Texas at San Antonio, Department of Biology and STCEID, San Antonio, Texas 78249, USA
| | - Iset Vera
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jon K. Pittman
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Henry M. Staines
- Institute for Infection & Immunity, St. George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Maria M. Mota
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
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16
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Thipubon P, Tipsuwan W, Uthaipibull C, Santitherakul S, Srichairatanakool S. Anti-malarial effect of 1-(N-acetyl-6-aminohexyl)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpyridin-4-one and green tea extract on erythrocyte-stage Plasmodium berghei in mice. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2015.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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