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Yagi A, Yamazaki H, Terahara T, Yang T, Hamamoto H, Imada C, Tomoda H, Uchida R. Development of an in vivo-mimic silkworm infection model with Mycobacterium avium complex. Drug Discov Ther 2021; 14:287-295. [PMID: 33250497 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2020.03099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In vivo-mimic silkworm infection models with Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare were newly established to evaluate the therapeutic effects of anti-M. avium complex (MAC) antibiotics. Silkworms raised at 37°C died within 72 hours of an injection of M. avium or M.intracellulare (2.5 × 107 colony-forming unit (CFU)/larva·g) into the hemolymph. Clinical anti-mycobacterial (tuberculosis) antibiotics were evaluated under these conditions. Clarithromycin, kanamycin, streptomycin, amikacin, and ciprofloxacin exerted therapeutic effects in a dose-dependent manner, which was consistent with those in the mouse model. Furthermore, three effective actinomycete culture broths were selected in the screening program of our microbial broth library using the silkworm model, and four active metabolites, ohmyungsamycins A and B (1 and 2), chartreusin (3), and griseoviridin (4), were identified. Among these compounds, 1 showed the lowest 50% effective dose (ED50) value (8.5 µg/larva·g), while 3 had the best ED50/minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ratio (7.4). These results indicate that silkworm models are a useful tool for identifying anti-MAC antibiotics candidates with veritable therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiho Yagi
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamazaki
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Takeshi Terahara
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taehui Yang
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Chiaki Imada
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tomoda
- Microbial Chemistry and Medical Research Laboratories, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuji Uchida
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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Ellis S, Kalinowski DS, Leotta L, Huang MLH, Jelfs P, Sintchenko V, Richardson DR, Triccas JA. Potent antimycobacterial activity of the pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone analog 2-pyridylcarboxaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone: a lipophilic transport vehicle for isonicotinic acid hydrazide. Mol Pharmacol 2014; 85:269-78. [PMID: 24243647 PMCID: PMC6067633 DOI: 10.1124/mol.113.090357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The rise in drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a major threat to human health and highlights the need for new therapeutic strategies. In this study, we have assessed whether high-affinity iron chelators of the pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone (PIH) class can restrict the growth of clinically significant mycobacteria. Screening a library of PIH derivatives revealed that one compound, namely, 2-pyridylcarboxaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone (PCIH), exhibited nanomolar in vitro activity against Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin and virulent M. tuberculosis. Interestingly, PCIH is derived from the condensation of 2-pyridylcarboxaldehyde with the first-line antituberculosis drug isoniazid [i.e., isonicotinic acid hydrazide (INH)]. PCIH displayed minimal host cell toxicity and was effective at inhibiting growth of M. tuberculosis within cultured macrophages and also in vivo in mice. Further, PCIH restricted mycobacterial growth at high bacterial loads in culture, a property not observed with INH, which shares the isonicotinoyl hydrazide moiety with PCIH. When tested against Mycobacterium avium, PCIH was more effective than INH at inhibiting bacterial growth in broth culture and in macrophages, and also reduced bacterial loads in vivo. Complexation of PCIH with iron decreased its effectiveness, suggesting that iron chelation may play some role in its antimycobacterial efficacy. However, this could not totally account for its potent efficacy, and structure-activity relationship studies suggest that PCIH acts as a lipophilic vehicle for the transport of its intact INH moiety into the mammalian cell and the mycobacterium. These results demonstrate that iron-chelating agents such as PCIH may be of benefit in the treatment and control of mycobacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Ellis
- Microbial Immunity and Pathogenesis Group, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology (S.E., L.L., J.A.T.), and Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute (D.S.K., M.L.H.H., D.R.R.), University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; and Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research-Pathology West, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (P.J., V.S.)
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Fattorini L, Baldassarri L, Li YJ, Ammendolia MG, Fan Y, Recchia S, Iona E, Orefici G. Virulence and drug susceptibility of Mycobacterium celatum. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2000; 146 ( Pt 11):2733-2742. [PMID: 11065352 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-146-11-2733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The virulence and drug susceptibility of a clinical isolate of Mycobacterium celatum which showed smooth transparent (ST) and smooth opaque (SO) colonies were studied. While ST cells multiplied intracellularly and maintained their coccobacillary form in a human macrophage model of infection, SO cells formed long filaments and completely destroyed the phagocytes. In BALB/c mice, the ST variant, but not the SO variant, grew efficiently in the spleen, liver and lung. The ST variant was usually more resistant in vitro than the SO variant to drugs, with MIC values for clarithromycin (CLA), azithromycin (AZI), ciprofloxacin, sparfloxacin, amikacin, clofazimine, ethambutol and isoniazid being higher than those of the SO variant. In beige mice infected with the more highly virulent variant ST, CLA and AZI were the most active drugs in terms of viable count reduction in organs and mutant selection. Together, these observations indicate that the ST variant of M. celatum is a virulent form that can be efficiently inhibited in vivo by CLA and AZI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanfranco Fattorini
- Laboratory of Bacteriology and Medical Mycology1 and Laboratory of Ultrastructures2, Istituto Superiore di Sanitá, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Lucilla Baldassarri
- Laboratory of Bacteriology and Medical Mycology1 and Laboratory of Ultrastructures2, Istituto Superiore di Sanitá, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Yong-Jun Li
- Laboratory of Bacteriology and Medical Mycology1 and Laboratory of Ultrastructures2, Istituto Superiore di Sanitá, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Ammendolia
- Laboratory of Bacteriology and Medical Mycology1 and Laboratory of Ultrastructures2, Istituto Superiore di Sanitá, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Yuming Fan
- Laboratory of Bacteriology and Medical Mycology1 and Laboratory of Ultrastructures2, Istituto Superiore di Sanitá, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Recchia
- Laboratory of Bacteriology and Medical Mycology1 and Laboratory of Ultrastructures2, Istituto Superiore di Sanitá, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Iona
- Laboratory of Bacteriology and Medical Mycology1 and Laboratory of Ultrastructures2, Istituto Superiore di Sanitá, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Graziella Orefici
- Laboratory of Bacteriology and Medical Mycology1 and Laboratory of Ultrastructures2, Istituto Superiore di Sanitá, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Fattorini L, Xiao Y, Mattei M, Li Y, Iona E, Thoresen OF, Orefici G. Activities of eighteen antimicrobial regimens against Mycobacterium avium infection in beige mice. Microb Drug Resist 2000; 5:227-33. [PMID: 10566874 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.1999.5.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic effect of 18 anti-Mycobacterium avium regimens was examined in beige mice after 91 days of infection. Treatments included monotherapy with clarithromycin (CLA), ethambutol (EMB), amikacin (AMI), rifabutin (RFB), ciprofloxacin (CIP), clofazimine (CLO), and combinations of CLA, CLA-EMB, or CLA-AMI with one of the other drugs. After monotherapy, only AMI and CLA displayed bacteriostatic and/or moderate bactericidal effects in spleens and lungs, while CIP and RFB were totally inactive and CLO and EMB showed intermediate effects against the isolate tested. Resistant mutants were isolated in spleens of mice treated with EMB, CIP, RFB, and CLO-Among two-drug combinations, CLA-RFB, CLA-CIP, and CLA-CLO were significantly more active than RFB, CIP, CLO, respectively, but not more active than CLA alone, in both organs; CLA-AMI and CLA-EMB were bactericidal in spleens and lungs, respectively. Although activity of CLA-EMB was significantly potentiated by RFB and CLO in spleens and lungs, that of CLA-AMI was significantly increased by RFB and CLO only in lungs. The most active regimen in spleens and lungs on day 91 was the combination of all three, namely CLA-AMI-EMB, which reduced the CFU numbers of 2.7 and 7.5 log10, in comparison with day 1 and day 91 counts in untreated control mice, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Fattorini
- Laboratory of Bacteriology and Medical Mycology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Tomioka H. Prospects for development of new antimycobacterial drugs. J Infect Chemother 2000; 6:8-20. [PMID: 11810525 DOI: 10.1007/s101560050043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/1999] [Accepted: 01/05/2000] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this article, I have thoroughly reviewed the status of development of new antimycobacterial drugs, particularly fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, sparfloxacin, levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, sitafloxacin, and moxifloxacin), new macrolides (clarithromycin, azithromycin, and roxithromycin), rifamycin derivatives (rifabutin, rifapentine, and KRM-1648), and others. The main purpose of this review was to describe the in-vitro and in-vivo activities of these drugs against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium complex. In addition, the therapeutic efficacy of these drugs in the clinical treatment of mycobacterial infections has also been briefly mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tomioka
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shimane Medical University, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan.
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Abstract
Acute renal failure is a major complication of aminoglycoside antibiotics, which are widely used in the treatment of gram-negative infections. Sequential reduction of oxygen along the univalent pathway leads to the generation of superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, and water. A large body of in vitro and in vivo evidence indicates that these partially reduced oxygen metabolites are important mediators of gentamicin nephrotoxicity. Gentamicin has been shown to enhance the generation of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide by renal cortical mitochondria. The interaction between superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide in the presence of metal catalyst can lead to the generation of hydroxyl radical. Gentamicin has been shown to lead to release of iron from renal cortical mitochondria and to enhance generation of hydroxyl radical. These in vitro observations have been supported by in vivo studies in which scavengers of reactive oxygen metabolites and iron chelators have shown to be protective in gentamicin induced acute renal failure. There is evidence to suggest that studies may have broader implication in being relevant to other aminoglycosides including streptomycin and being applicable to other major toxicity of aminoglycoside such as ototoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Walker
- Department of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock 72205, USA
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Williams SL, Harris NB, Barletta RG. Development of a firefly luciferase-based assay for determining antimicrobial susceptibility of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37:304-9. [PMID: 9889208 PMCID: PMC84292 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.37.2.304-309.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) is a fatal disease of ruminants for which no effective treatment is available. Presently, no drugs against Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (M. paratuberculosis), the causative agent of Johne's disease, are approved for use in livestock. Additionally, M. paratuberculosis has been linked to a human chronic granulomatous ileitis (Crohn's disease). To assist in the evaluation of antimicrobial agents with potential activity against M. paratuberculosis, we have developed a firefly luciferase-based assay for the determination of drug susceptibilities. The microorganism used was M. paratuberculosis K-10(pYUB180), a clinical isolate carrying a plasmid with the firefly luciferase gene. The MICs determined by the broth macrodilution method were as follows: amikacin, 2 microg/ml; Bay y 3118, 0.015 microg/ml; clarithromycin, 1.25 microg/ml; D-cycloserine, 25 microg/ml; ethambutol, 20 microg/ml; and rifabutin, 0.5 microg/ml. The strain was resistant to isoniazid and kanamycin. The results obtained by the luciferase assay were identical or fell within 1 doubling dilution. These results suggest that a combination of amikacin, clarithromycin, and rifabutin may be the most efficacious therapy for the treatment of M. paratuberculosis infections and that the use of fluoroquinolone class of antibiotics deserves further consideration. We demonstrate that the luciferase drug susceptibility assay is reliable for M. paratuberculosis and gives results within 7 days, whereas the broth macrodilution method requires 14 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Williams
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0905, USA
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