Pharmacokinetics of single-dose intravenous, oral, and intraperitoneal pefloxacin in patients on chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

Intraperitoneal Administration of Drugs in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients: A Review of Compatibility and Guidance for Clinical Use

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is an effective home-based therapy for end-stage renal failure. Intraperitoneal administration of drugs to PD patients is particularly important for the treatment of peritonitis. Clinicians need to know that the administered drug is compatible with both the PD solution and its container. A detailed literature search on drug compatibility and stability was performed and results of all published stability studies are presented for all drugs, PD solutions, and containers studied. These data will aid clinicians managing PD patients and provide a resource to demonstrate which drugs have been shown to be stable in various PD solutions and solution containers. This is important information to assist clinicians in applying effective treatments, in particular, for peritonitis.

[Pharmacokinetics and dose adaptation of ofloxacine, pefloxacine and ciprofloxacine during haemodialysis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis]

Fluoroquinolones present various pharmacokinetic properties. That's the way we carried out a bibliographic summary about the pharmacokinetics of pefloxacin, ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in patients hit by chronic renal failure, under haemodialysis or under continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Then, we will describe how to adapt drug dose according to the degree of renal insufficiency and the used molécule.

Clinical pharmacokinetics during continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) has gained recognition worldwide as an alternative to haemodialysis in the management of patients with end-stage renal disease. Because the peritoneal catheter provides direct access to the peritoneum, intraperitoneal drug administration has become widely used for the administration of certain drugs. The instillation and drainage of PD fluids contribute to the total body clearance of drugs given by other routes. For most drugs, peritoneal clearance is low. This paper provides an updated review of recently published pharmacokinetic studies involving the administration of selected drugs to patients receiving PD. Antibiotics continue to be extensively studied and administered in PD patients because of the frequent occurrence of infections. Epoetin (recombinant human erythropoietin) has become widely used and is the subject of ongoing pharmacokinetic investigation. Intraperitoneal insulin has become accepted for the treatment of patients with diabetes receiving PD; the pharmacokinetics of vitamin D analogues in PD patients continue to be explored.

Pefloxacin clinical pharmacokinetics

Pefloxacin has a broad spectrum of activity against a great number of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. It is also capable of penetration into cells, yielding high tissue:serum ratios, with implications for the treatment of infections caused by intracellular pathogens. Pefloxacin is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Its elimination half-life ranges from 6.2 to 12.4 hours. After repeated administration, a major change in pharmacokinetic parameters is observed. Pharmacokinetic parameters are minimally altered or not altered in patients with impaired renal function. Altered plasma pharmacokinetics in patients with liver insufficiency and in elderly patients are observed, so dosage adjustments are necessary. In addition, pefloxacin interacts with a number of other compounds at hepatic (e.g. theophylline and cimetidine) and gastrointestinal (e.g. antacids) sites. With the exception of saliva, cerebrospinal fluid, aqueous humor, vitreous fluid and amniotic fluid, body fluid concentrations reach plasma concentrations. Studies on tissue penetration show that concentrations exceeding plasma concentrations are obtained in most tissues. The highest tissue:plasma concentration ratios are achieved in lung and kidney, whereas concentrations in fat are considerably lower than those in plasma.

Influence of renal function on the pharmacokinetics of lomefloxacin compared with other fluoroquinolones

Fluoroquinolones have similar chemical structures but wide differences in their pharmacokinetic profiles. Disparity in fluoroquinolone elimination is most evident in patients with various degrees of renal insufficiency. Ofloxacin is almost exclusively eliminated by the kidney, whereas pefloxacin is predominantly cleared by the liver. The fluoroquinolones eliminated by both renal and nonrenal routes (hepatic and transintestinal) include norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, fleroxacin, temafloxacin, and lomefloxacin. The primary renal mechanism of elimination for norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, fleroxacin, temafloxacin, and lomefloxacin is glomerular filtration and tubular secretion. Both total clearance and renal clearance significantly correlate with creatinine clearance for these fluoroquinolones, and creatinine clearance is a useful clinical marker on which to base dosage adjustments. For some fluoroquinolones, dosage adjustments are recommended when creatinine clearances fall below 30-40 mL/min. This is especially evident for lomefloxacin, temafloxacin, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, and fleroxacin. There is very little removal of fluoroquinolones from the plasma during hemodialysis due to their extensive tissue distribution.