1
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Møller TSB, Liu G, Hartman HB, Rau MH, Mortensen S, Thamsborg K, Johansen AE, Sommer MOA, Guardabassi L, Poolman MG, Olsen JE. Global responses to oxytetracycline treatment in tetracycline-resistant Escherichia coli. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8438. [PMID: 32439837 PMCID: PMC7242477 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64995-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We characterized the global transcriptome of Escherichia coli MG1655:: tetA grown in the presence of ½ MIC (14 mg/L) of OTC, and for comparison WT MG1655 strain grown with 1//2 MIC of OTC (0.25 mg/L OTC). 1646 genes changed expression significantly (FDR > 0.05) in the resistant strain, the majority of which (1246) were also regulated in WT strain. Genes involved in purine synthesis and ribosome structure and function were top-enriched among up-regulated genes, and anaerobic respiration, nitrate metabolism and aromatic amino acid biosynthesis genes among down-regulated genes. Blocking of the purine-synthesis- did not affect resistance phenotypes (MIC and growth rate with OTC), while blocking of protein synthesis using low concentrations of chloramphenicol or gentamicin, lowered MIC towards OTC. Metabolic-modeling, using a novel model for MG1655 and continuous weighing factor that reflected the degree of up or down regulation of genes encoding a reaction, identified 102 metabolic reactions with significant change in flux in MG1655:: tetA when grown in the presence of OTC compared to growth without OTC. These pathways could not have been predicted by simply analyzing functions of the up and down regulated genes, and thus this work has provided a novel method for identification of reactions which are essential in the adaptation to growth in the presence of antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thea S B Møller
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Gang Liu
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Hassan B Hartman
- Oxford Brookes University, Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, Gipsy Lane, Headington, Oxford, OX3 OBP, United Kingdom
| | - Martin H Rau
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Systems Biology, 2800, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sisse Mortensen
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kristian Thamsborg
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Andreas E Johansen
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Morten O A Sommer
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Systems Biology, 2800, Lyngby, Denmark.,Technical University of Denmark, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Luca Guardabassi
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Mark G Poolman
- Oxford Brookes University, Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, Gipsy Lane, Headington, Oxford, OX3 OBP, United Kingdom
| | - John E Olsen
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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2
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Cundliffe E, Demain AL. Avoidance of suicide in antibiotic-producing microbes. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 37:643-72. [PMID: 20446033 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-010-0721-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Many microbes synthesize potentially autotoxic antibiotics, mainly as secondary metabolites, against which they need to protect themselves. This is done in various ways, ranging from target-based strategies (i.e. modification of normal drug receptors or de novo synthesis of the latter in drug-resistant form) to the adoption of metabolic shielding and/or efflux strategies that prevent drug-target interactions. These self-defence mechanisms have been studied most intensively in antibiotic-producing prokaryotes, of which the most prolific are the actinomycetes. Only a few documented examples pertain to lower eukaryotes while higher organisms have hardly been addressed in this context. Thus, many plant alkaloids, variously described as herbivore repellents or nitrogen excretion devices, are truly antibiotics-even if toxic to humans. As just one example, bulbs of Narcissus spp. (including the King Alfred daffodil) accumulate narciclasine that binds to the larger subunit of the eukaryotic ribosome and inhibits peptide bond formation. However, ribosomes in the Amaryllidaceae have not been tested for possible resistance to narciclasine and other alkaloids. Clearly, the prevalence of suicide avoidance is likely to extend well beyond the remit of the present article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Cundliffe
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK.
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3
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Kojic M, Milojevic N, Vasiljevic B. Gentamicin-resistance determinants confer background-dependent hygromycin B resistance. Microb Drug Resist 2000; 5:177-82. [PMID: 10566866 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.1999.5.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Micromonospora strains that produce aminoglycoside antibiotics have a high level of resistance to their own products and to structurally similar antibiotics with a 4,6-disubstituted deoxystreptamine aminocyclitol component such as neomycin, kanamycin, or gentamicin, but these strains remain susceptible to other aminoglycosides such as neomycin and apramycin, in which the aminocyclitol component has different types of substitutions. Therefore, it was surprising that the aminoglycoside-producing Micromonospora strains examined here also showed high-level resistance to hygromycin B, in spite of the fact that this compound has a structurally different aminocyclitol component and a mode of antibacterial action that was also shown to differ somewhat from the mode of action of gentamicin-type antibiotics. When the resistance genes sgm and grm were cloned in Streptomyces lividans and E. coli, they conferred resistance to the expected aminoglycoside compounds but not to hygromycin B. In contrast, introduction of the same resistance genes to M. melanosporea produced resistance to hygromycin B as well. Such an apparent strain dependence in the expression of hygromycin B resistance was also observed with other genes from related genera that are also responsible for aminoglycoside resistance due to methylation of 16S rRNA: of these genes, only kgm assisted expression of hygromycin B resistance and only in the background of M. melanosporea. A possible mechanism for the background dependent of hygromycin B resistance is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kojic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, Belgrade, Yugoslavia
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4
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Diversity in aminoglycoside antibiotic resistance of actinomycetes and its exploitation in the search for novel antibiotics. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01574766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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5
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Quirós LM, Salas JA. Biosynthesis of the macrolide oleandomycin by Streptomyces antibioticus. Purification and kinetic characterization of an oleandomycin glucosyltransferase. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:18234-9. [PMID: 7629141 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.31.18234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The oleandomycin (OM) producer, Streptomyces antibioticus, possesses a mechanism involving two enzymes for the intracellular inactivation and extracellular reactivation of the antibiotic. Inactivation takes place by transfer of a glucose molecule from a donor (UDP-glucose) to OM, a process catalyzed by an intracellular glucosyltransferase. Glucosyltransferase activity is detectable in cell-free extracts concurrent with biosynthesis of OM. The enzyme has been purified 1,097-fold as a monomer, with a molecular mass of 57.1 kDa by a four-step procedure using three chromatographic columns. The reaction operates via a compulsory-order mechanism. This has been shown by steady-state kinetic studies using either OM or an alternative substrate (rosaramycin) and dead-end inhibitors, and isotopic exchange reactions at equilibrium. OM binds first to the enzyme, followed by UDP-glucose. A ternary complex is thus formed prior to transfer of glucose. UDP is then released, followed by the glycosylated oleandomycin (GS-OM).
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Quirós
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain
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6
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Allen NE. Biochemical mechanisms of resistance to non-cell wall antibacterial agents. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1995; 32:157-238. [PMID: 8577918 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(08)70454-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N E Allen
- Infectious Disease Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
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7
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Kojic M, Topisirovic L, Vasiljevic B. Cloning and characterization of an aminoglycoside resistance determinant from Micromonospora zionensis. J Bacteriol 1992; 174:7868-72. [PMID: 1447159 PMCID: PMC207509 DOI: 10.1128/jb.174.23.7868-7872.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The sisomicin-gentamicin resistance methylase (sgm) gene was isolated from Micromonospora zionensis and cloned in Streptomyces lividans. The sgm gene was expressed in Micromonospora melanosporea, where its own promoter was active, and also in Escherichia coli under the control of the lacZ promoter. The complete nucleotide sequence of 1,122 bp and a transcription start point were determined. The sequence contains an open reading frame that encodes a polypeptide of 274 amino acids. The methylation of 30S ribosomal subunits by Sgm methylase accounts adequately for all known resistance characteristics of M. zionensis, but expression of high-level resistance to hygromycin B is background dependent. A comparison of the amino acid sequence of the predicted Sgm protein with the deduced amino acid sequences for the 16S rRNA methylases showed extensive similarity of Grm and significant similarity to KgmB but not to KamB methylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kojic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, Belgrade, Yugoslavia
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8
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Efficient transformation ofMicromonospora melanosporea protoplasts byStreptomyces plasmid. Curr Microbiol 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02104137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Holmes DJ, Drocourt D, Tiraby G, Cundliffe E. Cloning of an aminoglycoside-resistance-encoding gene, kamC, from Saccharopolyspora hirsuta: comparison with kamB from Streptomyces tenebrarius. Gene 1991; 102:19-26. [PMID: 1840536 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(91)90532-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
An aminoglycoside-resistance-encoding gene (kamC) has been isolated from the sporaricin producer, Saccharopolyspora (Sac.) hirsuta, and expressed both in Streptomyces lividans and Escherichia coli. The pattern of resistance conferred by this gene was identical to that given by another gene (kamB) previously isolated from Streptomyces tenebrarius. In accordance with the known action of the kamB product, the Sac, hirsuta determinant also encodes a methyltransferase that modifies 16S rRNA, thereby rendering ribosomes refractory to certain aminoglycosides. The nucleotide sequences of both genes have been determined and comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences reveals a high degree of similarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Holmes
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, U.K
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Kelemen GH, Cundliffe E, Financsek I. Cloning and characterization of gentamicin-resistance genes from Micromonospora purpurea and Micromonospora rosea. Gene X 1991; 98:53-60. [PMID: 2013410 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(91)90103-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aminoglycoside-resistance genes (grm) were cloned from a gentamicin producer Micromonospora purpurea and a sisomicin producer Micromonospora rosea. The nucleotide (nt) sequences of both genes were determined and the similarity between them was very high (90.4% identity). In either case, the transcription start point was localised to about 11 nt upstream from the likely translation start codons of grm, which is expressed as a polycistronic transcript. In studies to be reported elsewhere, it has been established that the M. purpurea grm gene encodes a ribosomal RNA methyltransferase. Here, we confirmed that the similarity of the two genes exists not only at the structural but also at the functional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Kelemen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, U.K
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11
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Pérez-González JA, López-Cabrera M, Pardo JM, Jiménez A. Biochemical characterization of two cloned resistance determinants encoding a paromomycin acetyltransferase and a paromomycin phosphotransferase from Streptomyces rimosus forma paromomycinus. J Bacteriol 1989; 171:329-34. [PMID: 2536659 PMCID: PMC209591 DOI: 10.1128/jb.171.1.329-334.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism conferring resistance to paromomycin in Streptomyces rimosus forma paromomycinus, the producing organism, was studied at the level of both protein synthesis and drug-inactivating enzymes. Ribosomes prepared from this organism grown in either production or nonproduction medium were fully sensitive to paromomycin. A paromomycin acetyltransferase and a paromomycin phosphotransferase, both characteristic of the producer, were highly purified from extracts prepared from two Streptomyces lividans transformants harboring the relevant genes inserted in pIJ702-derived plasmids. In vitro, paromomycin was inactivated by either activity. In vivo, however, S. lividans clones containing the gene for either enzyme inserted in the low-copy-number plasmid pIJ41 were resistant to only low levels of paromomycin. In contrast, an S. lividans transformant containing both genes inserted in the same pIJ41-derived plasmid displayed high levels of resistance to paromomycin. These results indicate that both genes are required to determine the high levels of resistance to this drug in the producing organism. Paromomycin is doubly modified by the enzymes. However, whereas acetylparomomycin was a poorer substrate than paromomycin for the phosphotransferase, phosphorylparomomycin was modified more actively than was the intact drug by the acetyltransferase. These findings are discussed in terms of both a permeability barrier to paromomycin and the possible role(s) of the two enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway of this antibiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Pérez-González
- Centro de Biología Molecular (CSIC and UAM), Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
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12
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Beauclerk AA, Cundliffe E. Sites of action of two ribosomal RNA methylases responsible for resistance to aminoglycosides. J Mol Biol 1987; 193:661-71. [PMID: 2441068 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(87)90349-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Methylation of either of two residues (G-1405 or A-1408) within bacterial 16 S ribosomal RNA results in high level resistance to specific combinations of aminoglycoside antibiotics. The product of a gene that originated in Micromonospora purpurea (an actinomycete that produces gentamicin) gives resistance to kanamycin plus gentamicin by converting residue G-1405 to 7-methylguanosine. Resistance to kanamycin plus apramycin results from conversion of residue A-1408 to 1-methyladenosine catalysed by the product of a gene from Streptomyces tenjimariensis.
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13
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Thompson J, Skeggs PA, Cundliffe E. Methylation of 16S ribosomal RNA and resistance to the aminoglycoside antibiotics gentamicin and kanamycin determined by DNA from the gentamicin-producer, Micromonospora purpurea. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1985; 201:168-73. [PMID: 3866905 DOI: 10.1007/bf00425655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
When DNA fragments from Micromonospora purpurea (the producer of gentamicin) were cloned in Streptomyces lividans, a gentamicin-resistant strain was obtained in which the ribosomes were highly resistant both to gentamicin and to kanamycin. Reconstitution analysis revealed that such resistance resulted from some property of their 16S RNA. Extracts from the clone contained methylase activity which acted on 16S RNA within E. coli 30S ribosomal subunits and rendered them resistant to gentamicin and kanamycin.
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Skeggs PA, Thompson J, Cundliffe E. Methylation of 16S ribosomal RNA and resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics in clones of Streptomyces lividans carrying DNA from Streptomyces tenjimariensis. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1985; 200:415-21. [PMID: 3862930 DOI: 10.1007/bf00425725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A single gene from Streptomyces tenjimariensis, conferring resistance to kanamycin, apramycin and sisomicin, has been cloned in Streptomyces lividans. The mechanism of resistance involves methylation of 16S RNA in the 30S ribosomal subunit.
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15
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Distler J, Piepersberg W. Cloning and characterization of a gene fromStreptomyces griseuscoding for a streptomycin-phosphorylating activity. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1985. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1985.tb00775.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Piendl W, Böck A, Cundliffe E. Involvement of 16S ribosomal RNA in resistance of the aminoglycoside-producers Streptomyces tenjimariensis, Streptomyces tenebrarius and Micromonospora purpurea. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1984; 197:24-9. [PMID: 6083433 DOI: 10.1007/bf00327918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics in Micromonospora purpurea (the producer of gentamicin C complex), Streptomyces tenebrarius (the nebramycin producer) and Streptomyces tenjimariensis (which makes istamycin) occurs at the level of the ribosome. Reconstitution analysis has revealed, in each case, that 16S rRNA plays a critical role in determining such resistance.
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MatkoviÄ B, Piendl W, Böck A. Ribosomal resistance as a wide-spread self-defence mechanism in aminoglycoside-producingMicromonosporaspecies. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1984. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1984.tb01318.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Foster TJ. Plasmid-determined resistance to antimicrobial drugs and toxic metal ions in bacteria. Microbiol Rev 1983; 47:361-409. [PMID: 6355806 PMCID: PMC281581 DOI: 10.1128/mr.47.3.361-409.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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