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Ndashimye E, Reyes PS, Arts EJ. New antiretroviral inhibitors and HIV-1 drug resistance: more focus on 90% HIV-1 isolates? FEMS Microbiol Rev 2023; 47:fuac040. [PMID: 36130204 PMCID: PMC9841967 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuac040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Combined HIV antiretroviral therapy (cART) has been effective except if drug resistance emerges. As cART has been rolled out in low-income countries, drug resistance has emerged at higher rates than observed in high income countries due to factors including initial use of these less tolerated cART regimens, intermittent disruptions in drug supply, and insufficient treatment monitoring. These socioeconomic factors impacting drug resistance are compounded by viral mechanistic differences by divergent HIV-1 non-B subtypes compared to HIV-1 subtype B that largely infects the high-income countries (just 10% of 37 million infected). This review compares the inhibition and resistance of diverse HIV-1 subtypes and strains to the various approved drugs as well as novel inhibitors in clinical trials. Initial sequence variations and differences in replicative fitness between HIV-1 subtypes pushes strains through different fitness landscapes to escape from drug selective pressure. The discussions here provide insight to patient care givers and policy makers on how best to use currently approved ART options and reduce the emergence of drug resistance in ∼33 million individuals infected with HIV-1 subtype A, C, D, G, and recombinants forms. Unfortunately, over 98% of the literature on cART resistance relates to HIV-1 subtype B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Ndashimye
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, N6A 3K7, London, Ontario, Canada
- Joint Clinical Research Centre, -Center for AIDS Research Laboratories, 256, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Paul S Reyes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, N6A 3K7, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric J Arts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, N6A 3K7, London, Ontario, Canada
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Li S, Ouyang J, Zhao B, An M, Wang L, Ding H, Zhang M, Han X. The S68G polymorphism is a compensatory mutation associated with the drug resistance mutation K65R in CRF01_AE strains. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:123. [PMID: 32046664 PMCID: PMC7014709 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-4836-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rate of S68G mutation in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase has increased and is closely related to the K65R mutation among CRF01_AE-infected patients who failed treatment. We aimed to explore the temporal association of S68G and K65R mutations and disclose the role of the former on susceptibility to nucleotide/nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) and viral replication with the K65R double mutations among CRF01_AE-infected patients who failed treatment. METHODS The occurrence of S68G and K65R mutations was evaluated among HIV-1 of various subtypes in the global HIV Drug Resistance Database. The temporal association of S68G and K65R mutations was analyzed through next-generation sequencing in four CRF01_AE-infected patients who failed treatment with tenofovir/lamivudine/efavirenz. The impact of the S68G mutation on susceptibility to NRTI and replication fitness was analyzed using pseudovirus phenotypic resistance assays and growth competition assays, respectively. RESULTS The frequency of the S68G mutation increased by 1.4-9.7% in almost all HIV subtypes and circulating recombinant forms in treatment-experienced patients, except subtype F. The S68G mutation often occurred in conjunction with the K65R mutation among RTI-treated patients, with frequencies ranging 21.1-61.7% in various subtypes. Next-generation sequencing revealed that the S68G mutation occurred following the K65R mutation in three of the four CRF01_AE-infected patients. In these three patients, there was no significant change detected in the half maximal inhibitory concentration for zidovudine, tenofovir, or lamivudine between the K65R and K65R/S68G mutations, as demonstrated by the phenotypic resistance assays. Virus stocks of the K65R and K65R/S68G mutations were mixed with 4:6, 1:1, and 9:1 and cultured for 13 days, the K65R/S68G mutants outgrew those of the K65R mutants irrespective of the input ratio. CONCLUSIONS S68G may be a natural polymorphism and compensatory mutation of K65R selected by NRTIs in the CRF01_AE strain of HIV-1. This mutation does not affect susceptibility to NRTI; however, it improves the replication fitness of K65R mutants. This study deciphers the role of the S68G mutation in the HIV reverse transcriptase of the CRF01_AE strain and provides new evidence for the interpretation of drug-resistant mutations in non-B subtypes of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjia Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Shenyang, 110001, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Jinming Ouyang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Shenyang, 110001, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Minghui An
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Shenyang, 110001, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Lin Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Shenyang, 110001, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Haibo Ding
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Shenyang, 110001, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Min Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Shenyang, 110001, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Xiaoxu Han
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Shenyang, 110001, China. .,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, 110001, China.
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Meriki HD, Tufon KA, Anong DN, Atanga PN, Anyangwe IA, Cho-Ngwa F, Nkuo-Akenji T. Genetic diversity and antiretroviral resistance-associated mutation profile of treated and naive HIV-1 infected patients from the Northwest and Southwest regions of Cameroon. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225575. [PMID: 31751428 PMCID: PMC6874083 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has improved the survival of HIV infected persons. However, rapid scale-up of ART and the high HIV-1 genetic variability, has greatly influenced the emergence of drug-resistant strains. This constitutes a potential threat to achieving the UNAIDS' 90-90-90 goals by 2020. We investigated the prevalent HIV-1 genotypes, drug resistance-associated mutations and assessed some predictors of the occurrence of these mutations. METHODS This was a hospital-based cross-sectional study conducted between October 2010 and June 2012. Participants were consecutively enrolled from selected HIV treatment centers of the Southwest and Northwest regions of Cameroon. Viral load was determined with the automated Abbott Real-time HIV-1 m2000rt System. HIV genotyping and antiretroviral resistance mutations analysis were performed using Bayer's HIV-1 TRUGENE™ Genotyping Kit and OpenGene DNA Sequencing system. The drug resistance mutation was interpreted with the Stanford HIV database. Epidemiological data were obtained using pre-tested semi-structured questionnaires. RESULTS Of the 387 participants, 239 were successfully genotyped. The median age of these participants was 33 years (interquartile range, IQR: 28-40 years), and a majority (65.7%) were female. A total of 29.3% of the participants were receiving ART. The median duration of ART was 10.5 months (IQR: 4-17.25 months). The median CD4 count and log10 viral load of study participants were 353.5 cells/ml (IQR:145-471) and 4.89 copies/ml (IQR: 3.91-5.55) respectively. CRF02 (A/G) (69%) was the most prevalent subtype followed by G (8.2%) and F (6.7%). Overall, resistance mutations were present in 37.1% of ART-experienced and 10.7% of ART-naive patients. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) mutations occurred in 30% of ART-experienced and 2.4% of ART-naïve patients, while non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) mutations occurred in 34.2% of ART-experienced and 10.1% of -naïve patients. M184V (8.4%, 20/239) and K103N (5.4%, 13/239) were the most prevalent mutations. Major protease inhibitor mutations occurred in 3 (1.3%) out of the 239 sequences. The duration of ART independently predicted the occurrence of resistance mutation among ART-experienced patients. CONCLUSION The high resistance to NNRTIs, which are the main support to the backbone (NRTIs) first-line antiretroviral regimen in Cameroon, has prompted the need to rollout an integrase strand transfer inhibitor regimen (containing Dolutegravir) with a higher genetic barrier to resistance as the preferred first line regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Dilonga Meriki
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, SW Region, Cameroon
- BioCollections Worldwide Inc., Regional Office, Buea, SW Region, Cameroon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, SW Region, Cameroon
| | - Kukwah Anthony Tufon
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, SW Region, Cameroon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, SW Region, Cameroon
| | - Damian Nota Anong
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, SW Region, Cameroon
| | - Pascal Nji Atanga
- Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Service, Mutengene, South West Region, Cameroon
| | - Irene Ane Anyangwe
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, SW Region, Cameroon
| | - Fidelis Cho-Ngwa
- Laboratory Department, Buea Regional Hospital, Buea, SW Region, Cameroon
| | - Theresa Nkuo-Akenji
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, SW Region, Cameroon
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Bobkova MR. [Genetic diversity of human immunodeficiency viruses and antiretroviral therapy]. TERAPEVT ARKH 2018; 88:103-111. [PMID: 28005040 DOI: 10.17116/terarkh20168811103-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The lecture is devoted to the analysis of the state-of-the-art of the impact of genetic diversity of human immunodeficiency (HIV) viruses on the pattern of infection and the efficiency of antiretroviral therapy (ART). It provides brief information on the origin and evolution of HIV and on the current classification of their genetic variants. The molecular epidemiological situation of HIV infection in Russia and nearby states and the major molecular HIV variants that are dominant in these countries, as well as their origin and prevalence trends are characterized. How the diversity of HIV can affect the efficiency of diagnosis, the transmission of the virus, and the pattern of HIV pathogenesis are briefly reviewed. The comparative data available in the world's scientific literature on these topics are given. More detailed attention is given to the possible causes of varying therapeutic effects against different HIV subtypes, as well as to the specific features of the formation and phenotyping manifestation of ART drug resistance mutations. There is evidence for the necessity of forming a unified follow-up system for treated HIV-infected patients during ART scaling, including in an effort to evaluate the impact of the specific features of the HIV genome on the efficiency of treatment regimens used in Russia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Bobkova
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, Honorary Acad. N.F. Gamaleya Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
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Zautner AE, Herchenröder O, Moussi AE, Schwarz NG, Wiemer DF, Groß U, Frickmann H. Pharmaceutical interactions between antiretroviral and antimalarial drugs used in chemoprophylaxis. Acta Trop 2018; 179:25-35. [PMID: 29273442 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the causative agent of the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). The pandemic is believed to have originated within the Northern Congo basin covering large parts of the Democratic Republic of Congo, the Republic of Congo, the Central African Republic, Cameroon and Gabon. Although over decades, HIV-1 has spread throughout the World leaving no country unaffected, sub-Saharan Africa remains the region with more than 80% of all infected individuals. The HIV-2 epidemic has largely remained restricted to West Africa along the Upper Guinean forests. Co-incident with these regions of highest HIV distribution is a part of the malaria belt and therefore, co-infections are common. In this review we carve out the consequences of HIV transmission prevention and synchronous malaria prophylaxis during occupational or leisure travelling activities within this World region. In particular, we elaborate on considering pre-existing drug resistances of both, the malaria parasites and the immunodeficiency viruses, when determining a combination for prophylactic and, if necessary, post-expositional measures with a focus on the compatibility of both medications.
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Megens S, Laethem KV. HIV-1 genetic variation and drug resistance development. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 11:1159-78. [PMID: 24151833 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2013.844649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Up until 10 years ago, basic and clinical HIV-1 research was mainly performed on HIV-1 subtype B that predominated in resource-rich settings. Over the past decade, HIV-1 care and therapy has been scaled up substantially in Latin America, Africa and Asia. These regions are largely dominated by non-B subtype infections, and especially the African continent is affected by the HIV pandemic. Insight on the potency of antiviral drugs and regimens as well as on the emergence of drug resistance in non-B subtypes was lacking triggering research in this field, also partly driven by the introduction and spreading of HIV-1 non-B subtypes in Europe. The scope of this article was to review and discuss the state-of-the-art on the impact of HIV-1 genetic variation on the in vitro activity of antiviral drugs and in vivo response to antiviral therapy; as well as on the in vitro and in vivo emergence of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Megens
- Department Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Santoro MM, Perno CF. HIV-1 Genetic Variability and Clinical Implications. ISRN MICROBIOLOGY 2013; 2013:481314. [PMID: 23844315 PMCID: PMC3703378 DOI: 10.1155/2013/481314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in antiretroviral therapy that have revolutionized HIV disease management, effective control of the HIV infection pandemic remains elusive. Beyond the classic non-B endemic areas, HIV-1 non-B subtype infections are sharply increasing in previous subtype B homogeneous areas such as Europe and North America. As already known, several studies have shown that, among non-B subtypes, subtypes C and D were found to be more aggressive in terms of disease progression. Luckily, the response to antiretrovirals against HIV-1 seems to be similar among different subtypes, but these results are mainly based on small or poorly designed studies. On the other hand, differences in rates of acquisition of resistance among non-B subtypes are already being observed. This different propensity, beyond the type of treatment regimens used, as well as access to viral load testing in non-B endemic areas seems to be due to HIV-1 clade specific peculiarities. Indeed, some non-B subtypes are proved to be more prone to develop resistance compared to B subtype. This phenomenon can be related to the presence of subtype-specific polymorphisms, different codon usage, and/or subtype-specific RNA templates. This review aims to provide a complete picture of HIV-1 genetic diversity and its implications for HIV-1 disease spread, effectiveness of therapies, and drug resistance development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mercedes Santoro
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Federico Perno
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- INMI L Spallanzani Hospital, Antiretroviral Therapy Monitoring Unit, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy
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Theys K, Deforche K, Vercauteren J, Libin P, van de Vijver DAMC, Albert J, Åsjö B, Balotta C, Bruckova M, Camacho RJ, Clotet B, Coughlan S, Grossman Z, Hamouda O, Horban A, Korn K, Kostrikis LG, Kücherer C, Nielsen C, Paraskevis D, Poljak M, Puchhammer-Stockl E, Riva C, Ruiz L, Liitsola K, Schmit JC, Schuurman R, Sönnerborg A, Stanekova D, Stanojevic M, Struck D, Van Laethem K, Wensing AMJ, Boucher CAB, Vandamme AM. Treatment-associated polymorphisms in protease are significantly associated with higher viral load and lower CD4 count in newly diagnosed drug-naive HIV-1 infected patients. Retrovirology 2012; 9:81. [PMID: 23031662 PMCID: PMC3487874 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-9-81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of drug resistance transmission on disease progression in the newly infected patient is not well understood. Major drug resistance mutations severely impair viral fitness in a drug free environment, and therefore are expected to revert quickly. Compensatory mutations, often already polymorphic in wild-type viruses, do not tend to revert after transmission. While compensatory mutations increase fitness during treatment, their presence may also modulate viral fitness and virulence in absence of therapy and major resistance mutations. We previously designed a modeling technique that quantifies genotypic footprints of in vivo treatment selective pressure, including both drug resistance mutations and polymorphic compensatory mutations, through the quantitative description of a fitness landscape from virus genetic sequences. RESULTS Genotypic correlates of viral load and CD4 cell count were evaluated in subtype B sequences from recently diagnosed treatment-naive patients enrolled in the SPREAD programme. The association of surveillance drug resistance mutations, reported compensatory mutations and fitness estimated from drug selective pressure fitness landscapes with baseline viral load and CD4 cell count was evaluated using regression techniques. Protease genotypic variability estimated to increase fitness during treatment was associated with higher viral load and lower CD4 cell counts also in treatment-naive patients, which could primarily be attributed to well-known compensatory mutations at highly polymorphic positions. By contrast, treatment-related mutations in reverse transcriptase could not explain viral load or CD4 cell count variability. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that polymorphic compensatory mutations in protease, reported to be selected during treatment, may improve the replicative capacity of HIV-1 even in absence of drug selective pressure or major resistance mutations. The presence of this polymorphic variation may either reflect a history of drug selective pressure, i.e. transmission from a treated patient, or merely be a result of diversity in wild-type virus. Our findings suggest that transmitted drug resistance has the potential to contribute to faster disease progression in the newly infected host and to shape the HIV-1 epidemic at a population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristof Theys
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Jurgen Vercauteren
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Jan Albert
- Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital and Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Birgitta Åsjö
- Section for Microbiology and Immunology, Gade institute, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Marie Bruckova
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ricardo J Camacho
- Centro de Malária e outras Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- irsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute & Lluita contra la SIDA Foundation, Hospital Universitari “Germans Trias i Pujol”, Badalona, Spain
| | | | - Zehava Grossman
- Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, and School of Public Health, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Andrzei Horban
- Warsaw Medical University and Hospital for Infectious Diseases, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Klaus Korn
- Institut für Klinische und Molekulare Virologie, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Dimitrios Paraskevis
- National Retrovirus Reference Center, Department of Hygiene Epidemiology of Medical Statistics, University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | | - Lidia Ruiz
- irsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute & Lluita contra la SIDA Foundation, Hospital Universitari “Germans Trias i Pujol”, Badalona, Spain
| | - Kirsi Liitsola
- National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jean-Claude Schmit
- Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg and Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Rob Schuurman
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherland
| | - Anders Sönnerborg
- Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Virology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Maja Stanojevic
- School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Daniel Struck
- Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg and Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Kristel Van Laethem
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annemarie MJ Wensing
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherland
| | - Charles AB Boucher
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherland
| | - Anne-Mieke Vandamme
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Centro de Malária e outras Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Lessells RJ, Katzenstein DK, de Oliveira T. Are subtype differences important in HIV drug resistance? Curr Opin Virol 2012; 2:636-43. [PMID: 23006584 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The diversity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has given rise to multiple subtypes and recombinant strains. The majority of research into antiretroviral agents and drug resistance has been performed on subtype B viruses, yet non-subtype B strains are responsible for 90% of global infections. Although it seems that combination antiretroviral regimens are effective against all HIV-1 subtypes, there is emerging evidence of subtype differences in drug resistance, relevant to antiretroviral strategies in different parts of the world. For this purpose, extensive sampling of HIV genetic diversity, curation and analyses are required to inform antiretroviral strategies in different parts of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Lessells
- Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, South Africa
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The Impact of HIV Genetic Polymorphisms and Subtype Differences on the Occurrence of Resistance to Antiretroviral Drugs. Mol Biol Int 2012; 2012:256982. [PMID: 22792462 PMCID: PMC3390109 DOI: 10.1155/2012/256982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of reports on drug resistance deal with subtype B infections in developed countries, and this is largely due to historical delays in access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) on a worldwide basis. This notwithstanding the concept that naturally occurring polymorphisms among different non-B subtypes can affect HIV-1 susceptibility to antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) is supported by both enzymatic and virological data. These findings suggest that such polymorphisms can affect both the magnitude of resistance conferred by some major mutations as well as the propensity to acquire certain resistance mutations, even though such differences are sometimes difficult to demonstrate in phenotypic assays. It is mandatory that tools are optimized to assure accurate measurements of drug susceptibility in non-B subtypes and to recognize that each subtype may have a distinct resistance profile and that differences in resistance pathways may also impact on cross-resistance and the choice of regimens to be used in second-line therapy. Although responsiveness to first-line therapy should not theoretically be affected by considerations of viral subtype and drug resistance, well-designed long-term longitudinal studies involving patients infected by viruses of different subtypes should be carried out.
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