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Tchatchouang S, Nzouankeu A, Hong E, Terrade A, Denizon M, Deghmane AE, Ndiang SMT, Pefura-Yone EW, Penlap Beng V, Njouom R, Fonkoua MC, Taha MK. Analysis of Haemophilus species in patients with respiratory tract infections in Yaoundé, Cameroon. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 100:12-20. [PMID: 32827751 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identifyHaemophilus species and characterize antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates from patients with respiratory tract infections (RTIs) in Cameroon. METHODS Isolates (n = 95) were from patients with RTIs obtained from two Hospitals in Yaoundé, Cameroon. Isolates were identified by biochemical assay, PCR-based method, MALDI-TOF and whole genome sequencing. Antibiotic minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined by E-test. RESULTS H. influenzae was the most prevalent species varying from 76.8% to 84.2% according to different methods. The isolates were mainly nontypable (n = 70, 96%). Three isolates of H. influenzae were capsulated (b, e and f). The isolates were genetically diverse and 40 unique sequence types were identified including 11 new ones. Resistance to ampicillin was observed among 55.3% (52/94) and 9% (14/52) produced TEM-1 β-lactamase. PBP3 mutations occurred in 57.7% of ampicillin resistant isolates (30/52). Eleven isolates were chloramphenicol resistant with 80% producing chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (8/10). Four Haemophilus isolates were rifampicin resistant with two mutations in rpoB gene. Five isolates were ciprofloxacin resistant and harbored mutations in the quinolone resistance determining regions of gyrA and parC genes. CONCLUSION H. influenzae isolates are highly diverse and show high levels of antibiotic resistance. H. influenzae serotype b is still circulating in the post-vaccination era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serges Tchatchouang
- Department of Virology, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Bacteriology, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Biochemistry, University of Yaoundé, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Invasive Bacterial Infections Unit, National Reference Centre for Meningococci and Haemophilus influenzae, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Ariane Nzouankeu
- Department of Bacteriology, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Eva Hong
- Invasive Bacterial Infections Unit, National Reference Centre for Meningococci and Haemophilus influenzae, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Aude Terrade
- Invasive Bacterial Infections Unit, National Reference Centre for Meningococci and Haemophilus influenzae, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Denizon
- Invasive Bacterial Infections Unit, National Reference Centre for Meningococci and Haemophilus influenzae, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Ala-Eddine Deghmane
- Invasive Bacterial Infections Unit, National Reference Centre for Meningococci and Haemophilus influenzae, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Richard Njouom
- Department of Virology, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Muhamed-Kheir Taha
- Invasive Bacterial Infections Unit, National Reference Centre for Meningococci and Haemophilus influenzae, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
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Kadlec K, Watts JL, Schwarz S, Sweeney MT. Plasmid-located extended-spectrum β-lactamase gene blaROB-2 in Mannheimia haemolytica. J Antimicrob Chemother 2020; 74:851-853. [PMID: 30561662 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dky515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify and analyse the first ESBL gene from Mannheimia haemolytica. METHODS Susceptibility testing was performed according to CLSI. Plasmids were extracted via alkaline lysis and transferred by electrotransformation. The sequence was determined by WGS and confirmed by Sanger sequencing. RESULTS The M. haemolytica strain 48 showed high cephalosporin MICs. A single plasmid, designated pKKM48, with a size of 4323 bp, was isolated. Plasmid pKKM48 harboured a novel blaROB gene, tentatively designated blaROB-2, and was transferred to Pasteurella multocida B130 and to Escherichia coli JM107. PCR assays and susceptibility testing confirmed the presence and activity of the blaROB-2 gene in the P. multocida and in the E. coli recipient carrying plasmid pKKM48. The transformants had high MICs of all β-lactam antibiotics. An ESBL phenotype was seen in the E. coli transformant when applying the CLSI double-disc confirmatory test for E. coli. The blaROB-2 gene from plasmid pKKM48 differed in three positions from blaROB-1, resulting in two amino acid exchanges and one additional amino acid in the deduced β-lactamase protein. In addition to blaROB-2, pKKM48 harboured mob genes and showed high similarity to other plasmids from Pasteurellaceae. CONCLUSIONS This study described the first ESBL gene in Pasteurellaceae, which may limit the therapeutic options for veterinarians. The transferability to Enterobacteriaceae with the functional activity of the gene in the new host underlines the possibility of the spread of this gene across species or genus boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Kadlec
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Neustadt-Mariensee, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Schwarz
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Niemann L, Feudi C, Eichhorn I, Hanke D, Müller P, Brauns J, Nathaus R, Schäkel F, Höltig D, Wendt M, Kadlec K, Schwarz S. Plasmid-located dfrA14 gene in Pasteurella multocida isolates from three different pig-producing farms in Germany. Vet Microbiol 2019; 230:235-240. [PMID: 30827394 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Pasteurella multocida is an important respiratory tract pathogen in intensive livestock farming, especially in pigs. Antimicrobial agents are frequently used to combat infections caused by this pathogen. In a study on antimicrobial resistance among respiratory tract pathogens of pigs from 30 German pig-producing farms, P. multocida isolates (n = 9) with high minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 16/304 mg/L (n = 2), 32/608 mg/L (n = 3) or ≥64/1216 mg/L (n = 4) for trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (1:19) and of ≥512 mg/L (n = 9) for trimethoprim (TMP) were detected in three of these farms. The genetic relatedness of the isolates was investigated via capsule-specific PCR and macrorestriction analyses with ApaI and SmaI. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis revealed indistinguishable restriction patterns per farm, with slight differences between the three farms. All isolates represented capsular type A. Four representative isolates, that were subjected to whole genome sequencing, shared the multi-locus sequence type (ST) 3. Their plasmids were transformed into E. coli TOP10 with subsequent selection on TMP-containing agar plates. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and plasmid analysis of the transformants confirmed that they were resistant to sulfonamides and trimethoprim and carried only a single small plasmid. This plasmid was completely sequenced and revealed a size of 6050 bp. Sequence analyses identified the presence of a resistance gene cluster comprising the genes sul2-ΔstrA-dfrA14-ΔstrA-ΔstrB. Further analysis identified a dfrA14 gene cassette being integrated into the strA reading frame. Neither the gene dfrA14 nor this gene cluster have been detected before in P. multocida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Niemann
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Neustadt-Mariensee, Germany
| | - Claudia Feudi
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Inga Eichhorn
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dennis Hanke
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Müller
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jasmin Brauns
- Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants and forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Services, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Franziska Schäkel
- Institute for Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Doris Höltig
- Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants and forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Services, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Wendt
- Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants and forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Services, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kristina Kadlec
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Neustadt-Mariensee, Germany
| | - Stefan Schwarz
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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4
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Abstract
Members of the highly heterogeneous family Pasteurellaceae cause a wide variety of diseases in humans and animals. Antimicrobial agents are the most powerful tools to control such infections. However, the acquisition of resistance genes, as well as the development of resistance-mediating mutations, significantly reduces the efficacy of the antimicrobial agents. This article gives a brief description of the role of selected members of the family Pasteurellaceae in animal infections and of the most recent data on the susceptibility status of such members. Moreover, a review of the current knowledge of the genetic basis of resistance to antimicrobial agents is included, with particular reference to resistance to tetracyclines, β-lactam antibiotics, aminoglycosides/aminocyclitols, folate pathway inhibitors, macrolides, lincosamides, phenicols, and quinolones. This article focusses on the genera of veterinary importance for which sufficient data on antimicrobial susceptibility and the detection of resistance genes are currently available (Pasteurella, Mannheimia, Actinobacillus, Haemophilus, and Histophilus). Additionally, the role of plasmids, transposons, and integrative and conjugative elements in the spread of the resistance genes within and beyond the aforementioned genera is highlighted to provide insight into horizontal dissemination, coselection, and persistence of antimicrobial resistance genes. The article discusses the acquisition of diverse resistance genes by the selected Pasteurellaceae members from other Gram-negative or maybe even Gram-positive bacteria. Although the susceptibility status of these members still looks rather favorable, monitoring of their antimicrobial susceptibility is required for early detection of changes in the susceptibility status and the newly acquired/developed resistance mechanisms.
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Gutman N, Hansen MJ, Bertelsen MF, Bojesen AM. Pasteurellaceae bacteria from the oral cavity of Tasmanian devils (Sarcophilus Harrisii) show high minimum inhibitory concentration values towards aminoglycosides and clindamycin. Lett Appl Microbiol 2016; 62:237-42. [PMID: 26744057 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Threatened by Devil Facial Tumor Disease, the Tasmanian devil populations are vulnerable and decreasing. Additionally, the devils' biting behaviour elevates their risk of acquiring bite wound infections caused by members of the bacterial Pasteurellaceae family that are natural inhabitants of the oral microbiota. In medical management of such bite wounds, antimicrobial susceptibility profiles are crucial. Prior to this investigation, no available data on minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values existed. A total of 26 isolates obtained from the oral cavity of 26 healthy Tasmanian devils were tested for their antimicrobial susceptibility by broth micro dilution. Most prominently, high MIC values for clindamycin (≥4 μg ml(-1) ), gentamicin (≥8 μg ml(-1) ) and amikacin (≥32 μg ml(-1) ), were observed for 92, 77 and 73% of the strains tested respectively. This study may be used as a guideline for antimicrobial therapy against bite wound infections caused by Pasteurellaceae originating from the oral cavity of Tasmanian devils. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Tasmanian devils' aggressive behaviour makes bite wounds in fellow devils and human caretakers a common entity. Pasteurellaceae bacteria are common inhabitants of the oral microbiota of Tasmanian devils and a likely cause of bite wound infections. Here, for the first time, we report antimicrobial sensitivity profiles from a broad collection of Pasteurellaceae isolates obtained from the oral cavity of Tasmanian devils. Low MIC values were observed for the majority of the 22 antimicrobial agents included, yet nearly all strains were tolerant to clindamycin and the aminoglycosides. The work can serve as a guide for clinicians involved in treatment of bite wounds inflicted by devils in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Gutman
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - M J Hansen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.,Centre for Zoo and Wild Animal Health, Copenhagen Zoo, Frederiksberg, Denmark.,Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - M F Bertelsen
- Centre for Zoo and Wild Animal Health, Copenhagen Zoo, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - A M Bojesen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Analysis of an Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae multi-resistance plasmid, pHB0503. Plasmid 2008; 61:135-9. [PMID: 19041669 DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2008.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2008] [Revised: 10/24/2008] [Accepted: 11/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A plasmid containing multidrug resistance genes has been discovered from a clinical Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae strain isolated in China. The complete 15079kb sequence of this plasmid, designated pHB0503, was analyzed with regard to the organization and evolution of multidrug resistance genes. The deduced amino acid sequences from seven open reading frames (sul2 catA3, aacC2, strA, truncated strB (strB'), bla(ROB-1) and aph(3')-I) identified in pHB0503 were entirely or nearly identical to resistance genes of plasmids both within and outside of the family Pasteurellaceaea, indicating that pHB0503 arose through inter-plasmid recombination processes among them. In addition, co-transcription of the cluster of resistance genes from the promoter upstream of sul2 and bla(ROB-1) was confirmed by RT-PCR. This is the first report of a complete sequence of the plasmid containing seven resistance genes from A. pleuropneumoniae.
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7
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Small multidrug resistance plasmids in Actinobacillus porcitonsillarum. Plasmid 2008; 59:144-52. [PMID: 18190962 DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2007.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2007] [Revised: 10/29/2007] [Accepted: 11/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The complete nucleotide sequences of six Actinobacillus porcitonsillarum plasmids pKMA202 (13.425-kb), pKMA1467 (11.115-kb), pKMA5 (9.549-kb), pIMD50 (8.751-kb), pKMA505 (8.632-kb) and pKMA757 (4.556-kb) and three Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae plasmids pPSAS1522 (4.244-kb), pARD3079 (3.884-kb) and pKMA2425 (3.156-kb) were determined. All the plasmids contain the sulfonamide resistance gene sul2. One A. pleuropneumoniae plasmid and five A. porcitonsillarum plasmids also have the streptomycin resistance gene strA. Among these latter five A. porcitonsillarum plasmids, four also harbor the beta-lactam resistance gene bla(ROB-1). This study is the first report of multidrug resistance plasmids in the non-pathogenic A. porcitonsillarum.
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8
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Tristram S, Jacobs MR, Appelbaum PC. Antimicrobial resistance in Haemophilus influenzae. Clin Microbiol Rev 2007; 20:368-89. [PMID: 17428889 PMCID: PMC1865592 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00040-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Haemophilus influenzae is a major community-acquired pathogen causing significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Meningitis and bacteremia due to type b strains occur in areas where the protein-conjugated type b vaccine is not in use, whereas nontypeable strains are major causes of otitis media, sinusitis, acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, and pneumonia. Antibiotic resistance in this organism is more diverse and widespread than is commonly appreciated. Intrinsic efflux resistance mechanisms limit the activity of the macrolides, azalides, and ketolides. beta-Lactamase production is highly prevalent worldwide and is associated with resistance to ampicillin and amoxicillin. Strains with alterations in penicillin binding proteins, particularly PBP3 (beta-lactamase negative ampicillin resistant and beta-lactamase positive amoxicillin-clavulanate resistant), are increasing in prevalence, particularly in Japan, with increasing resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, and many cephalosporins, limiting the efficacy of expanded-spectrum cephalosporins against meningitis and of many oral cephalosporins against other diseases. Most strains remain susceptible to the carbapenems, which are not affected by penicillin binding protein changes, and the quinolones. The activity of many oral agents is limited by pharmacokinetics achieved with administration by this route, and the susceptibility of isolates based on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Tristram
- School of Human Life Sciences, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1320, Launceston 7250, Australia.
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Galán JC, Reig M, Navas A, Baquero F, Blázquez J. ACI-1 from Acidaminococcus fermentans: characterization of the first beta-lactamase in Anaerobic cocci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44:3144-9. [PMID: 11036038 PMCID: PMC101618 DOI: 10.1128/aac.44.11.3144-3149.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acidaminococcus fermentans belongs to the group of strictly anaerobic gram-negative cocci. All previously described Acidaminococcus strains are susceptible to beta-lactam antibiotics. An A. fermentans strain (RYC-MR95) resistant to penicillin and expanded-spectrum cephalosporin (amoxicillin and cefotaxime MICs, 64 microgram/ml) was isolated from a human perianal abscess. A fragment encoding a beta-lactamase from genomic DNA was cloned in Escherichia coli K-12 strain HB101, and the recombinant strain expressed resistance to amoxicillin (MIC, 1,024 microgram/ml) and cefotaxime (MIC, 4 microgram/ml). Clavulanic acid decreased the MICs to 8 and 0.03 microgram/ml, respectively. Analysis of the nucleotide sequence revealed a new class A beta-lactamase, ACI-1. In accordance with its biochemical properties, we propose to assign ACI-1 to functional group 2be. The ACI-1 enzyme (estimated pI 4.3) had <50% amino acid identity with any other class A beta-lactamases, the closest being ROB-1 from Haemophilus influenzae (44%). ACI-1 was closer to class A beta-lactamases from some gram-positive organisms (41 to 44% amino acid identity with Bacillus beta-lactamases) than to most class A enzymes from gram-negative organisms (TEM-1, 24.6%). The aci1 gene had a G+C content of 42.1%, in contrast with 56% G+C content for genomic DNA from A. fermentans, thus suggesting that aci1 may have been obtained by horizontal gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Galán
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Nacional de Salud (INSALUD), 28034 Madrid, Spain
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Martel JL, Chaslus-Dancla E, Coudert M, Poumarat F, Lafont JP. Survey of antimicrobial resistance in bacterial isolates from diseased cattle in France. Microb Drug Resist 2000; 1:273-83. [PMID: 9158787 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.1995.1.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 1982, a national veterinary network has been involved in the monitoring of resistance to antimicrobial agents in the main pathogenic bacteria isolated from diseased cattle in France. It is based on 40 regional veterinary diagnostic laboratories and managed by a central reference laboratory (CNEVA Lyon). Highly standardized methods are used in the diagnostic laboratories. This network collects up-to-date information on antimicrobial resistance in veterinary isolates and gathers strains for specific studies on fastidious bacteria and for the analysis of mechanisms of resistance to antibiotics. Such a permanent survey is essential to establish a rational veterinary antibiotic policy. It could be connected to other compatible systems developed in other fields such as human medicine, food, and environment, to evaluate the importance of resistance and R-factors spread for public health. The limits and perspectives of this surveillance system are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Martel
- Centre National d Etudes Vétérinaires et Alimentaires (CNEVA), Laboratoire de Pathologie Bovine, Lyon, France
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Lion C, Lozniewski A, Rosner V, Weber M. Lung abscess due to beta-lactamase-producing Pasteurella multocida. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 29:1345-6. [PMID: 10525000 DOI: 10.1086/313439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C Lion
- 1Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire Nancy, 54035 Nancy Cedex, France.
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Trépanier S, Prince A, Huletsky A. Characterization of the penA and penR genes of Burkholderia cepacia 249 which encode the chromosomal class A penicillinase and its LysR-type transcriptional regulator. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41:2399-405. [PMID: 9371340 PMCID: PMC164135 DOI: 10.1128/aac.41.11.2399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia cepacia is recognized as an important pathogen in the lung infections of patients with cystic fibrosis. An inducible beta-lactamase activity has been associated with increased resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics in clinical isolates of B. cepacia. In this study, we report the revised sequence of the penA gene, which encodes the inducible penicillinase of B. cepacia, and show that it belongs to the molecular class A beta-lactamases and exhibits a high degree of similarity to the chromosomal beta-lactamase of Klebsiella oxytoca. Analysis of the nucleotide sequence of the DNA region directly upstream of the penA coding sequence revealed an open reading frame (penR), the transcription of which was oriented opposite to that of penA and whose initiation was 130 bp away from that of penA. Two potential ribosome-binding sites and two overlapping -10 and -35 promoter sequences were identified in the intercistronic region. The predicted translation product of penR was a polypeptide of 301 amino acids with an estimated molecular size of 33.2 kDa. The deduced polypeptide of penR showed a high degree of similarity with AmpR-like transcriptional activators of class A and C beta-lactamases, with identities of 59 and 58.7% with Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 AmpR and Proteus vulgaris B317 CumR, respectively. The N-terminal portion of B. cepacia PenR was predicted to include a helix-turn-helix motif, which may bind the LysR motif identified in the intercistronic region. Induction of PenA by imipenem was shown to be dependent upon the presence of PenR. Expression of the cloned B. cepacia penA and penR genes in Escherichia coli SNO302 (ampD) resulted in a high basal and hyperinducible PenA activity. These results suggest that the regulation of the PenA penicillinase of B. cepacia 249 is similar to that observed in other class A and class C beta-lactamases that are under the control of a divergently transcribed AmpR-like regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Trépanier
- Département de Microbiologie, Pavillon Marchand, Université Laval, Ste-Foy, Québec, Canada
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13
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Péduzzi J, Farzaneh S, Reynaud A, Barthélémy M, Labia R. Characterization and amino acid sequence analysis of a new oxyimino cephalosporin-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase from Serratia fonticola CUV. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1997; 1341:58-70. [PMID: 9300809 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(97)00020-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Serratia fonticola CUV produces two isoenzymes (forms I and II) with beta-lactamase activity which were purified by a five-step procedure. The isoenzymes had identical kinetic parameters and isoelectric point (pI = 8.12). They were characterized by a specific activity towards benzylpenicillin of 1650 U/mg. The beta-lactamase hydrolyzed benzylpenicillin, amoxycillin, ureidopenicillins, first- and second-generation cephalosporins. Carboxypenicillins and isoxazolylpenicillins were hydrolyzed to a lesser extent. Towards cefotaxime and ceftriaxone (third-generation cephalosporins), the S. fonticola enzyme exhibited catalytic efficiencies much higher than those of MEN-1 and extended-spectrum TEM derivative beta-lactamases. The beta-lactamase from S. fonticola was markedly inhibited by beta-lactamase inhibitors such as clavulanic acid, sulbactam and tazobactam. The purified isoenzymes were digested by trypsin, endoproteinase Asp-N and chymotrypsin. Amino acid sequence determinations of the resulting peptides allowed the alignment of 267 amino acid residues (Swiss-Prot, accession number P 80545) for form I beta-lactamase. Form II is five residues shorter than form I at its N-terminus. From amino acid sequence comparisons, S. fonticola CUV beta-lactamase was found to share more than 69.3% identity with the chromosomally encoded beta-lactamases of Klebsiella oxytoca, Proteus vulgaris, Citrobacter diversus and the plasmid-mediated enzymes MEN-1 and Toho-1. Therefore, the oxyimino cephalosporin-hydrolyzing beta-lactamase of S. fonticola belongs to Ambler's class A. Contribution of the serine at ABL 237 in the broad-spectrum activity of these beta-lactamases is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Péduzzi
- Muséum National Histoire Naturelle, CNRS URA 401, IFR 63, Paris, France.
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Abstract
New cloning and expression vectors that replicate both in Pasteurella haemolytica and in Escherichia coli were constructed based on a native sulfonamide (SuR) and streptomycin (SmR) resistant plasmid of P. haemolytica called pYFC1. Each shuttle vector includes an MCS and a selectable antibiotic resistance marker that is expressed in both organisms. Plasmid pNF2176 carries the P. haemolytica ROB-1 beta-lactamase gene (blaP, ApR) and pNF2214 carries the Tn903 aph3 kanamycin resistance (KmR) element. The expression vector, pNF2176, was created by placing the MCS downstream of the sulfonamide gene promoter (PsulII) on pYFC1; this was used to clone and express the promoterless Tn9 chloramphenicol resistance gene (cat, CmR) in P. haemolytica (pNF2200). A promoter-probe vector (pNF2283) was constructed from pNF2200 by deleting PsulII.
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Affiliation(s)
- N D Fedorova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Jablonski PE, Jablonski LM, Pintado O, Sriranganathan N, Hovde CJ. Identification of Pasteurella multocida tryptophan synthase beta-subunit by antisera against strain P1059. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 1996; 142 ( Pt 1):115-121. [PMID: 8581158 DOI: 10.1099/13500872-142-1-115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Pasteurella multocida strain P1059 is a highly virulent bacterium which causes fowl cholera in turkeys and chickens. A genomic library of P. multocida P1059 DNA was constructed using pUC19, expressed in Escherichia coli DH5 alpha, and screened with chicken antisera generated against P. multocida P1059. Twelve out of the 4100 clones screened were immunoreactive. Plasmids isolated from these twelve clones were transformed into E. coli CSR603 for maxicell analysis. Five proteins, with molecular masses of 34, 37, 43, 46 and 55 kDa, were expressed. Further work focused on the 43 kDa protein because it was expressed at levels detectable by SDS-PAGE and immunoblot analysis. The nucleotide sequence of the 1.8 kbp insert containing the gene encoding this protein was determined. The sequence contained three open reading frames (ORFs). The first ORF (ORF1) did not appear to code for any known protein. The second ORF (ORF2) encoded a protein of 403 amino acids (43,662 Da). The deduced amino acid sequence showed 77% identity (84% similarity) with the tryptophan synthase beta subunit (TrpB) of Salmonella typhimurium and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The eight conserved regions of TrpB are observed in the P. multocida enzyme, including the conserved lysine (Lys-88) and consensus sequence (GGGSNA) implicated in pyridoxal phosphate binding. The expression and identity of the P. multocida TrpB were confirmed by complementation studies using E. coli W3110 tnaA2 trpB9578. The third ORF (ORF3) consisted of the first 77 nucleotides of the gene encoding the alpha-subunit of tryptophan synthase (trpA), and overlapped the 3'-end of trpB by 14 nucleotides. The deduced amino acid sequence of the 77 nucleotides of the P. multocida TrpA had 68% identity (92% similarity) with the analogous region of TrpA from Klebsiella aerogenes (K. pneumoniae).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter E Jablonski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115-2861, USA
| | - Lynn M Jablonski
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-3052, USA
| | - Oscar Pintado
- Department of Biosciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0442, USA
| | - Namalamar Sriranganathan
- Department of Biosciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0442, USA
| | - Carolyn J Hovde
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-3052, USA
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16
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Wood AR, Lainson FA, Wright F, Baird GD, Donachie W. A native plasmid of Pasteurella haemolytica serotype A1: DNA sequence analysis and investigation of its potential as a vector. Res Vet Sci 1995; 58:163-8. [PMID: 7761696 DOI: 10.1016/0034-5288(95)90071-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The complete nucleotide sequence of a 4.3 kilobase pair plasmid, pAB2, isolated from a bovine strain of Pasteurella haemolytica serotype A1, was determined. It encodes a Rob-1 type beta-lactamase and a region with homology to the mobilisation (mob) region of the Escherichia coli plasmid, ColE1. An insertion mutant of pAB2 (pTC2/81) carrying a copy of Tn5 was transferred to E coli K12 by conjugation. Subsequently pTC2/81 could be transferred by transformation to E coli HB101, but not to P haemolytica serotypes A1 or A2. However, a derivative of this construct containing only a fragment of the Tn5 insertion sequence was able to transform P haemolytica. A further construct containing a fragment of the P haemolytica A1 leucotoxin A gene, was similarly restricted to transforming E coli. These results demonstrate that the pAB2 plasmid is capable of acting as an E coli/P haemolytica shuttle vector. However, the nature of the cloned DNA sequences are important to transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Wood
- Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh
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17
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Petit A, Maveyraud L, Lenfant F, Samama JP, Labia R, Masson JM. Multiple substitutions at position 104 of beta-lactamase TEM-1: assessing the role of this residue in substrate specificity. Biochem J 1995; 305 ( Pt 1):33-40. [PMID: 7826350 PMCID: PMC1136426 DOI: 10.1042/bj3050033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Residue 104 is frequently mutated from a glutamic acid to a lysine in the extended-spectrum TEM beta-lactamases responsible for the resistance to third-generation cephalosporins in clinical Gram negative strains. Among class A beta-lactamases, it is the most variable residue within a highly conserved loop which delineates one side of the active site of the enzymes. To investigate the role of this residue in the extended-spectrum phenotype, it has been replaced by serine, threonine, lysine, arginine, tyrosine and proline. All these substitutions yield active enzymes, with no drastic changes in kinetic properties compared with the wild-type enzyme, except with cefaclor, but an overall improved affinity for second- and third-generation cephalosporins. Only mutant E104K exhibits a significant ability to hydrolyse cefotaxime. Molecular modelling shows that the substitutions have generally no impact on the conformation of the 101-111 loop as the side chains of residues at position 104 are all turned towards the solvent. Unexpectedly, the E104P mutant turns out to be the most efficient enzyme. All our results argue in favour of an indirect role for this residue 104 in the substrate specificity of the class A beta-lactamases. This residue contributes to the precise positioning of residues 130-132 which are involved in substrate binding and catalysis. Changing residue 104 could also modify slightly the local electrostatic potential in this part of the active site. The limited kinetic impact of the mutations at this position have to be analysed in the context of the microbiological problem of resistance to third-generation cephalosporins. Although mutation E104K improves the ability of the enzyme to hydrolyse these compounds, it is not sufficient to confer true resistance, and is always found in clinical isolates associated with at least one mutation at another part of the active site. It is the combined effect of the two mutations that synergistically enhances the hydrolytic capability of the enzyme towards third-generation cephalosporins.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Petit
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie et Toxicologie Fondamentales, CNRS UPR A8221, Toulouse, France
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18
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Azad AK, Coote JG, Parton R. Construction of conjugative shuttle and suicide vectors for Pasteurella haemolytica and P. multocida. Gene 1994; 145:81-5. [PMID: 8045428 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(94)90326-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A shuttle cloning vector, pAKA16, and suicide derivatives pAKA19 and pAKA22 have been developed for gene transfer to Pasteurella haemolytica and P. multocida. pAKA16 was constructed by insertion of the lacZ alpha-peptide-encoding region and a multiple cloning site into a plasmid which was originally isolated from P. haemolytica serotype A1. The vector encodes ampicillin resistance, and contains at least 14 unique restriction sites and the property of phenotypic identification of recombinant clones in Escherichia coli by insertional inactivation of beta-galactosidase activity. It can be transferred by conjugation to P. haemolytica or P. multocida and is stably maintained in both species. The type-II chloramphenicol acetyltransferase-encoding gene (cat), cloned into pAKA16, was stably expressed in both P. haemolytica and P. multocida. Plasmids pAKA19 and pAKA22 were constructed by replacement of the origin of DNA replication (ori) of pAKA16 with a ColE1-type ori from pBR322 or an ori of plasmid R6K (oriR6K) from pJM703.1, respectively. These derivatives replicate in E. coli, but not in either P. haemolytica or P. multocida, and are suitable for use as suicide vectors for these Pasteurella species.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Azad
- Department of Microbiology, University of Glasgow, UK
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19
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Péduzzi J, Reynaud A, Baron P, Barthélémy M, Labia R. Chromosomally encoded cephalosporin-hydrolyzing beta-lactamase of Proteus vulgaris RO104 belongs to Ambler's class A. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1994; 1207:31-9. [PMID: 8043607 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(94)90048-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Proteus vulgaris RO104 strain produces a chromosomally encoded beta-lactamase that confers resistance to various beta-lactam antibiotics including methoxyimino third-generation cephalosporins. The beta-lactamase hydrolyzes first- and second-generation cephalosporins efficiently and cefotaxime to a lesser extent. Catalytic activity is inhibited by low concentrations of clavulanic acid and sulbactam. By its broad-spectrum substrate profile, beta-lactamase of Proteus vulgaris RO104 belongs to the group 2e defined by Bush. The protein purified to homogeneity by a four-step procedure was characterized by a pI of 8.31 and a specific activity of 1200 U/mg. The beta-lactamase was digested by trypsin, endoproteinase Asp-N and chymotrypsin. Amino-acid sequence determinations of the resulting peptides allowed the alignment of the 271 amino-acid residues of the protein which did not contain any cysteine residue. From amino-acid sequence comparisons, Proteus vulgaris RO104 beta-lactamase was found to share about 68% identity with the chromosomally mediated beta-lactamases of Klebsiella oxytoca D488 and E23004. Therefore, the cephalosporin-hydrolyzing beta-lactamase of Proteus vulgaris RO104 belongs to Ambler's class A.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Péduzzi
- Muséum National Histoire Naturelle, CNRS URA 401, Paris, France
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20
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Tatum FM, Briggs RE, Halling SM. Molecular gene cloning and nucleotide sequencing and construction of an aroA mutant of Pasteurella haemolytica serotype A1. Appl Environ Microbiol 1994; 60:2011-6. [PMID: 8031095 PMCID: PMC201595 DOI: 10.1128/aem.60.6.2011-2016.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The aroA gene of Pasteurella haemolytica serotype A1 was cloned by complementation of the aroA mutation in Escherichia coli K-12 strain AB2829. The nucleotide sequence of a 2.2-kb fragment encoding aroA predicted an open reading frame product 434 amino acids long that shows homology to other bacterial AroA proteins. Several strategies to inactivate aroA were unsuccessful. Gene replacement was finally achieved by constructing a replacement plasmid with aroA inactivated by insertion of a P. haemolytica ampicillin resistance fragment into a unique NdeI site in aroA. A hybrid plasmid was constructed by joining the aroA replacement plasmid with a 4.2-kb P. haemolytica plasmid which encodes streptomycin resistance. Following PhaI methylation, the replacement plasmid was introduced by electroporation into P. haemolytica NADC-D60, a plasmidless strain of serotype 1A. Allelic exchange between the replacement plasmid and the chromosome of P. haemolytica gave rise to an ampicillin-resistant mutant which grew on chemically defined P. haemolytica medium supplemented with aromatic amino acids but failed to grow on the same medium lacking tryptophan. Southern blot analysis confirmed that aroA of the mutant was inactivated and that the mutant was without a plasmid.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Tatum
- Brucellosis Research Group, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa 50010
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21
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Murphy GL, Robinson LC, Burrows GE. Restriction endonuclease analysis and ribotyping differentiate Pasteurella haemolytica serotype A1 isolates from cattle within a feedlot. J Clin Microbiol 1993; 31:2303-8. [PMID: 7691872 PMCID: PMC265751 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.31.9.2303-2308.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Pasteurella haemolytica serotype A1 isolates were collected from cattle within a feedlot during an outbreak of bovine respiratory disease. Genetic heterogeneity among the isolates was examined by restriction endonuclease analysis (REA), ribotyping, and analysis of plasmid content. The susceptibilities of isolates to several antibiotics were also examined. Five different REA patterns and three different ribotypes were observed among the isolates. Fifty percent of the isolates had an identical REA type, ribotype, and plasmid profile. Examination of the plasmid content of the isolates revealed that most (73%) carry a single plasmid which encodes beta-lactamase, 13.5% carry two plasmids, and 13.5% carry no plasmid. The data reveal the presence of genetic differences among isolates of P. haemolytica A1, associated with shipping fever pneumonia within a closed feedlot, and suggest that a combination of REA, ribotyping, plasmid analysis, and antibiotic susceptibility determination will be useful in analyzing the molecular epidemiology of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Murphy
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078
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22
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Martel JL, Coudert M. Bacterial resistance monitoring in animals: the French national experiences of surveillance schemes. Vet Microbiol 1993; 35:321-38. [PMID: 8212516 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1135(93)90157-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In France, bacterial resistance monitoring in animals is based on a national network of local veterinary laboratories organised by CNEVA following two methodologies. As part of the epidemiological surveillance of Salmonella, LCHA in Paris has been receiving since 1969 most of the strains isolated from animals (sick and healthy carriers) but also from food, feed and environment. For many years sensitivity tests have been carried out on strains collected: animal ones, mainly from cattle and poultry, show multiple antibiotic resistance more frequently than those of food or environment. Taking into account of the importance of antibiotic resistance in E. coli and Salmonella isolated from sick calves, LPB in Lyon has set up since 1982 a national system for collecting and analysing antimicrobial sensitivity patterns of main bovine pathogens determined routinely by local veterinary laboratories. In order to ensure comparability and coherency of data from different laboratories it was necessary to introduce standard techniques and reference reagents. The major bacterial species being tested concern enteric, respiratory and mammary flora. This network is useful to detect new resistances. The resistant strains collected are useful to carry out studies on the mechanism of resistance and the efficacy of new molecules. Results constitute the basis of a real predictive epidemiology necessary to lay down a policy for rational use of antimicrobials in animal breeding and veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Martel
- Ministere de l'Agriculture et de la Foret, Centre National d'Etudes Vétérinaires et Alimentaires, Lyon, France
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24
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Chang YF, Shi J, Shin SJ, Lein DH. Sequence analysis of the ROB-1 beta-lactamase gene from Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Vet Microbiol 1992; 32:319-25. [PMID: 1455627 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1135(92)90154-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The ROB-1 beta-lactamase gene from Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae was cloned and sequenced. The structural gene encodes a 305 amino acid polypeptide. The ROB-1 beta-lactamase gene sequence is identical to that derived from Pasteurella haemolytica and only one amino acid different from that of Haemophilus influenzae, suggesting that they are derived from the same ancestor, and transformed from one to another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y F Chang
- Diagnostic Laboratory, NYS College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca 14853
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25
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Fluit A, Visser M. Nucleic acid analysis of antibiotic resistance. Int J Antimicrob Agents 1992; 1:205-21. [DOI: 10.1016/0924-8579(92)90031-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/25/1992] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Maclean IW, Slaney L, Juteau JM, Levesque RC, Albritton WL, Ronald AR. Identification of a ROB-1 beta-lactamase in Haemophilus ducreyi. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1992; 36:467-9. [PMID: 1605612 PMCID: PMC188459 DOI: 10.1128/aac.36.2.467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A collection of 100 clinical isolates of Haemophilus ducreyi from Thailand were all found to harbor a 5.4-kb plasmid, designated pTH126, which was shown to contain the bla ROB-1 gene. Restriction enzyme analysis and DNA-DNA hybridization studies confirmed that pTH126 was similar to the ROB-1 beta-lactamase plasmid pVM105 from Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. In approximately one-half of the isolates, pTH126 was found together with pHD131, which mediates TEM-1 beta-lactamase production.
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Affiliation(s)
- I W Maclean
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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27
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Chang YF, Ma DP, Bai HQ, Young R, Struck DK, Shin SJ, Lein DH. Characterization of plasmids with antimicrobial resistant genes in Pasteurella haemolytica A1. DNA SEQUENCE : THE JOURNAL OF DNA SEQUENCING AND MAPPING 1992; 3:89-97. [PMID: 1333838 DOI: 10.3109/10425179209034001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Two R plasmids, pYFC1 and pYFC2, from Pasteurella haemolytica A1 encoding sulfonamide, streptomycin (pYFC1), and ampicillin (pYFC2) resistances have been characterized by restriction endonuclease digestions, subcloning or DNA sequencing. pYFC1 consists of 4225 bp and is 51.9% in AT content. Physical mapping indicated a highly conserved region of restriction sites among pYFC1, RSF1010, pGS05, pFM739, pHD148 and pGS03B. pYFC1 encoded a dihydropteroate synthase (29.8 kDa), and streptomycin kinase (29.6 kDa) which is homologous in nucleotide sequences or deduced amino acid sequence to that encoded by a broad-host range IncQ plasmid RSF1010. Based on the primary structure of pYFC1, the sulfonamide and streptomycin genes are derived from the same ancestor of RSF1010. pYFC2 is similar to the plasmid from P. haemolytica LNPB51 isolated in France by partial restriction enzyme mapping. pYFC1 and pYFC2 have the same size of 4.2 kbp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y F Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14851
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