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Pathak R, Mallik SK, Patil PK, Shahi N, Kala K, Bhat RAH, Nadella RK, Pandey N, Pandey PK. Assessment of Single-Dose Pharmacokinetics of Oxolinic Acid in Rainbow Trout and Determination of In Vitro Antibacterial Activity Against Pathogenic Bacteria From Diseased Fish. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2024. [PMID: 39120127 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
In response to the heightened risk of bacterial diseases in fish farms caused by increased demand for fish consumption and subsequent overcrowding, researchers are currently investigating the efficacy and residue management of oxolinic acid (OA) as a treatment for bacterial infections in fish. This research is crucial for gaining a comprehensive understanding of the pharmacokinetics of OA. The present study investigates pharmacokinetics of OA in juvenile rainbow trout. The fish were given a 12 mg kg-1 dose of OA through their feed, and tissue samples were collected of the liver, kidney, gill, intestine, muscle, and plasma for analysis using LC-MS/MS. The highest concentrations of the drug were found in the gill (4096.55 μg kg-1) and intestine (11592.98 μg kg-1), with significant absorption also seen in the liver (0.36 L/h) and gill (0.07 L/h) (p < 0.05). The liver (0.21 L/h) and kidney (0.03 L/h) were found to be the most efficient (p < 0.05) at eliminating the drug. The study also confirmed the drug antimicrobial effectiveness against several bacterial pathogens, including Shewanella xiamenensis (0.25 μg mL-1), Lactococcus garvieae (1 μg mL-1), and Chryseobacterium aquaticum (4 μg mL-1). The study concludes significant variations among different fish tissues, with higher concentrations and longer half-lives observed in the kidney and intestine. The lowest MIC value recorded against major bacterial pathogens demonstrated its therapeutic potential in aquaculture. It also emphasizes the importance of understanding OA pharmacokinetics to optimize antimicrobial therapy in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Pathak
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (ICAR-DCFR), Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sumanta Kumar Mallik
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (ICAR-DCFR), Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Prasanna Kumar Patil
- ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture (ICAR-CIBA), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Neetu Shahi
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (ICAR-DCFR), Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Krishna Kala
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (ICAR-DCFR), Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Raja Adil Hussain Bhat
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (ICAR-DCFR), Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | | | - Nityanand Pandey
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (ICAR-DCFR), Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Pramod Kumar Pandey
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (ICAR-DCFR), Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
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Haugland GT, Kverme KO, Hannisdal R, Kallekleiv M, Colquhoun DJ, Lunestad BT, Wergeland HI, Samuelsen OB. Pharmacokinetic Data Show That Oxolinic Acid and Flumequine Are Absorbed and Excreted Rapidly From Plasma and Tissues of Lumpfish. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:394. [PMID: 31781582 PMCID: PMC6861182 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the uptake, tissue distribution and elimination of the antibacterial agents oxolinic acid and flumequine in lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus L.) by use of LC-MS/MS following a single oral administration of 25 mg/kg fish given in feed. Lumpfish are increasingly used as cleaner fish for removal of sea lice on commercially farmed salmon. The production of lumpfish is successful, but there are challenges with bacterial infections and the number of antibacterial treatments has increased in recent years. As the lumpfish is a novel species to farming, there is a need for pharmacokinetic data and establishment of protocols for efficient antibacterial treatment. The current study describes the pharmacokinetic properties of oxolinic acid and flumequine in lumpfish. Absorption of oxolinic acid was moderate and was characterized by a calculated peak plasma concentration (Cmax) of 2.12 μg/ml after 10.3 h (Tmax) and an elimination half-life (t1/2β) of 21 h. Area under curve (AUC) and AUC from 0 to 24 h (AUC0−24h) were calculated to be 60.9 and 34.0 h μg/ml, respectively. For flumequine, plasma Cmax was found to be 2.77 μg/ml after 7.7 h (Tmax) with t1/2β of 22 h. The area under the curve (AUC) and AUC from 0 to 24 h (AUC0−24) were calculated as 104.3 and 50.3 h μg/ml, respectively. Corresponding Cmax values in muscle, liver, and head-kidney for oxolinic acid were 4.01, 3.04, and, 4.68 μg/g, respectively and Tmax of 11.1, 9.2, and 10.0 h, respectively. For flumequine, Cmax values of 4.16, 4.01, and 7.48 μg/g were obtained in muscle, liver, and head kidney, respectively, with corresponding Tmax values of 10.2, 10.3, and 6.0 h. Antimicrobial susceptibility values as determined by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) analyses against 28 isolates of Aeromonas salmonicida isolated from diseased lumpfish ranged from 0.06 to 15 μg/ml for oxolinic acid and 0.024 to 6.25 μg/ml for flumequine. Bimodal distributions in susceptibility to both oxolinic acid and flumequine were observed. The combination of pharmacokinetic properties and MIC data make possible calculation of efficient treatment doses, which are needed to improve the welfare of lumpfish and minimize development of antibiotic resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyri T Haugland
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Karen O Kverme
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rita Hannisdal
- Fish Health Research Group, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | | | | | - Ole B Samuelsen
- Fish Health Research Group, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
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Gordon L, Giraud E, Ganière JP, Armand F, Bouju-Albert A, de la Cotte N, Mangion C, Le Bris H. Antimicrobial resistance survey in a river receiving effluents from freshwater fish farms. J Appl Microbiol 2007; 102:1167-76. [PMID: 17381761 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.03138.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aims of this study were: (i) to determine the proportions of Aeromonas spp. resistant to florfenicol (FC), oxolinic acid (OA) and oxytetracycline (OTC) along a river receiving effluents from fish farms, and (ii) to assess the relevance of using this bacterial group as an indicator for studying the consequences of the use and release of these aquacultural antimicrobials in the freshwater environment, as compared with performing antimicrobial measurements in sediments. METHODS AND RESULTS Sediment interstitial waters sampled along a river during two distinct climatic seasons were plated on an Aeromonas-selective medium supplemented or not with OA, OTC or FC. The October 2004 campaign showed an enrichment of OA- and OTC-resistant Aeromonas immediately downstream of the fish farms and a wastewater treatment plant. Two fish farms showed similar results in March 2005. In contrast, only 10 FC-resistant Aeromonas strains could be isolated, which revealed that minimum inhibitory concentrations of FC were greater than 64 microg ml(-1) and multiple antimicrobial resistances. Contamination of sediments by antimicrobials was detected but was not always co-localized with resistance peaks or known point sources of contamination. CONCLUSIONS Aeromonas could be valuable indicators of OA, OTC and FC resistance in the freshwater environment. Fish farms contribute to the contamination of the river by antimicrobials and resistant bacteria. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Considering the still very low proportion of FC-resistant Aeromonas, this study can be considered as a reference for further studies about this recently introduced veterinary antimicrobial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gordon
- Unité Mixte de Recherche INRA-ENVN Chimiothérapie Aquacole et Environnement, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes, Nantes, Cedex, France.
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Bazin M, Bosca F, Marin ML, Miranda MA, Patterson LK, Santus R. A Laser Flash Photolysis and Pulse Radiolysis Study of Primary Photochemical Processes of Flumequine¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2000)0720451alfpap2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Bazin M, Bosca F, Marin ML, Miranda MA, Patterson LK, Santus R. A laser flash photolysis and pulse radiolysis study of primary photochemical processes of flumequine. Photochem Photobiol 2000; 72:451-7. [PMID: 11045713 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2000)072<0451:alfpap>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The 355 nm laser flash photolysis of argon-saturated pH 8 phosphate buffer solutions of the fluoroquinolone antibiotic flumequine produces a transient triplet state with a maximum absorbance at 575 nm where the molar absorptivity is 14,000 M(-1) cm(-1). The quantum yield of triplet formation is 0.9. The transient triplet state is quenched by various Type-1 photodynamic substrates such as tryptophan (TrpH), tyrosine, N-acetylcysteine and 2-deoxyguanosine leading to the formation of the semireduced flumequine species. This semireduced form has been readily identified by pulse radiolysis of argon-saturated pH 8 buffered aqueous solutions by reaction of the hydrated electrons and the CO2*- radicals with flumequine. The absorption maximum of the transient semireduced species is found at 570 nm with a molar absorptivity of 2,500 M(-1) cm(-1). In argon-saturated buffered solutions, the semireduced flumequine species formed by the reaction of the flumequine triplet with TrpH stoichiometrically reduces ferricytochrome C (Cyt Fe3+) under steady state irradiation with ultraviolet-A light. In the presence of oxygen, O2*- is formed but the photoreduction of Cyt Fe3+ by O2*- competes with an oxidizing pathway which involves photo-oxidation products of TrpH.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bazin
- Laboratoire de Photobiologie, Museum National D'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
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López-Dóriga MV, Barnes AC, Dos Santos NMS, Ellis AE. Invasion of fish epithelial cells by Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida: evidence for receptor specificity, and effect of capsule and serum. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2000; 146 ( Pt 1):21-30. [PMID: 10658648 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-146-1-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida is a fish pathogen which causes serious disease in commercial warmwater fish species. Because information on the initial stages of the infection is scarce, an investigation of the invasion ability of this pathogen was undertaken utilizing a fish epithelial cell line (epithelioma papillosum carpio, EPC), a virulent capsulated strain of P. damselae (MT1415), an avirulent non-capsulated strain of P. damselae (EPOY-8803-ii) and Escherichia coli HB101 as a non-invasive control. P. damselae was found to be able to adhere to and invade fish epithelial cells and remain inside them for 6-9 h. There were no significant differences in invasiveness between the capsulated and non-capsulated strains. A kinetics study demonstrated that P. damselae invasiveness was more efficient at low m.o.i., reaching saturation at higher m.o.i., suggesting internalization may be receptor-mediated. Invasion efficiency (IE) was significantly higher than in the control E. coli HB101. Engulfment of bacteria was possibly by an endocytic process and was unaffected by killing the bacteria with UV light. However, heat-killed bacteria had significantly reduced invasion capability. Ultrastructural studies showed that inside the epithelial cells, the bacteria remained within large vacuoles for a few hours and no evidence of intracellular replication was found, by either fluorescence or electron microscopic studies. Normal sea bass serum slightly reduced the invasion capability of the MT1415 strain, but heat-inactivated normal serum had no effect. On the other hand, heat-inactivated fish antiserum raised against the same strain reduced the percentage of invaded epithelial cells by 50%. As for other pathogens, an intracellular phase of P. damselae may be a mechanism to delay or avoid phagocytosis and host immune responses, favouring the spread of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew C Barnes
- FRS Marine Laboratory, PO Box 101, Victoria Road, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, UK1
| | | | - Anthony E Ellis
- FRS Marine Laboratory, PO Box 101, Victoria Road, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, UK1
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