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Pramanik PK, Alam MN, Roy Chowdhury D, Chakraborti T. Drug Resistance in Protozoan Parasites: An Incessant Wrestle for Survival. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2019; 18:1-11. [PMID: 30685461 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2019.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, drug resistance in parasites is considered to be one of the foremost concerns in health and disease management. It is interconnected worldwide and undermines the health of millions of people, threatening to grow worse. Unfortunately, it does not receive serious attention from every corner of society. Consequently, drug resistance in parasites is gradually complicating and challenging the treatment of parasitic diseases. In this context, we have dedicated ourselves to review the incidence of drug resistance in the protozoan parasites Plasmodium, Leishmania, Trypanosoma, Entamoeba and Toxoplasma gondii. Moreover, understanding the role of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters in drug resistance is essential in the control of parasitic diseases. Therefore, we also focused on the involvement of ABC transporters in drug resistance, which will be a superior approach to find ways for better regulation of diseases caused by parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pijush Kanti Pramanik
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Md Nur Alam
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Dibyapriya Roy Chowdhury
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Tapati Chakraborti
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, West Bengal, India.
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2
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Parveen H, Alsharif MA, Alahmdi MI, Mukhtar S, Azam A. Novel Pyrimidine-based Ferrocenyl substituted Organometallic Compounds: Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Evaluation. Appl Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Humaira Parveen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; University of Tabuk; Tabuk 71491 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Meshari A. Alsharif
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; University of Tabuk; Tabuk 71491 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed I. Alahmdi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; University of Tabuk; Tabuk 71491 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sayeed Mukhtar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; University of Tabuk; Tabuk 71491 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Amir Azam
- Department of Chemistry; Jamia Millia Islamia; Jamia Nagar New Delhi 110025 India
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3
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Kasamatsu Y, Shirano M, Iida K, Shimizu S, Goto T. Multiple Medium Amoebic Liver Abscesses Successfully Treated with Medication and Comprehensive Percutaneous Catheter Drainage. Intern Med 2016; 55:2307-10. [PMID: 27523014 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.55.5668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Solitary small (<5 cm) amoebic liver abscesses in the right lobe are generally treated using medication alone, while large abscesses are typically treated via a combination of medication and drainage. However, the therapeutic indications for multiple medium (5-10 cm) amoebic liver abscesses remain unclear. We herein report the findings of a 53-year-old woman who was receiving lenalidomide for multiple myeloma and subsequently developed multiple amoebic abscesses. Metronidazole alone was unsuccessful, although metronidazole and repeated percutaneous catheter drainage of the right lobe, left lobe, and thorax proved to ultimately be successful. Therefore, the successful use of medication alone may be associated with the total combined abscess volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kasamatsu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Osaka City General Hospital, Japan
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4
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Mushtaque M, Ahamad S, Jahan M, Hussain K, Khan MS. Azole-based compounds as antiamoebic agents: a perspective using theoretical calculations. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra20552b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diseases caused by protozoal organisms are responsible for significant mortality and morbidity worldwide. Amoebiasis caused byEntamoeba histolyticais an example of such diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Mushtaque
- School of Physical and Molecular Sciences (Chemistry)
- Al-Falah University
- Faridabad
- India
| | - Shahzaib Ahamad
- Department of Biotechnology
- College of Engineering & Technology
- IFTM
- Moradabad
- India
| | - Meriyam Jahan
- School of Physical and Molecular Sciences (Chemistry)
- Al-Falah University
- Faridabad
- India
| | - Kakul Hussain
- Medical Lab Science Department
- College of Applied Medical Sciences
- Salmanbin Abdulaziz University
- Wadi Adadawasir
- Saudi Arabia
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5
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Duque-Montaño BE, Gómez-Caro LC, Sanchez-Sanchez M, Monge A, Hernández-Baltazar E, Rivera G, Torres-Angeles O. Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of new ethyl and methyl quinoxaline-7-carboxylate 1,4-di-N-oxide against Entamoeba histolytica. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:4550-8. [PMID: 23787289 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In our search for new antiamoebic agents, a new series of ethyl and methyl quinoxaline-7-carboxylate 1,4-di-N-oxide derivatives have been synthesized using the Beirut reaction. All compounds were characterized by spectroscopic techniques and elemental analysis. Antiamoebic activity was evaluated in vitro against Entamoeba histolytica strain HM1:IMSS by the microdilution method, and the structure-activity relationship was analyzed. We found that eleven quinoxaline derivatives showed greater activity than metronidazole and nitazoxanide with IC₅₀ values in the range 1.99-0.35 μM. Compounds T-001 and T-016 shows IC₅₀ values of 1.41 and 1.47 μM, respectively, with a value of selectivity index >60.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Estela Duque-Montaño
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, 62209 Cuernavaca, Mexico
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6
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Abstract
The ABC (ATP-binding cassette) protein superfamily is a ubiquitous and functionally versatile family of proteins that is conserved from archaea to humans. In eukaryotes, most of these proteins are implicated in the transport of a variety of molecules across cellular membranes, whereas the remaining ones are involved in biological processes unrelated to transport. The biological functions of several ABC proteins have been described in clinically important parasites and nematode worms and include vesicular trafficking, phospholipid movement, translation and drug resistance. This chapter reviews our current understanding of the role of ABC proteins in drug resistance and treatment failure in apicomplexan, trypanosomatid and amitochondriate parasites of medical relevance as well as in helminths.
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Bhat AR, Athar F, Azam A. New derivatives of 3,5-substituted-1,4,2-dioxazoles: Synthesis and activity against Entamoeba histolytica. Eur J Med Chem 2009; 44:926-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2008.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2008] [Revised: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 02/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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8
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Ali V, Nozaki T. Current therapeutics, their problems, and sulfur-containing-amino-acid metabolism as a novel target against infections by "amitochondriate" protozoan parasites. Clin Microbiol Rev 2007; 20:164-87. [PMID: 17223627 PMCID: PMC1797636 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00019-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The "amitochondriate" protozoan parasites of humans Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia intestinalis, and Trichomonas vaginalis share many biochemical features, e.g., energy and amino acid metabolism, a spectrum of drugs for their treatment, and the occurrence of drug resistance. These parasites possess metabolic pathways that are divergent from those of their mammalian hosts and are often considered to be good targets for drug development. Sulfur-containing-amino-acid metabolism represents one such divergent metabolic pathway, namely, the cysteine biosynthetic pathway and methionine gamma-lyase-mediated catabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids, which are present in T. vaginalis and E. histolytica but absent in G. intestinalis. These pathways are potentially exploitable for development of drugs against amoebiasis and trichomoniasis. For instance, L-trifluoromethionine, which is catalyzed by methionine gamma-lyase and produces a toxic product, is effective against T. vaginalis and E. histolytica parasites in vitro and in vivo and may represent a good lead compound. In this review, we summarize the biology of these microaerophilic parasites, their clinical manifestation and epidemiology of disease, chemotherapeutics, the modes of action of representative drugs, and problems related to these drugs, including drug resistance. We further discuss our approach to exploit unique sulfur-containing-amino-acid metabolism, focusing on development of drugs against E. histolytica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahab Ali
- Department of Parasitology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
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9
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Fever of Unknown Origin (FUO). INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE 2006. [DOI: 10.1097/01.idc.0000219052.43299.c1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Ordaz-Pichardo C, Shibayama M, Villa-Treviño S, Arriaga-Alba M, Angeles E, de la Garza M. Antiamoebic and toxicity studies of a carbamic acid derivative and its therapeutic effect in a hamster model of hepatic amoebiasis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49:1160-8. [PMID: 15728919 PMCID: PMC549235 DOI: 10.1128/aac.49.3.1160-1168.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2004] [Revised: 08/05/2004] [Accepted: 10/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Amoebiasis is an important public health problem in developing countries. Entamoeba histolytica, the causative agent of amoebiasis, may develop resistance to nitroimidazoles, a group of drugs considered to be the most effective against this parasitic disease. Therefore, research on new drugs for the treatment of this common infection still constitutes an important therapeutic demand. In the present study we determined the effects of a carbamate derivative, ethyl 4-chlorophenylcarbamate (C4), on trophozoites of E. histolytica strain HM-1:IMSS. C4 was subject to various toxicity tests, including the determination of mutagenicity for bacterial DNA and changes in the enzymatic activities of eukaryotic cells. Genotoxicity studies were performed by the mutagenicity Ames test (plate incorporation and preincubation methods) with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, with or without metabolic activation produced by the S9 fraction of rat liver. C4 toxicity studies were performed by measuring enzymatic activity in eukaryotic cells by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide-formazan test with Fischer 344 rat hepatocytes. C4 did not induce either frame-shift mutations in S. enterica serovar Typhimurium TA97 or TA98 or base pair substitutions in strains TA100 and TA102. The compound was not toxic for cultured rat hepatic cells. Trophozoites treated with 100 microg of C4 per ml were inhibited 97.88% at 48 h of culture; moreover, damage to the amoebae was also confirmed by electron microscopy. The antiamoebic activity of C4 was evaluated by using an in vivo model of amoebic liver abscess in hamsters. Doses of 75 and 100 mg/100 g of body weight reduced the extent of the amoebic liver abscess by 84 and 94%, respectively. These results justify further studies to clearly validate whether C4 is a new suitable antiamoebic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Ordaz-Pichardo
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Apdo. Postal 14-740, México D.F. 07000, México
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11
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Bañuelos C, Orozco E, Gómez C, González A, Medel O, Mendoza L, Pérez DG. Cellular location and function of the P-glycoproteins (EhPgps) in Entamoeba histolytica multidrug-resistant trophozoites. Microb Drug Resist 2003; 8:291-300. [PMID: 12523626 DOI: 10.1089/10766290260469552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have studied the cellular location and the efflux pump function of the Entamoeba histolytica P-glycoproteins (EhPgps) in drug-sensitive and -resistant trophozoites. Polyclonal antibodies against the EhPgp384 polypeptide (375-759 amino acids) revealed a 147-kDa protein by Western blot. The band intensity correlated with the emetine-resistance of the trophozoites. Through the confocal microscope, using the anti-EhPgp384 and fluorescein secondary antibodies, the EhPgps were found in a complex vesicular network, in the plasma membrane and outside of the cells. Transmission electron microscopy assays confirmed that drug-resistant trophozoites presented four to five times more EhPgps than sensitive cells. Fluorescence co-localization experiments using rhodamine-123 (R123) and the anti-EhPgp384 antibodies suggested the interaction between EhPgps and the drug. R123 efflux kinetics evidenced that the emetine-resistant trophozoites displayed a drug efflux kinetic four times higher than the drug-sensitive trophozoites, which was reduced by verapamil in both cases. EhPgps may participate in avoiding drug accumulation in the trophozoites by two putative mechanisms: (1) the direct extrusion of the drug from the plasma membrane, and (2) an indirect transport mechanism in which the drug is trapped by EhPgps and concentrated within vesicles that drive the drug to the plasma membrane.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/immunology
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/physiology
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, Protozoan/immunology
- Antiprotozoal Agents/pharmacology
- Blotting, Western
- Calcium Channel Blockers/pharmacology
- Drug Resistance, Multiple
- Entamoeba histolytica/immunology
- Entamoeba histolytica/metabolism
- Entamoeba histolytica/ultrastructure
- Immunochemistry
- Kinetics
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Microscopy, Electron
- Molecular Sequence Data
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Transfection
- Verapamil/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Bañuelos
- Department of Experimental Pathology, CINVESTAV-IPN. A. P. 14-740, Mexico 07300, D.F
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12
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Orozco E, López C, Gómez C, Pérez DG, Marchat L, Bañuelos C, Delgadillo DM. Multidrug resistance in the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica. Parasitol Int 2002; 51:353-9. [PMID: 12421633 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5769(02)00041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In this review we discuss the mechanisms and molecules involved in the multidrug resistance (MDR) of the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica. Drug resistant mutants exhibited the main characteristics presented by the MDR mammalian cells. They showed cross-resistance to several unrelated drugs that is reverted by calcium channel blockers. MDR phenotype in E. histolytica is regulated at a transcriptional level by the EhPgp1 gene, which is constitutively expressed and by the EhPgp5 gene, whose expression is induced in the presence of the drug. Transcription factors participate in the expression regulation of these genes. After over transcription, the EhPgp genes are amplified, cooperating to produce the MDR phenotype. Post-transcriptional mechanisms such as mRNA stability seem to be involved in this phenomenon. As for other mdr gene products, the EhPGP5 protein functions as a chloride current inductor or as a regulator of cellular regulatory volume decrease.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Orozco
- Departamento de Patologi;a Experimental, CINVESTAV IPN, A.P. 14-740 México, D.F. 07300, Mexico.
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13
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Samuelson J. Why metronidazole is active against both bacteria and parasites. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999; 43:1533-41. [PMID: 10390199 PMCID: PMC89320 DOI: 10.1128/aac.43.7.1533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J Samuelson
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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14
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Orozco E, Gómez C, Pérez DG. Physiology and molecular genetics of multidrug resistance in Entamoeba histolytica. Drug Resist Updat 1999; 2:188-197. [PMID: 11504490 DOI: 10.1054/drup.1999.0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica presents the evolutionarily conserved multidrug-resistance (MDR) phenotype, discovered in mammalian cells. MDR cells overexpress the membrane P-glycoprotein, which excludes unrelated drugs from the cytoplasm. E. histolytica mutants exhibit cross-resistance to unrelated drugs, which are pumped out from the cytoplasm. In drug-resistant trophozoites, the constitutively expressed EhPg1 gene appears to be up-regulated by a C/EBP-like factor and a multiprotein complex that were not found in drug-sensitive trophozoites. The drug-induced EhPgp5 gene, on the other hand, appears to be up-regulated by AP-1 and HOX factors. Here we review the main physiological and molecular facts of the MDR phenotype in E. histolytica. Copyright 1999 Harcourt Publishers Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Orozco
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Program of Molecular Biomedicine, CINVESTAV-IPN, CICATA-IPN, A.P 14-740, México, D.F
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Fujii T, Ohba M. The Ipecac Alkaloids and Related Bases. THE ALKALOIDS: CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0099-9598(08)60007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
Multidrug efflux systems display the ability to transport a variety of structurally unrelated drugs from a cell and consequently are capable of conferring resistance to a diverse range of chemotherapeutic agents. This review examines multidrug efflux systems which use the proton motive force to drive drug transport. These proteins are likely to operate as multidrug/proton antiporters and have been identified in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Such proton-dependent multidrug efflux proteins belong to three distinct families or superfamilies of transport proteins: the major facilitator superfamily (MFS), the small multidrug resistance (SMR) family, and the resistance/ nodulation/cell division (RND) family. The MFS consists of symporters, antiporters, and uniporters with either 12 or 14 transmembrane-spanning segments (TMS), and we show that within the MFS, three separate families include various multidrug/proton antiport proteins. The SMR family consists of proteins with four TMS, and the multidrug efflux proteins within this family are the smallest known secondary transporters. The RND family consists of 12-TMS transport proteins and includes a number of multidrug efflux proteins with particularly broad substrate specificity. In gram-negative bacteria, some multidrug efflux systems require two auxiliary constituents, which might enable drug transport to occur across both membranes of the cell envelope. These auxiliary constituents belong to the membrane fusion protein and the outer membrane factor families, respectively. This review examines in detail each of the characterized proton-linked multidrug efflux systems. The molecular basis of the broad substrate specificity of these transporters is discussed. The surprisingly wide distribution of multidrug efflux systems and their multiplicity in single organisms, with Escherichia coli, for instance, possessing at least nine proton-dependent multidrug efflux systems with overlapping specificities, is examined. We also discuss whether the normal physiological role of the multidrug efflux systems is to protect the cell from toxic compounds or whether they fulfil primary functions unrelated to drug resistance and only efflux multiple drugs fortuitously or opportunistically.
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Affiliation(s)
- I T Paulsen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Descoteaux S, Ayala P, Samuelson J, Orozco E. Increase in mRNA of multiple Eh pgp genes encoding P-glycoprotein homologues in emetine-resistant Entamoeba histolytica parasites. Gene X 1995; 164:179-84. [PMID: 7590312 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(95)00533-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
With the goal of understanding possible mechanisms of drug resistance by the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica (Eh), two novel Eh P-glycoprotein (Pgp) genes (Eh pgp5 and Eh pgp6) were sequenced, and the expression of four Eh pgp genes determined in wild-type (wt) clone A and emetine-resistant (EmR) clone C2 amebae. The Eh pgp5 gene encodes a 1301-amino acid (aa) protein that is similar to those of Eh pgp1 (64% aa identity), Eh pgp2 (61%), Eh pgp6 (39%) and Homo sapiens MDR (multidrug-resistance-encoding)(Hs MDR1; 38%) genes. The 1282-aa Eh pgp6 open reading frame (ORF), which is 19-28 aa shorter than those encoded by other Eh pgp, is also similar to those of Eh pgp1 (46% aa identity), Eh pgp2 (38%), and Hs MDR1 (39%). Both Eh pgp5 and Eh pgp6 ORF predict two ATP-binding cassettes and twelve hydrophobic alpha-helices, which form the putative transmembrane channel. EmR clone C2 amebae, growing at all concentrations of drug, show increased amounts of Eh pgp1 and Eh pgp6 mRNA when compared to wt clone A amebae. In contrast, only clone C2 amebae selected for growth at the highest concentrations of emetine (100-200 micrograms/ml) show increased Eh pgp5 mRNA, while mRNA of both clone C2 and clone A Eh amebae fail to bind an Eh pgp2-specific probe. It appears then that multiple Pgp may contribute to amebic Em resistance in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Descoteaux
- Department of Tropical Public Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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