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Santiago MB, Tanimoto MH, Ambrosio MALV, Veneziani RCS, Bastos JK, Sabino-Silva R, Martins CHG. The Antibacterial Potential of Brazilian Red Propolis against the Formation and Eradication of Biofilm of Helicobacter pylori. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:719. [PMID: 39200019 PMCID: PMC11350797 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is associated with gastrointestinal diseases, and its treatment is challenging due to antibiotic-resistant strains, necessitating alternative therapies. Brazilian red propolis (BRP), known for its diverse bioactive compounds with pharmaceutical properties, was investigated for its anti-H. pylori activity, focusing on biofilm formation inhibition and eradication. BRP was tested against H. pylori (ATCC 43526) using several assays: time-kill, nucleotide leakage, biofilm formation inhibition (determining the minimum inhibitory concentration of biofilm of 50%-MICB50, and cell viability), and biofilm eradication (determining the minimum eradication concentration of biofilm of 99.9%-MBEC). Standardization of H. pylori biofilm formation was also conducted. In the time-kill assay, BRP at 50 µg/mL eliminated all H. pylori cells after 24 h. The nucleotide leakage assay showed no significant differences between control groups and BRP-treated groups at 25 µg/mL and 50 µg/mL. H. pylori formed biofilms in vitro at 109 CFU/mL after 72 h. The MICB50 of BRP was 15.6 µg/mL, and at 500, 1000, and 2000 µg/mL, BRP eradicated all bacterial cells. The MBEC was 2000 µg/mL. These findings suggest that BRP has promising anti-H. pylori activity, effectively inhibiting and eradicating biofilms. Further studies are necessary to elucidate BRP's mechanisms of action against H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana B. Santiago
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Testing, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia 38405-320, Brazil;
| | - Matheus H. Tanimoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-900, Brazil; (M.H.T.); (J.K.B.)
| | - Maria Anita L. V. Ambrosio
- Nucleus of Research in Sciences and Technology, University of Franca, Franca 14404-600, Brazil; (M.A.L.V.A.); (R.C.S.V.)
| | - Rodrigo Cassio S. Veneziani
- Nucleus of Research in Sciences and Technology, University of Franca, Franca 14404-600, Brazil; (M.A.L.V.A.); (R.C.S.V.)
| | - Jairo K. Bastos
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-900, Brazil; (M.H.T.); (J.K.B.)
| | - Robinson Sabino-Silva
- Innovation Center in Salivary Diagnostic and Nanobiotechnology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlândia 38408-100, Brazil;
| | - Carlos Henrique G. Martins
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Testing, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia 38405-320, Brazil;
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Daffinee KE, Piehl EC, Bleick C, LaPlante KL. Eradication of Staphylococcus epidermidis within Biofilms: Comparison of Systemic versus Supratherapeutic Concentrations of Antibiotics. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2023; 67:e0010823. [PMID: 37154699 PMCID: PMC10269123 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00108-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilm-forming bacterial infections result in clinical failure, recurring infections, and high health care costs. The antibiotic concentrations needed to eradicate biofilm require further research. We aimed to model an in vitro prosthetic joint infection (PJI) to elucidate the activity of traditional systemic concentrations versus supratherapeutic concentrations to eradicate a Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm PJI. We evaluated S. epidermidis high-biofilm-forming (ATCC 35984) and low-biofilm-forming (ATCC 12228) isolates in an in vitro pharmacodynamic biofilm reactor model with chromium cobalt coupons to simulate prosthetic joint infection. Vancomycin, daptomycin, levofloxacin, and minocycline were used alone and combined with rifampin to evaluate the effect of biofilm eradication. We simulated three exposures: (i) humanized systemic dosing alone, (ii) supratherapeutic doses (1,000× MIC), and (iii) and dosing in combination with rifampin. Resistance development was monitored throughout the study. Simulated humanized systemic doses of a lipoglycopeptide (daptomycin), a fluoroquinolone (levofloxacin), a tetracycline (minocycline), and a glycopeptide (vancomycin) alone failed to eradicate a formed S. epidermidis biofilm. Supratherapeutic doses of vancomycin (2,000 μg/mL) and minocycline (15 μg/mL) with or without rifampin (15 μg/mL) failed to eradicate biofilms. However, a levofloxacin supratherapeutic dose (125 μg/mL) with rifampin eradicated the high-biofilm-producing isolate by 48 h. Interestingly, supratherapeutic-dose exposures of daptomycin (500 μg/mL) alone eradicated high- and low-biofilm-forming isolates in established biofilms. The concentrations needed to eradicate biofilms on foreign materials are not obtained with systemic dosing regimens. The failure of systemic dosing regimens to eradicate biofilms validates clinical findings with recurring infections. The addition of rifampin to supratherapeutic dosing regimens does not result in synergy. Supratherapeutic daptomycin dosing may be effective at the site of action to eradicate biofilms. Further studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. E. Daffinee
- Infectious Diseases Research Program, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - E. C. Piehl
- College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
- Infectious Diseases Research Program, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - C. Bleick
- College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - K. L. LaPlante
- College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
- Infectious Diseases Research Program, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Division of Infectious Diseases, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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3
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Chen KL, Chen CM, Chen YC, Wang JY, Chen CF, Wu PK, Chen WM. Freezing nitrogen ethanol composite reduces periprosthetic infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus contaminated metal implants: An animal study. J Chin Med Assoc 2023; 86:227-232. [PMID: 36652569 DOI: 10.1097/jcma.0000000000000853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Implant-associated infection remains a major complication of orthopedic surgery. The treatment of such infection is complicated by bacterial biofilm formation on the metal surfaces of implants. Biofilm surrounds and protects the bacteria against the organism's endogenous defense system and from external agents such as antibiotics and mechanical debridement. This study aims to evaluate whether freezing nitrogen ethanol composite (FNEC), the combination of liquid nitrogen and 95% ethanol in a 3 to 1 ratio, used frequently in bone tumor surgery, is capable of disinfecting Staphylococcus aureus contaminated implants. METHODS The femurs of six New Zealand white rabbits were implanted with S. aureus-contaminated screws, half of which were treated with FNEC before implantation. The femurs were harvested 14 days after implantation. Histological analysis and TUNEL assay were conducted. The autoclaved screw, contaminated screw, and FNEC-treated contaminated screw were investigated using scanning electron microscopy to evaluate the biofilm structure. RESULTS The FNEC-treated group had significantly lower relative C-reactive protein levels. An obvious periosteal reaction at the implant site was observed in all rabbits in the non-FNEC group but none was observed in the FNEC-treated group. The FNEC-treated group exhibited fewer empty lacunae, less inflammatory infiltration, and less bone necrosis. Immunohistochemical analysis showed no S. aureus in bone tissue from the FNEC-treated group. Scanning electron microscopy showed disruption of the biofilm on the contaminated screw treated with FNEC. CONCLUSION FNEC showed potential in disinfecting S.aureus-contaminated implants. Further investigation is warranted, such as the effect on the implant-cement-bone interface, for FNEC to be used clinically in treating implant-associated infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Lin Chen
- Therapeutical and Research Center of Musculoskeletal Tumor, Department of Orthopaedics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chao-Ming Chen
- Therapeutical and Research Center of Musculoskeletal Tumor, Department of Orthopaedics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Chung Chen
- Therapeutical and Research Center of Musculoskeletal Tumor, Department of Orthopaedics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jir-You Wang
- Therapeutical and Research Center of Musculoskeletal Tumor, Department of Orthopaedics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Cheng-Fong Chen
- Therapeutical and Research Center of Musculoskeletal Tumor, Department of Orthopaedics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Po-Kuei Wu
- Therapeutical and Research Center of Musculoskeletal Tumor, Department of Orthopaedics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wei-Ming Chen
- Therapeutical and Research Center of Musculoskeletal Tumor, Department of Orthopaedics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Saini S, Mishra P, Balhara M, Dutta D, Ghosh S, Chaudhuri S. Antimicrobial potency of Punica granatum peel extract: Against multidrug resistant clinical isolates. GENE REPORTS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2023.101744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Mirzaei R, Yousefimashouf R, Arabestani MR, Sedighi I, Alikhani MY. The issue beyond resistance: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm formation is induced by subinhibitory concentrations of cloxacillin, cefazolin, and clindamycin. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277287. [PMID: 36350834 PMCID: PMC9645612 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermis is one of the most frequent causes of device-associated infections due to biofilm formation. Current reports noted that subinhibitory concentrations of antibiotics induce biofilm production in some bacteria. Accordingly, we evaluated the effect of exposure of different subinhibitory concentrations of cloxacillin, cefazolin, clindamycin, and vancomycin on the biofilm formation of methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis (MRSE). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and minimum inhibitory/bactericidal concentration of antimicrobial agents were determined. MRSE isolates were selected, and their biofilm formation ability was evaluated. The effect of subinhibitory concentrations of cloxacillin, cefazolin, clindamycin, and vancomycin, antibiotics selected among common choices in the clinic, on MRSE biofilm formation was determined by the microtitre method. Besides, the effect of subinhibitory concentrations of cloxacillin, cefazolin, clindamycin, and vancomycin on the expression of the biofilm-associated genes icaA and atlE was evaluated by Reverse-transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of MRSE strains showed a high level of resistance as follows: 80%, 53.3%, 33.3%, 33.3%, and 26.6%, for erythromycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, clindamycin, and gentamicin, respectively. Besides, 73.3% of S. epidermidis strains were Multidrug-resistant (MDR). Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values were in the range of 0.5 to512 μg/mL and 1 to1024 μg/mL for cloxacillin, 0.125 to256 μg/mL and 1 to512 μg/mL for cefazolin, 0.125 to64 μg/mL and 4 to>1024 μg/mL for clindamycin, and 2 to32 μg/mL and 4 to32 μg/mL for vancomycin, respectively. The findings showed that subinhibitory concentrations of cloxacillin, cefazolin, and clindamycin induce biofilm production in MRSE strains. In particular, the OD values of strains were in the range of 0.09-0.95, 0.05-0.86, and 0.06-1 toward cloxacillin, cefazolin, and clindamycin, respectively. On the other hand, exposure to subinhibitory vancomycin concentrations did not increase the biofilm formation in MRSE strains. The findings also demonstrated that sub-MIC of antibiotics up-regulated biofilm-associated genes. In particular, atlE and icaA were up-regulated 0.062 to 1.16 and 0.078 to 1.48 folds, respectively, for cloxacillin, 0.11 to 0.8, and 0.1 to 1.3 folds for cefazolin, 0.18 to 0.98, and 0.19 to 1.4 folds, respectively, for clindamycin. In contrast, the results showed that sub-MIC of vancomycin did not increase the biofilm-associated genes. These findings overall show that exposure to sub-MIC of traditional antibiotics can cause biofilm induction in MRSE, thereby increasing the survival and persistence on various surfaces that worsen the condition of comorbid infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasoul Mirzaei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Rasoul Yousefimashouf
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Arabestani
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Iraj Sedighi
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Yousef Alikhani
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Brucellosis Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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Turner AB, Gerner E, Firdaus R, Echeverz M, Werthén M, Thomsen P, Almqvist S, Trobos M. Role of sodium salicylate in Staphylococcus aureus quorum sensing, virulence, biofilm formation and antimicrobial susceptibility. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:931839. [PMID: 35992652 PMCID: PMC9384861 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.931839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The widespread threat of antibiotic resistance requires new treatment options. Disrupting bacterial communication, quorum sensing (QS), has the potential to reduce pathogenesis by decreasing bacterial virulence. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of sodium salicylate (NaSa) on Staphylococcus aureus QS, virulence production and biofilm formation. In S. aureus ATCC 25923 (agr III), with or without serum, NaSa (10 mM) downregulated the agr QS system and decreased the secretion levels of alpha-hemolysin, staphopain A and delta-hemolysin. Inhibition of agr expression caused a downregulation of delta-hemolysin, decreasing biofilm dispersal and increasing biofilm formation on polystyrene and titanium under static conditions. In contrast, NaSa did not increase biofilm biomass under flow but caused one log10 reduction in biofilm viability on polystyrene pegs, resulting in biofilms being twice as susceptible to rifampicin. A concentration-dependent effect of NaSa was further observed, where high concentrations (10 mM) decreased agr expression, while low concentrations (≤0.1 mM) increased agr expression. In S. aureus 8325-4 (agr I), a high concentration of NaSa (10 mM) decreased hla expression, and a low concentration of NaSa (≤1 mM) increased rnaIII and hla expression. The activity of NaSa on biofilm formation was dependent on agr type and material surface. Eight clinical strains isolated from prosthetic joint infection (PJI) or wound infection belonging to each of the four agr types were evaluated. The four PJI S. aureus strains did not change their biofilm phenotype with NaSa on the clinically relevant titanium surface. Half of the wound strains (agr III and IV) did not change the biofilm phenotype in the 3D collagen wound model. In addition, compared to the control, ATCC 25923 biofilms formed with 10 mM NaSa in the collagen model were more susceptible to silver. It is concluded that NaSa can inhibit QS in S. aureus, decreasing the levels of toxin production with certain modulation of biofilm formation. The effect on biofilm formation was dependent on the strain and material surface. It is suggested that the observed NaSa inhibition of bacterial communication is a potential alternative or adjuvant to traditional antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Benedict Turner
- Department of Biomaterials, University of Gothenburg, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Center for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erik Gerner
- Department of Biomaterials, University of Gothenburg, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Center for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Mölnlycke Health Care AB, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rininta Firdaus
- Department of Biomaterials, University of Gothenburg, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Center for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maite Echeverz
- Microbial Pathogenesis Research Unit, Public University of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria Werthén
- Department of Biomaterials, University of Gothenburg, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Center for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Thomsen
- Department of Biomaterials, University of Gothenburg, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Margarita Trobos
- Department of Biomaterials, University of Gothenburg, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Center for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Margarita Trobos,
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Zhang K, Li X, Yu C, Wang Y. Promising Therapeutic Strategies Against Microbial Biofilm Challenges. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:359. [PMID: 32850471 PMCID: PMC7399198 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are communities of microorganisms that are attached to a biological or abiotic surface and are surrounded by a self-produced extracellular matrix. Cells within a biofilm have intrinsic characteristics that are different from those of planktonic cells. Biofilm resistance to antimicrobial agents has drawn increasing attention. It is well-known that medical device- and tissue-associated biofilms may be the leading cause for the failure of antibiotic treatments and can cause many chronic infections. The eradication of biofilms is very challenging. Many researchers are working to address biofilm-related infections, and some novel strategies have been developed and identified as being effective and promising. Nevertheless, more preclinical studies and well-designed multicenter clinical trials are critically needed to evaluate the prospects of these strategies. Here, we review information about the mechanisms underlying the drug resistance of biofilms and discuss recent progress in alternative therapies and promising strategies against microbial biofilms. We also summarize the strengths and weaknesses of these strategies in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyu Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chen Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
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Assessment of the antibacterial, antivirulence, and action mechanism of Copaifera pubiflora oleoresin and isolated compounds against oral bacteria. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 129:110467. [PMID: 32603890 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The microorganisms that constitute the oral microbiome can cause oral diseases, including dental caries and endodontic infections. The use of natural products could help to overcome bacterial resistance to the antimicrobials that are currently employed in clinical therapy. This study assessed the antimicrobial activity of the Copaifera pubiflora oleoresin and of the compounds isolated from this resin against oral bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) assays provided values ranging from 6.25 to > 400 μg/mL for the C. pubiflora oleoresin and its isolated compounds. The fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) assay showed that the oleoresin and chlorhexidine did not act synergistically. All the tested bacterial strains formed biofilms. MICB50 determination revealed inhibitory action: values varied from 3.12-25 μg/mL for the oleoresin, and from 0.78 to 25 μg/mL for the ent-hardwickiic acid. Concerning biofilm eradication, the C. pubiflora oleoresin and hardwickiic acid eradicated 99.9 % of some bacterial biofilms. Acid resistance determination showed that S. mutans was resistant to acid in the presence of the oleoresin and ent-hardwickiic acid at pH 4.0, 4.5, and 5.0 at all the tested concentrations. Analysis of DNA/RNA and protein release by the cell membrane demonstrated that the oleoresin and hardwiickic acid damaged the bacterial membrane irreversibly, which affected membrane integrity. Therefore, the C. pubiflora oleoresin and ent-hardwickiic acid have potential antibacterial effect and can be used as new therapeutic alternatives to treat oral diseases such as dental caries and endodontic infections.
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Beck S, Sehl C, Voortmann S, Verhasselt HL, Edwards MJ, Buer J, Hasenberg M, Gulbins E, Becker KA. Sphingosine is able to prevent and eliminate Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm formation on different orthopedic implant materials in vitro. J Mol Med (Berl) 2019; 98:209-219. [PMID: 31863153 PMCID: PMC7007894 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-019-01858-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Periprosthetic infection (PPI) is a devastating complication in joint replacement surgery. On the background of an aging population, the number of joint replacements and associated complications is expected to increase. The capability for biofilm formation and the increasing resistance of different microbes to antibiotics have complicated the treatment of PPI, requiring the need for the development of alternative treatment options. The bactericidal effect of the naturally occurring amino alcohol sphingosine has already been reported. In our study, we demonstrate the antimicrobial efficacy of sphingosine on three different strains of biofilm producing Staphylococcus epidermidis, representing one of the most frequent microbes involved in PPI. In an in vitro analysis, sphingosine’s capability for prevention and treatment of biofilm-contamination on different common orthopedic implant surfaces was tested. Coating titanium implant samples with sphingosine not only prevented implant contamination but also revealed a significant reduction of biofilm formation on the implant surfaces by 99.942%. When testing the antimicrobial efficacy of sphingosine on sessile biofilm-grown Staphylococcus epidermidis, sphingosine solution was capable to eliminate 99.999% of the bacteria on the different implant surfaces, i.e., titanium, steel, and polymethylmethacrylate. This study provides evidence on the antimicrobial efficacy of sphingosine for both planktonic and sessile biofilm-grown Staphylococcus epidermidis on contaminated orthopedic implants. Sphingosine may provide an effective and cheap treatment option for prevention and reduction of infections in joint replacement surgery. Key messages • Here we established a novel technology for prevention of implant colonization by sphingosine-coating of orthopedic implant materials. • Sphingosine-coating of orthopedic implants prevented bacterial colonization and significantly reduced biofilm formation on implant surfaces by 99.942%. • Moreover, sphingosine solution was capable to eliminate 99.999% of sessile biofilm-grown Staphylococcus epidermidis on different orthopedic implant surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Beck
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical School Essen, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122, Essen, Germany. .,Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine, Homburg, Germany.
| | - Carolin Sehl
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical School Essen, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Sylvia Voortmann
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, Medical Research Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Hedda Luise Verhasselt
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Medical School Essen, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Jan Buer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Medical School Essen, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Mike Hasenberg
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, Medical Research Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Erich Gulbins
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical School Essen, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122, Essen, Germany.,Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Katrin Anne Becker
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical School Essen, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122, Essen, Germany.
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Phenotypic Characterization of Rhodococcus equi Biofilm Grown In Vitro and Inhibiting and Dissolving Activity of Azithromycin/Rifampicin Treatment. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040284. [PMID: 31817114 PMCID: PMC6963269 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial biofilm has been implicated in a wide range of chronic infections. In spite of the fact that Rhodococcus equi is a recognized cause of chronic disease in animals and humans, few studies have focused on the sessile phenotype of R.equi. The aim of this research was to phenotypically characterize the biofilm development of R. equi and its answerability for hypo-responsiveness to macrolides and rifampicin. Biofilm formation is initiated by bacterial adhesion to the surface. In this work, the ability of R. equi to adhere to the surface of human lung epithelial cells was detected by a fluorometric adhesion test performed on 40 clinical isolates. Subsequently, the capability of R. equi to produce biofilm was investigated by colorimetric, fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy analysis, revealing a general slow growth of rhodococcal biofilm and different sessile phenotypes among field isolates, some also including filamented bacteria. Azithromycin treatment produced a higher long-term inhibition and dissolution of R. equi biofilms than rifampicin, while the two antibiotics combined boosted the anti-biofilm effect in a statistically significant manner, although this was not equally effective for all R. equi isolates. Increasing the MIC concentrations of drugs tenfold alone and in combination did not completely eradicate pre-formed R. equi biofilms, while a rifampicin-resistant isolate produced an exceptionally abundant extracellular matrix. These results have strengthened the hypothesis that biofilm production may occur as an antibiotic tolerance system in R. equi, potentially determining persistence and, eventually, chronic infection.
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Rajbanshi B, Das K, Lepcha K, Das S, Roy D, Kundu M, Roy MN. Minimization of the dosage of food preservatives mixing with ionic liquids for controlling risky effect in human body: Physicochemical, antimicrobial and computational study. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Microbiological and Cellular Evaluation of a Fluorine-Phosphorus-Doped Titanium Alloy, a Novel Antibacterial and Osteostimulatory Biomaterial with Potential Applications in Orthopedic Surgery. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.02271-18. [PMID: 30367003 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02271-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Joint prosthesis failure is mainly related to aseptic loosening and prosthetic joint infections, both of which are associated with high morbidity and substantial costs for patients and health systems. The development of a biomaterial that is capable of stimulating bone growth while minimizing bacterial adhesion would reduce the incidence of prosthetic failure. We report antibacterial and osteostimulatory effects in a novel fluorine-phosphorus (F-P)-doped TiO2 oxide film grown on Ti-6Al-4V alloy with a nanostructure of bottle-shaped nanotubes (bNT) using five bacterial species (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia) and MCT3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells. The interaction between the bacteria and bNT Ti-6Al-4V was complex, as the adhesion of four bacterial species decreased (two staphylococcus species, E. coli, and S. maltophilia), and the viability of staphylococci and S. maltophilia also decreased because of the aluminum (Al) released by bNT Ti-6Al-4V. This released Al can be recruited by the bacteria through siderophores and was retained only by the Gram-negative bacteria tested. P. aeruginosa showed higher adhesion on bNT Ti-6Al-4V than on chemically polished (CP) samples of Ti-6Al-4V alloy and an ability to mobilize Al from bNT Ti-6Al-4V. The cell adhesion and proliferation of MCT3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells significantly increased at 48 and 168 h, as did the matrix mineralization of these cells and the gene expression levels of three of the most important markers related to bone differentiation. According to our results, the bNT Ti-6Al-4V alloy could have clinical application, preventing infection and stimulating bone growth and thus preventing the two main causes of joint prosthesis failure.IMPORTANCE This work evaluates F-P-doped bNT Ti-6Al-4V from microbiological and cellular approaches. The bacterial results highlight that the antibacterial ability of bNT Ti-6Al-4V is the result of a combination of antiadhesive and bactericidal effects exerted by Al released from the alloy. The cell results highlight that F-P bNT Ti-6Al-4V alloy increases osseointegration due to modification of the chemical composition of the alloy resulting from P incorporation and not due to the nanostructure, as reported previously. A key finding was the detection of Al release from inside the bNT Ti-6Al-4V nanostructures, a result of the nanostructure growth during the anodizing process that is in part responsible for its bactericidal effect.
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Fernández YA, Damasceno JL, Abrão F, Silva TDS, Cândido ADLP, Fregonezi NF, Resende FA, Ramos SB, Ambrosio SR, Veneziani RCS, Bastos JK, Martins CHG. Antibacterial, Preservative, and Mutagenic Potential of Copaifera spp. Oleoresins Against Causative Agents of Foodborne Diseases. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2018; 15:790-797. [PMID: 30230926 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2018.2478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Foodborne diseases (FBDs) are a serious public health concern worldwide. In this scenario, preservatives based on natural products, especially plants, have attracted researchers' attention because they offer potential antimicrobial action as well as reduced health impact. The genus Copaifera spp., which is native of tropical South America and West Africa, contains several species for which pharmacological activities, including antibacterial effects, have been described. On the basis of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), antibiofilm activity (inhibition and eradication), preservative capacity, and Ames test, we evaluated the antibacterial, preservative, and mutagenic potential of Copaifera spp. oleoresins against the causative agents of FBDs. The Copaifera duckei, Copaifera reticulata, Copaifera paupera, and Copaifera pubiflora oleoresins displayed promising MIC/MBC values-from 12.5 to 100 μg/mL-against Staphylococcus aureus (American Type Culture Collection [ATCC] 29213), Listeria monocytogenes (ATCC 15313), and Bacillus cereus (ATCC 14579). C. duckei, C. reticulata, C. paupera, and C. pubiflora oleoresin concentrations ranging from 25 to 200 μg/mL and from 100 to 400 μg/mL inhibited biofilm formation and eradicated biofilms, respectively. The oleoresins did not exert mutagenic effects and had superior food preservative action to sodium benzoate (positive control). In conclusion, Copaifera oleoresins exhibit potential antibacterial activity and are not mutagenic, which makes them a promising source to develop novel natural food preservatives to inhibit foodborne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadira Arnet Fernández
- 1 Laboratory of Research in Applied Microbiology, University of Franca , São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Fariza Abrão
- 1 Laboratory of Research in Applied Microbiology, University of Franca , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thayná de Souza Silva
- 1 Laboratory of Research in Applied Microbiology, University of Franca , São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Flavia Aparecida Resende
- 2 Medical Chemistry and Regenerative Medicine Group, University of Araraquara , São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Jairo Knupp Bastos
- 3 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil
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ent-Copalic acid antibacterial and anti-biofilm properties against Actinomyces naeslundii and Peptostreptococcus anaerobius. Anaerobe 2018; 52:43-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Abstract
The molecular and clinical factors associated with biofilm-forming methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are incompletely understood. Biofilm production for 182 MRSA isolates obtained from clinical culture sites (2004 to 2013) was quantified. Microbiological toxins, pigmentation, and genotypes were evaluated, and patient demographics were collected. Logistic regression was used to quantify the effect of strong biofilm production (versus weak biofilm production) on clinical outcomes and independent predictors of a strong biofilm. Of the isolates evaluated, 25.8% (47/182) produced strong biofilms and 40.7% (74/182) produced weak biofilms. Strong biofilm-producing isolates were more likely to be from multilocus sequence typing (MLST) clonal complex 8 (CC8) (34.0% versus 14.9%; P = 0.01) but less likely to be from MLST CC5 (48.9% versus 73.0%; P = 0.007). Predictors for strong biofilms were spa type t008 (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 4.54; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.21 to 17.1) and receipt of chemotherapy or immunosuppressants in the previous 90 days (aOR, 33.6; 95% CI, 1.68 to 673). Conversely, patients with high serum creatinine concentrations (aOR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.15 to 0.72) or who previously received vancomycin (aOR, 0.03; 95% CI, 0.002 to 0.39) were less likely to harbor strong biofilm-producing MRSA. Beta-toxin-producing isolates (aOR, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.11 to 0.89) and isolates with spa type t895 (aOR, 0.02 95% CI, <0.001 to 0.47) were less likely to produce strong biofilms. Patient outcomes also varied between the two groups. Specifically, patients with strong biofilm-forming MRSA were significantly more likely to be readmitted within 90 days (aOR, 5.43; 95% CI, 1.69 to 17.4) but tended to have decreased 90-day mortality (aOR, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.12 to 1.06). Patients that harbored t008 and received immunosuppressants were more likely to have strong biofilm-producing MRSA isolates. Clinically, patients with strong biofilm-forming MRSA were less likely to die at 90 days but five times more likely to be readmitted.
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Abstract
Surface-attached colonies of bacteria known as biofilms play a major role in the pathogenesis of device-related infections. Biofilm colonies are notorious for their resistance to suprainhibitory concentrations of antibiotics. Numerous studies have shown that subminimal inhibitory concentrations of some antibiotics can act as agonists of bacterial biofilm formation in vitro, a process that may have clinical relevance. This article reviews studies demonstrating that low-dose antibiotics induce bacterial biofilm formation. These studies have provided important information about the regulation of biofilm formation and the signaling pathways involved in global gene regulation in response to cell stressors. It is still unclear whether antibiotic-induced biofilm formation contributes to the inconsistent success of antimicrobial therapy for device infections.
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Abrão F, Alves JA, Andrade G, de Oliveira PF, Ambrósio SR, Veneziani RCS, Tavares DC, Bastos JK, Martins CHG. Antibacterial Effect of Copaifera duckei Dwyer Oleoresin and Its Main Diterpenes against Oral Pathogens and Their Cytotoxic Effect. Front Microbiol 2018. [PMID: 29515530 PMCID: PMC5826368 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluates the antibacterial activity of the Copaifera duckei Dwyer oleoresin and two isolated compounds [eperu-8(20)-15,18-dioic acid and polyalthic acid] against bacteria involved in primary endodontic infections and dental caries and assesses the cytotoxic effect of these substances against a normal cell line. MIC and MBC assays pointed out the most promising metabolites for further studies on bactericidal kinetics, antibiofilm activity, and synergistic antibacterial action. The oleoresin and polyalthic acid but not eperu-8(20)-15,18-dioic provided encouraging MIC and MBC results at concentrations lower than 100 μg mL−1. The oleoresin and polyalthic acid activities depended on the evaluated strain. A bactericidal effect on Lactobacillus casei (ATCC 11578 and clinical isolate) emerged before 8 h of incubation. For all the tested bacteria, the oleoresin and polyalthic acid inhibited biofilm formation by at least 50%. The oleoresin and polyalthic acid gave the best activity against Actinomyces naeslundii (ATCC 19039) and L. casei (ATCC 11578), respectively. The synergistic assays combining the oleoresin or polyalthic acid with chlorhexidine did not afford interesting results. We examined the cytotoxicity of C. duckei oleoresin, eperu-8(20)-15,18-dioic acid, and polyalthic acid against Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts. The oleoresin and polyalthic acid were cytotoxic at concentrations above 78.1 μg mL−1, whereas eperu-8(20)-15,18-dioic displayed cytotoxicity at concentrations above 312.5 μg mL−1. In conclusion, the oleoresin and polyalthic acid are potential sources of antibacterial agents against bacteria involved in primary endodontic infections and dental caries in both the sessile and the planktonic modes at concentrations that do not cause cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariza Abrão
- Research Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, University of Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jessica A Alves
- Research Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, University of Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gessica Andrade
- Research Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, University of Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Sérgio R Ambrósio
- Nucleus of Research in Sciences and Technology, University of Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo C S Veneziani
- Nucleus of Research in Sciences and Technology, University of Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Denise C Tavares
- Laboratory of Mutagenesis, University of Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jairo K Bastos
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos H G Martins
- Research Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, University of Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
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18
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Vieira RGL, Moraes TDS, Silva LDO, Bianchi TC, Veneziani RCS, Ambrósio SR, Bastos JK, Pires RH, Martins CHG. In vitro studies of the antibacterial activity of Copaifera spp. oleoresins, sodium hypochlorite, and peracetic acid against clinical and environmental isolates recovered from a hemodialysis unit. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2018; 7:14. [PMID: 29410782 PMCID: PMC5782372 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-018-0307-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Patients submitted to hemodialysis therapy are more susceptible to infection, especially to infection by Gram-positive bacteria. Various research works have attempted to discover new antimicrobial agents from plant extracts and other natural products. Methods The present study aimed to assess the antibacterial activities of Copaifera duckei, C. reticulata, and C. oblongifolia oleoresins; sodium hypochlorite; and peracetic acid against clinical and environmental isolates recovered from a Hemodialysis Unit. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and the Fractionated Inhibitory Concentration Index were determined; the ability of the tested compounds/extracts to inhibit biofilm formation was evaluated by calculating the MICB50 and IC50. Results C. duckei was the most efficient among the assayed Copaifera species, and its oleoresin was more effective than peracetic acid and sodium hypochlorite. Copaifera oleoresins and disinfectants did not act synergistically at any of the tested combinations. Certain of C. duckei oleoresin, peracetic acid, and sodium hypochlorite concentrations inhibited biofilm formation and eradicated 50% of the biofilm population. Conclusion C. duckei oleoresin is a potential candidate for disinfectant formulations. Based on these results and given the high incidence of multi-resistant bacteria in hemodialysis patients, it is imperative that new potential antibacterial agents like C. duckei oleoresin, which is active against Staphylococcus, be included in disinfectant formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosimara Gonçalves Leite Vieira
- Nucleus of Research in Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Research in Applied Microbiology, University of Franca, Avenida Armando Salles de Oliveira, 201, Franca - São Paulo, 14404-600 Brazil
| | - Thaís da Silva Moraes
- Nucleus of Research in Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Research in Applied Microbiology, University of Franca, Avenida Armando Salles de Oliveira, 201, Franca - São Paulo, 14404-600 Brazil
| | - Larissa de Oliveira Silva
- Nucleus of Research in Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Research in Applied Microbiology, University of Franca, Avenida Armando Salles de Oliveira, 201, Franca - São Paulo, 14404-600 Brazil
| | - Thamires Chiquini Bianchi
- Nucleus of Research in Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Research in Applied Microbiology, University of Franca, Avenida Armando Salles de Oliveira, 201, Franca - São Paulo, 14404-600 Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Cassio Sola Veneziani
- Nucleus of Research in Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Research in Applied Microbiology, University of Franca, Avenida Armando Salles de Oliveira, 201, Franca - São Paulo, 14404-600 Brazil
| | - Sérgio Ricardo Ambrósio
- Nucleus of Research in Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Research in Applied Microbiology, University of Franca, Avenida Armando Salles de Oliveira, 201, Franca - São Paulo, 14404-600 Brazil
| | - Jairo Kenupp Bastos
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto - São Paulo, 14040-903 Brazil
| | - Regina Helena Pires
- Nucleus of Research in Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Research in Applied Microbiology, University of Franca, Avenida Armando Salles de Oliveira, 201, Franca - São Paulo, 14404-600 Brazil
| | - Carlos Henrique Gomes Martins
- Nucleus of Research in Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Research in Applied Microbiology, University of Franca, Avenida Armando Salles de Oliveira, 201, Franca - São Paulo, 14404-600 Brazil
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19
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Nam SH, Ok SM, Kim GC. Tooth bleaching with low-temperature plasma lowers surface roughness and Streptococcus mutans
adhesion. Int Endod J 2017; 51:479-488. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S.-H. Nam
- Department of Dental Hygiene; Kangwon National University; Samcheok Korea
| | - S.-M. Ok
- Department of Oral Medicine; Institute of Translational Dental Sciences; Pusan National University; Yangsan Korea
- Dental Research Institute; Pusan National University Dental Hospital; Yangsan Korea
| | - G.-C. Kim
- Department of Oral Anatomy; School of Dentistry; Pusan National University; Yangsan Korea
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Zapotoczna M, Boksmati N, Donohue S, Bahtiar B, Boland A, Somali HA, Cox A, Humphreys H, O'Gara JP, Brennan M, O'Neill E. Novel anti-staphylococcal and anti-biofilm properties of two anti-malarial compounds: MMV665953 {1-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)urea} and MMV665807 {5-chloro-2-hydroxy-N-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]benzamide}. J Med Microbiol 2017; 66:377-387. [PMID: 28327271 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The treatment of device-related infections is challenging and current anti-microbial compounds have poor anti-biofilm activity. We aimed to identify and characterize novel compounds effective in the eradication of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. METHODOLOGY Two novel compounds, MMV665953 {1-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)urea} and MMV665807{5-chloro-2-hydroxy-N-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]benzamide}, effective in killing S. aureus biofilms, were identified by screening of the open access 'malaria box' chemical library. The minimum bactericidal concentrations, half-maximal inhibition concentration (IC50) values and minimal biofilm killing concentrations effective in the killing of biofilm were determined against meticillin-resistant S. aureus and meticillin-sensitive S. aureus. Fibrin-embedded biofilms were grown under in vivo-relevant conditions, and viability was measured using a resazurin-conversion assay and confocal microscopy. The potential for the development of resistance and cytotoxicity was also assessed. RESULTS MMV665953 and MMV665807 were bactericidal against S. aureus isolates. The IC50 against S. aureus biofilms was at 0.15-0.58 mg l-1 after 24 h treatment, whereas the concentration required to eradicate all tested biofilms was 4 mg l-1, making the compounds more bactericidal than conventional antibiotics. The cytotoxicity against human keratinocytes and primary endothelial cells was determined as IC50 7.47 and 0.18 mg l-1 for MMV665953, and as 1.895 and 0.076 mg l-1 for MMV665807. Neither compound was haemolytic nor caused platelet activation. MMV665953 and MMV665807 derivatives with reduced cytotoxicity exhibited a concomitant loss in anti-staphylococcal activity. CONCLUSION MMV665953 and MMV665807 are more bactericidal against S. aureus biofilms than currently used anti-staphylococcal antibiotics and represent a valuable structural basis for further investigation in the treatment of staphylococcal biofilm-related infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Zapotoczna
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nabila Boksmati
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sinead Donohue
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Baizurina Bahtiar
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ahmad Boland
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Hamzah Al Somali
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alysia Cox
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Hilary Humphreys
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Microbiology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - James P O'Gara
- Department of Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Marian Brennan
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eoghan O'Neill
- Department of Microbiology, Connolly Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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21
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Silver deposition on polypyrrole films electrosynthesised onto Nitinol alloy. Corrosion protection and antibacterial activity. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 56:95-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Luther MK, Bilida S, Mermel LA, LaPlante KL. Ethanol and Isopropyl Alcohol Exposure Increases Biofilm Formation in Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Infect Dis Ther 2015; 4:219-26. [PMID: 25935134 PMCID: PMC4471055 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-015-0065-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Alcohols, including ethanol and isopropyl alcohol, are used in clinical practice for disinfection and infection prevention. Recent studies, however, demonstrate that alcohols may enhance biofilm production in Staphylococci. Methods We quantified biofilm formation in the presence of ethanol and isopropyl alcohol in six different, well-characterized strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus. After 24 h of biofilm development, each strain was exposed to normal saline (NS), ethanol, or isopropyl alcohol (40%, 60%, 80% and 95%) for additional 24 h incubation. Adherent biofilms were stained and optical density was determined. Viability of strains was also determined after alcohol exposure. Results Ethanol increased biofilm formation in all six strains compared to normal saline (p < 0.05). There was increased biofilm formation with increasing ethanol concentration. Isopropyl alcohol also increased biofilm formation with increasing alcohol concentration in all six strains (p < 0.01 vs NS). The slime-negative, chemical mutant strain of S. epidermidis increased biofilm formation after exposure to both alcohols, likely reverting back its primary phenotype through modulation of the intercellular adhesin repressor. All strains demonstrated viability after exposure to each alcohol concentration, though viability was decreased. Conclusion Ethanol and isopropyl alcohol exposure increases biofilm formation of S. aureus and S. epidermidis at concentrations used in clinical settings. Ethanol and isopropyl alcohol did not eradicate viable Staphylococci from formed biofilm. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s40121-015-0065-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan K. Luther
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI 02881 USA
- Rhode Island Infectious Diseases (RIID) Research Program Laboratory, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI USA
| | | | - Leonard A. Mermel
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI 02881 USA
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI USA
- Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI USA
| | - Kerry L. LaPlante
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI 02881 USA
- Rhode Island Infectious Diseases (RIID) Research Program Laboratory, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI USA
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI USA
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Xue T, Ni J, Shang F, Chen X, Zhang M. Autoinducer-2 increases biofilm formation via an ica- and bhp-dependent manner in Staphylococcus epidermidis RP62A. Microbes Infect 2015; 17:345-52. [PMID: 25637952 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis has become the most common cause of nosocomial bacteraemia and the principal organism responsible for indwelling medical device -associated infections. Its pathogenicity is mainly due to its ability to form biofilms on the implanted medical devices. Biofilm formation is a quorum-sensing (QS)-dependent process controlled by autoinducers, which are signalling molecules. Here, we investigated the function of the autoinducer-2 (AI-2) QS system, especially the influence of AI-2 on biofilm formation in S. epidermidis RP62A. Results showed that the addition of AI-2 leads to a significant increase in biofilm formation, in contrast with previous studies which showed that AI-2 limits biofilm formation in Staphylococci. We found that AI-2 increases biofilm formation by enhancing the transcription of the ica operon, which is a known component in the AI-2-regulated biofilm pathway. In addition, we first observed that the transcript level of bhp, which encodes a biofilm-associated protein, was also increased following the addition of AI-2. Furthermore, we found that, among the known biofilm regulator genes (icaR, sigB, rbsU, sarA, sarX, sarZ, clpP, agrA, abfR, arlRS, saeRS), only icaR can be regulated by AI-2, suggesting that AI-2 may regulate biofilm formation by an icaR-dependent mechanism in S. epidermidis RP62A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xue
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China.
| | - Jingtian Ni
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Fei Shang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Xiaolin Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
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Caetano da Silva SD, Mendes de Souza MG, Oliveira Cardoso MJ, da Silva Moraes T, Ambrósio SR, Sola Veneziani RC, Martins CHG. Antibacterial activity of Pinus elliottii against anaerobic bacteria present in primary endodontic infections. Anaerobe 2014; 30:146-52. [PMID: 25270831 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Endodontic infections have a polymicrobial nature, but anaerobic bacteria prevail among the infectious microbes. Considering that it is easy to eliminate planktonic bacteria, biofilm-forming bacteria still challenge clinicians during the fight against endodontic diseases. The chemical constituents of the oleoresin of Pinus elliottii, a plant belonging to the family Pinaceae, stand out in the search for biologically active compounds based on natural products with potential application in the treatment of endodontic infections. Indeed, plant oleoresins are an abundant natural source of diterpenes that display significant and well-defined biological activities as well as potential antimicrobial action. In this context, this study aimed to (1) evaluate the in vitro antibacterial activity of the oleoresin, fractions, and subfractions of P. elliottii as well as the action of dehydroabietic acid against 11 anaerobic bacteria that cause endodontic infection in both their planktonic and biofilm forms and (2) assess the in vitro antibiofilm activity of dehydroabietic acid against the same group of bacteria. The broth microdilution technique helped to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the oleoresin and fractions. This same technique aided determination of the MIC values of nine subfractions of Fraction 1, the most active fraction. The MIC, minimum bactericidal concentration, and antibiofilm activity of dehydroabietic acid against the tested anaerobic bacteria were also examined. The oleoresin and fractions, especially fraction PE1, afforded promising MIC values, which ranged from 0.4 to 50 μg/mL. Concerning the nine evaluated subfractions, PE1.3 and PE1.4 furnished the most noteworthy MIC values, between 6.2 and 100 μg/mL. Dehydroabietic acid displayed antibacterial activity, with MIC values lying from 6.2 to 50 μg/mL, as well as bactericidal effect for all the investigated bacteria, except for Prevotella nigrescens. Assessment of the antibiofilm activity revealed significant results--MICB50 lay between 7.8 and 62.5 μg/mL, and dehydroabietic acid prevented all the evaluated bacteria from forming a biofilm. Hence, the chemical constituents of P. elliottii are promising biomolecules to develop novel therapeutic strategies to fight against endodontic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Thais da Silva Moraes
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Microbiologia Aplicada, Universidade de Franca, Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Carlos Henrique G Martins
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Microbiologia Aplicada, Universidade de Franca, Franca, São Paulo, Brazil.
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25
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Barman S, Mukhopadhyay SK, Behara KK, Dey S, Singh NDP. 1-Acetylpyrene-salicylic acid: photoresponsive fluorescent organic nanoparticles for the regulated release of a natural antimicrobial compound, salicylic acid. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:7045-7054. [PMID: 24800888 DOI: 10.1021/am500965n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Photoresponsive 1-acetylpyrene-salicylic acid (AcPy-SA) nanoparticles (NPs) were developed for the regulated release of a natural antimicrobial compound, salicylic acid. The strong fluorescent properties of AcPy-SA NPs have been extensively used for potential in vitro cell imaging. The phototrigger capability of our newly prepared AcPy-SA NPs was utilized for the efficient release of an antimicrobial compound, salicylic acid. The photoregulated drug release of AcPy-SA NPs has been shown by the subsequent switching off and on of a visible-light source. In vitro biological studies reveal that AcPy-SA NPs of ∼68 nm size deliver the antimicrobial drug salicylic acid into the bacteria cells (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and efficiently kill the cells upon exposure to visible light (≥410 nm). Such photoresponsive fluorescent organic NPs will be highly beneficial for targeted and regulated antimicrobial drug release because of their biocompatible nature, efficient cellular uptake, and light-induced drug release ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrabani Barman
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal India
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26
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Salicylates and the Microbiota: A New Mechanistic Understanding of an Ancient Drug's Role in Dermatological and Gastrointestinal Disease. Drug Dev Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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27
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28
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Stewart EJ, Satorius AE, Younger JG, Solomon MJ. Role of environmental and antibiotic stress on Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm microstructure. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:7017-7024. [PMID: 23688391 PMCID: PMC4144346 DOI: 10.1021/la401322k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Cellular clustering and separation of Staphylococcus epidermidis surface adherent biofilms were found to depend significantly on both antibiotic and environmental stress present during growth under steady flow. Image analysis techniques common to colloidal science were applied to image volumes acquired with high-resolution confocal laser scanning microscopy to extract spatial positions of individual bacteria in volumes of size ~30 × 30 × 15 μm(3). The local number density, cluster distribution, and radial distribution function were determined at each condition by analyzing the statistics of the bacterial spatial positions. Environmental stressors of high osmotic pressure (776 mM NaCl) and sublethal antibiotic dose (1.9 μg/mL vancomycin) decreased the average bacterial local number density 10-fold. Device-associated bacterial biofilms are frequently exposed to these environmental and antibiotic stressors while undergoing flow in the bloodstream. Characteristic density phenotypes associated with low, medium, and high local number densities were identified in unstressed S. epidermidis biofilms, while stressed biofilms contained medium- and low-density phenotypes. All biofilms exhibited clustering at length scales commensurate with cell division (~1.0 μm). However, density phenotypes differed in cellular connectivity at the scale of ~6 μm. On this scale, nearly all cells in the high- and medium-density phenotypes were connected into a single cluster with a structure characteristic of a densely packed disordered fluid. However, in the low-density phenotype, the number of clusters was greater, equal to 4% of the total number of cells, and structures were fractal in nature with d(f) =1.7 ± 0.1. The work advances the understanding of biofilm growth, informs the development of predictive models of transport and mechanical properties of biofilms, and provides a method for quantifying the kinetics of bacterial surface colonization as well as biofilm fracture and fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J. Stewart
- Department of Chemical Engineering and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Ashley E. Satorius
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - John G. Younger
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Michael J. Solomon
- Department of Chemical Engineering and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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29
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Impact of Antiplatelet Therapy on Clinical Manifestations and Outcomes of Cardiovascular Infections. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2013; 15:347-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s11908-013-0347-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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30
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Govindji N, Wills P, Upton M, Tirelli N, Yeates S, Webb M. The antibiofilm effects of Byotrol™ G32. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 114:1285-93. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Govindji
- School of Medicine; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - P. Wills
- Organic Materials Innovation Centre; School of Chemistry University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - M. Upton
- School of Medicine; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - N. Tirelli
- School of Materials and School of Medicine; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - S. Yeates
- Organic Materials Innovation Centre; School of Chemistry University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - M. Webb
- School of Medicine; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
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31
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Soni KA, Oladunjoye A, Nannapaneni R, Schilling MW, Silva JL, Mikel B, Bailey RH. Inhibition and inactivation of Salmonella typhimurium biofilms from polystyrene and stainless steel surfaces by essential oils and phenolic constituent carvacrol. J Food Prot 2013; 76:205-12. [PMID: 23433366 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-12-196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Persistence of Salmonella biofilms within food processing environments is an important source of Salmonella contamination in the food chain. In this study, essential oils of thyme and oregano and their antimicrobial phenolic constituent carvacrol were evaluated for their ability to inhibit biofilm formation and inactivate preformed Salmonella biofilms. A crystal violet staining assay and CFU measurements were utilized to quantify biofilm cell mass, with evaluating factors such as strain variation, essential oil type, their concentrations, exposure time, as well as biofilm formation surface. Of the three Salmonella strains, Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 23564 and Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 19585 produced stronger biofilms than Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028. Biofilm formation by different Salmonella strains was 1.5- to 2-fold higher at 22°C than at 30 or 37°C. The presence of nonbiocidal concentrations of thyme oil, oregano oil, and phenolic carvacrol at 0.006 to 0.012% suppressed Salmonella spp. biofilm formation 2- to 4-fold, but could not completely eliminate biofilm formation. There was high correlation in terms of biofilm inactivation, as determined by the crystal violet-stained optical density (at a 562-nm wavelength) readings and the viable CFU counts. Reduction of biofilm cell mass was dependent on antimicrobial concentration. A minimum concentration of 0.05 to 0.1% of these antimicrobial agents was needed to reduce a 7-log CFU biofilm mass to a nondetectable level on both polystyrene and stainless steel surfaces within 1 h of exposure time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamlesh A Soni
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
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32
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Habib A, Irfan M, Baddour LM, Le KY, Anavekar NS, Lohse CM, Friedman PA, Hayes DL, Wilson WR, Steckelberg JM, Sohail MR. Impact of prior aspirin therapy on clinical manifestations of cardiovascular implantable electronic device infections. Europace 2012; 15:227-35. [DOI: 10.1093/europace/eus292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Nowatzki PJ, Koepsel RR, Stoodley P, Min K, Harper A, Murata H, Donfack J, Hortelano ER, Ehrlich GD, Russell AJ. Salicylic acid-releasing polyurethane acrylate polymers as anti-biofilm urological catheter coatings. Acta Biomater 2012; 8:1869-80. [PMID: 22342353 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm-associated infections are a major complication of implanted and indwelling medical devices like urological and venous catheters. They commonly persist even in the presence of an oral or intravenous antibiotic regimen, often resulting in chronic illness. We have developed a new approach to inhibiting biofilm growth on synthetic materials through controlled release of salicylic acid from a polymeric coating. Herein we report the synthesis and testing of a ultraviolet-cured polyurethane acrylate polymer composed, in part, of salicyl acrylate, which hydrolyzes upon exposure to aqueous conditions, releasing salicylic acid while leaving the polymer backbone intact. The salicylic acid release rate was tuned by adjusting the polymer composition. Anti-biofilm performance of the coatings was assessed under several biofilm forming conditions using a novel combination of the MBEC Assay™ biofilm multi-peg growth system and bioluminescence monitoring for live cell quantification. Films of the salicylic acid-releasing polymers were found to inhibit biofilm formation, as shown by bioluminescent and GFP reporter strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. Urinary catheters coated on their inner lumens with the salicylic acid-releasing polymer significantly reduced biofilm formation by E. coli for up to 5 days under conditions that simulated physiological urine flow.
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34
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Zhou J, Fang T, Wang Y, Dong J. The controlled release of vancomycin in gelatin/β-TCP composite scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 100:2295-301. [PMID: 22499502 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Osteomyelitis remains a difficult infection to treat for orthopaedic surgeons regardless of the continuous advances in surgical techniques and antimicrobial agents. The controlled release of vancomycin from local delivery system is a promising method for eliminating infection. In this study, biodegradable gelatin sponge containing different contents of β-tricalcium phosphate ceramic (β-TCP) was prepared for the controlled-release of vancomycin. We aimed to confirm the composite scaffolds could be used as a vancomycin sustained-release system. Examinations of scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, mechanical properties, and in vivo drug release were performed. The results showed that the composite scaffolds could achieve local therapeutic drug levels over an extended duration. Taking consideration of porosity, interconnection, mechanical properties, and controlled release performance, the composite gelatin scaffold containing 30% β-TCP granules may be a good candidate for the controlled release of vancomycin in the treatment of chronic osteomyelitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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35
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Buchholz F, Lerchner J, Mariana F, Kuhlicke U, Neu TR, Harms H, Maskow T. Chip-calorimetry provides real time insights into the inactivation of biofilms by predatory bacteria. BIOFOULING 2012; 28:351-362. [PMID: 22509741 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2012.673593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Control or removal of undesired biofilms has frequently been found to be quite difficult. In addition to biocidal or antibiotic chemicals or materials designed to prevent biofouling, biological control agents appear to be promising. Reports of bacterial predators eradicating biofilms or eliminating pathogens motivate a more systematic screening of biofilm-eliminating bacterial predators. Unfortunately, the analysis of the eradication process is demanding. In the present study, chip-calorimetry was applied to monitor the elimination of Pseudomonas sp. biofilms by Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus. The method uses metabolic heat as a real-time parameter for biofilm activity. The method is non-invasive, fast and convenient due to real-time data acquisition. In addition, heat-production data can reveal information about the energetics of the predator-prey interaction. The calorimetric results were validated by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The approach described may be useful for the screening of biofilm susceptibility to different predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Buchholz
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
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36
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Anavekar NS, Murphy JG. Is there a role for antiplatelet therapy in infective endocarditis? A review of current scientific evidence. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2011; 12:253-6. [PMID: 21308539 DOI: 10.1007/s11908-010-0115-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recently, interest has emerged regarding adjuvant antiplatelet therapy in infective endocarditis (IE) and its impact on clinical outcomes. Despite ongoing research, the role of antiplatelet therapy in this setting remains unclear. Generally, investigations of IE are limited by the low incidence of the disease, practical issues related to diagnosis, and the highly variable latency period between symptom onset and definitive diagnosis. This article reviews the rationale for using antiplatelet therapy in the setting of IE and the contemporary literature that investigates its use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandan S Anavekar
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
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37
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Shapiro JA, Nguyen VL, Chamberlain NR. Evidence for persisters in Staphylococcus epidermidis RP62a planktonic cultures and biofilms. J Med Microbiol 2011; 60:950-960. [PMID: 21415203 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.026013-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Staphylococcus epidermidis in foreign device-related infections is attributed primarily to its ability to form biofilms on a polymer surface. One mechanism proposed for the survival of organisms in a biofilm is the presence of persister cells. Persister cells survive antibiotic treatment without acquiring heritable antibiotic resistance. This study was conducted to determine if S. epidermidis RP62a growing in planktonic cultures and biofilms could survive as persister cells following treatment with levofloxacin and vancomycin. S. epidermidis RP62a produced a small percentage of persisters (levofloxacin, 3.09×10⁻⁷%; vancomycin, 8.21×10⁻⁵ %) when grown to exponential phase, whereas biofilms contained 28 and 94 % persisters, following exposure to levofloxacin and vancomycin, respectively. The highest percentages of persisters were obtained during stationary phase in planktonic cultures and the lowest percentages of persisters were obtained during mid-exponential phase. An increase in persister number was not due to activation of quorum-sensing regulons. Confocal laser scanning microscopy images of biofilms exposed to levofloxacin demonstrated that the antibiotic was able to kill bacteria throughout the biofilm. Our results suggest that antibiotic tolerance in biofilms and in planktonic cultures of S. epidermidis RP62a is due in part to the presence of persister cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Shapiro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, A. T. Still University of Health Sciences, 800 West Jefferson Street, Kirksville, MO 63501, USA
| | - Valerie L Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, A. T. Still University of Health Sciences, 800 West Jefferson Street, Kirksville, MO 63501, USA
| | - Neal R Chamberlain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, A. T. Still University of Health Sciences, 800 West Jefferson Street, Kirksville, MO 63501, USA
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Kaplan JB, Jabbouri S, Sadovskaya I. Extracellular DNA-dependent biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis RP62A in response to subminimal inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics. Res Microbiol 2011; 162:535-41. [PMID: 21402153 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2011.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We measured the ability of Staphylococcus epidermidis to form biofilms in the presence of subminimal inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) of vancomycin, tigecycline, linezolid and novobiocin. Six strains that produce different amounts of biofilm were tested. The three strains that produced the highest amounts of biofilm exhibited steady-state or decreased biofilm formation in the presence of sub-MIC antibiotics, whereas the three strains that produced lower amounts of biofilm exhibited up to 10-fold-increased biofilm formation in the presence of sub-MIC antibiotics. In two of the inducible strains (9142 and 456a), antibiotic-induced biofilm formation was inhibited by dispersin B, an enzyme that degrades poly-N-acetylglucosamine (PNAG) biofilm polysaccharide. In the third inducible strain (RP62A), dispersin B inhibited biofilm formation in response to sub-MIC vancomycin, but not to sub-MIC tigecycline. In contrast, DNase I efficiently inhibited biofilm formation by strain RP62A in response to sub-MIC tigecycline and vancomycin. DNase I had no effect on antibiotic-induced biofilm formation in strains 9142 and 456a. Our findings indicate that antibiotic-induced biofilm formation in S. epidermidis is both strain- and antibiotic-dependent and that S. epidermidis RP62A utilizes an extracellular DNA-dependent mechanism to form biofilms in response to sub-MIC antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey B Kaplan
- Department of Oral Biology, New Jersey Dental School, Medical Science Building, Room C636, 185 S. Orange Ave., Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
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39
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Buchholz F, Harms H, Maskow T. Biofilm research using calorimetry - a marriage made in heaven? Biotechnol J 2010; 5:1339-50. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201000287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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40
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Varhimo E, Varmanen P, Fallarero A, Skogman M, Pyörälä S, Iivanainen A, Sukura A, Vuorela P, Savijoki K. Alpha- and β-casein components of host milk induce biofilm formation in the mastitis bacterium Streptococcus uberis. Vet Microbiol 2010; 149:381-9. [PMID: 21130586 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Revised: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus uberis is an environmental udder pathogen that infects cattle and can cause persistent intramammary infection (IMI), despite the fact that isolates are mainly susceptible to antibiotics. As biofilm growth can cause persistent infection, the ability of ten S. uberis isolates from clinical and subclinical IMIs to form biofilms on the polystyrene surface of a conventional 96-microplates model was examined. Biofilm formation was judged by different staining methods (crystal violet and resazurin) and by atomic force and fluorescence microscopy. These analyses revealed that two out of ten S. uberis strains tested were able to form biofilms. Upon treatment with Proteinase K, biofilms of S. uberis were completely disintegrated, which indicates that biofilm formation is protein-mediated in these strains. Addition of trace amounts of milk, the natural growth medium of S. uberis, significantly increased biofilm formation by most of the strains initially classified as non-biofilm producers. Alpha-casein and β-casein were the primary inducers of biofilm growth, and casein degradation by serine protease activity was required to achieve maximal biofilm production. These results suggest that the extracellular proteolytic activity of S. uberis contributes to an increased biofilm formation. Such a mode of growth induced by host proteins might help to explain the persistence of IMIs caused by this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Varhimo
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, P.O. Box 66, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
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41
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Clauss M, Trampuz A, Borens O, Bohner M, Ilchmann T. Biofilm formation on bone grafts and bone graft substitutes: comparison of different materials by a standard in vitro test and microcalorimetry. Acta Biomater 2010; 6:3791-7. [PMID: 20226886 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Revised: 02/14/2010] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed the initial adhesion and biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213) and S. epidermidis RP62A (ATCC 35984) on various bone grafts and bone graft substitutes under standardized in vitro conditions. In parallel, microcalorimetry was evaluated as a real-time microbiological assay in the investigation of biofilm formation and material science research. The materials beta-tricalcium phosphate (beta-TCP), processed human spongiosa (Tutoplast) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) were investigated and compared with polyethylene (PE). Bacterial counts (log(10) cfu per sample) were highest on beta-TCP (S. aureus 7.67 +/- 0.17; S. epidermidis 8.14 +/- 0.05) while bacterial density (log(10) cfu per surface) was highest on PMMA (S. aureus 6.12 +/- 0.2, S. epidermidis 7.65 +/- 0.13). Detection time for S. aureus biofilms was shorter for the porous materials (beta-TCP and processed human spongiosa, p < 0.001) compared to the smooth materials (PMMA and PE), with no differences between beta-TCP and processed human spongiosa (p > 0.05) or PMMA and PE (p > 0.05). In contrast, for S. epidermidis biofilms the detection time was different (p < 0.001) between all materials except between processed human spongiosa and PE (p > 0.05). The quantitative analysis by quantitative culture after washing and sonication of the material demonstrated the importance of monitoring factors like specific surface or porosity of the test materials. Isothermal microcalorimetry proved to be a suitable tool for an accurate, non-invasive and real-time microbiological assay, allowing the detection of bacterial biomass without removing the biofilm from the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Clauss
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kantonsspital Liestal, Liestal, Switzerland.
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42
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Dowd SE, Sun Y, Smith E, Kennedy JP, Jones CE, Wolcott R. Effects of biofilm treatments on the multi-species Lubbock chronic wound biofilm model. J Wound Care 2010; 18:508, 510-12. [PMID: 20081576 DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2009.18.12.45608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of several biofilm effectors in inhibiting biofilm formation in an in vitro multi-species chronic wound biofilm model. METHOD The Lubbock Chronic Wound Biofilm (LCWB) model has been described in detail elsewhere. Pathogens used in the model are Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus. These are three of the most important species associated with biofilms. Here, the model was exposed to the following biofilm effectors: xylitol, salicylic acid, farnesol, erythritol and two proprietary, semi-solid, wound-dressing formulations currently under development (Sanguitec gels). RESULTS Biofilm formation was completely inhibited in the LCWB model following treatment with 20% xylitol, 10% erythritol, 1,000 microg/ml farnesol, 20mM salicylic acid or 0.1% of either of the two Sanguitec gel formulations. Salicylic acid specifically inhibited S. aureus (p<0.01) at 10mM and 20mM, consequently increasing the ratios of P. aeruginosa and E. faecalis within the biofilm. Xylitol had an increasing inhibitory effect on P. aeruginosa (p<0.01) at all concentrations evaluated. Erythritol had an inhibitory effect on P. aeruginosa and S. aureus growth (p<0.01) at over 5% concentrations. The inhibitory effect of both Sanguitec gel formulations was more broadly effective, with an increasingly inhibitory effect on all LCWB species (p<0.01). CONCLUSION The LCWB model provides a multi-species format with which to evaluate the effect of biofilm effectors on wound flora in a biofilm phenotype. These results suggest that different treatments can target specific populations within a biofilm. Salicylic acid preferentially targeted S. aureus, xylitol preferentially targeted P. aeruginosa, while erythritol preferentially targeted both P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. In contrast, the two Sanguitec gel formulations provided a broad, less preferential, inhibition of biofilm development. DECLARATION OF INTEREST Research and Testing Laboratory is a for-profit enterprise that develops molecular methods and performs service research work on biofilms. Sanguitec gel was developed by JPK and CEJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Dowd
- US Department of Agriculture ARS Livestock Issues Research Unit, Lubbock, Texas, USA.
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43
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Pettit RK, Weber CA, Pettit GR. Application of a high throughput Alamar blue biofilm susceptibility assay to Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2009; 8:28. [PMID: 19860905 PMCID: PMC2773231 DOI: 10.1186/1476-0711-8-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis biofilms differ in structure, growth and regulation, and thus the high-throughput method of evaluating biofilm susceptibility that has been published for S. epidermidis cannot be applied to S. aureus without first evaluating the assay's reproducibility and reliability with S. aureus biofilms. Methods Staphylococcus aureus biofilms were treated with eleven approved antibiotics, lysostaphin, or Conflikt®, exposed to the oxidation reduction indicator Alamar blue, and reduction relative to untreated controls was determined visually and spectrophotometrically. The minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) was defined as ≤ 50% Alamar blue reduction and a purple/blue well 60 min after the addition of Alamar blue. Because all of the approved antibiotics had MBICs >128 μg/ml (most >2048 μg/ml), lysostaphin and Conflikt®, with relatively low MBICs, were used to correlate Alamar blue reduction with 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide (XTT) reduction and viable counts (CFU/ml) for S. aureus ATCC 29213 and three clinical isolates. Alamar blue's stability and lack of toxicity allowed CFU/ml to be determined from the same wells as Alamar blue absorbances. Results Overall, Alamar blue reduction had excellent correlation with XTT reduction and with CFU/ml. For ATCC 29213 and two clinical isolates treated with lysostaphin or Conflikt®, Alamar blue reduction had excellent correlation with XTT reduction (r = 0.93-0.99) and with CFU/ml (r = 0.92-0.98). For one of the clinical isolates, the results were moderately correlated for Conflikt® (r = 0.76, Alamar blue vs. XTT; r = 0.81, Alamar blue vs. CFU/ml) and had excellent correlation for lysostaphin (r = 0.95, Alamar blue vs. XTT; r = 0.97, Alamar blue vs. CFU/ml). Conclusion A reliable, reproducible method for evaluating biofilm susceptibility was successfully applied to S. aureus biofilms. The described method provides researchers with a simple, nontoxic, relatively inexpensive, high throughput measure of viability after drug treatment. A standardized biofilm Alamar blue assay should greatly increase the rate of discovery of S. aureus biofilm specific agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin K Pettit
- Cancer Research Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA.
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Chip calorimetry for fast and reliable evaluation of bactericidal and bacteriostatic treatments of biofilms. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 54:312-9. [PMID: 19822705 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00583-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chip calorimetry is introduced as a new monitoring tool that provides real-time information about the physiological state of biofilms. Its potential for use for the study of the effects of antibiotics and other biocides was tested. Established Pseudomonas putida biofilms were exposed to substances known to cause toxicity by different mechanisms and to provoke different responses of defense and resistance. The effects of these compounds on heat production rates were monitored and compared with the effects of these compounds on the numbers of CFU and intracellular ATP contents. The real-time monitoring potential of chip calorimetry was successfully demonstrated by using as examples the fast-acting poisons formaldehyde and 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP). A dosage of antibiotics initially increased the heat production rate. This was discussed as being the effect of energy-dependent resistance mechanisms (e.g., export and/or transformation of the antibiotic). The subsequent reduction in the heat production rate was attributed to the loss of activity and the death of the biofilm bacteria. The shapes of the death curves were in agreement with the assumed variation in the levels of exposure of cells within the multilayer biofilms. The new monitoring tool provides fast, quantitative, and mechanistic insights into the acute and chronic effects of a compound on biofilm activity while requiring only minute quantities of the biocide.
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Aryl rhodanines specifically inhibit staphylococcal and enterococcal biofilm formation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:4357-67. [PMID: 19651903 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00077-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus are the leading causative agents of indwelling medical device infections because of their ability to form biofilms on artificial surfaces. Here we describe the antibiofilm activity of a class of small molecules, the aryl rhodanines, which specifically inhibit biofilm formation of S. aureus, S. epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, E. faecium, and E. gallinarum but not the gram-negative species Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Escherichia coli. The aryl rhodanines do not exhibit antibacterial activity against any of the bacterial strains tested and are not cytotoxic against HeLa cells. Preliminary mechanism-of-action studies revealed that the aryl rhodanines specifically inhibit the early stages of biofilm development by preventing attachment of the bacteria to surfaces.
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Anavekar NS, Murphy JG. Aspirin and infective endocarditis: An ancient medicine used to fight an ancient disease—but does it work? J Infect 2009; 58:329-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2009.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Wolcott RD, Dowd SE. A rapid molecular method for characterising bacterial bioburden in chronic wounds. J Wound Care 2009; 17:513-6. [PMID: 19052515 DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2008.17.12.31769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Polymerase chain reaction is a culture-free method of identifying pathogens. This case study describes how, unlike traditional culture reports, a modification of this technique rapidly determined that Pseudomonas spp. was present in a chronic wound.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Wolcott
- Southwest Regional Wound Care Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
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Troidle L, Finkelstein FO. Catheter-related bacteremia in hemodialysis patients: the role of the central venous catheter in prevention and therapy. Int J Artif Organs 2009; 31:827-33. [PMID: 18924095 DOI: 10.1177/039139880803100911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with end-stage renal disease. Infections in hemodialysis patients are strongly associated with the use of an indwelling central venous catheter. S. aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci and Gram-negative rods account for the majority of these infections. The outcome of catheter-related bacteremia depends on appropriate antibiotic therapy and management of the hemodialysis catheter. Most studies note that there is no difference in outcome if the catheter is changed over a guidewire in addition to antibiotic therapy or if the catheter is completely removed and reinserted at a later date. However, bacteremia with certain organisms, particularly S. aureus, is associated with complications. Thus, the data suggests that the catheter needs to be promptly removed in patients developing S. aureus bacteremia.Bacterial biofilm likely has a critical role in the pathogenesis of these infections. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated both a reduction in infection rate with the use of antibiotic catheter locks as well as a reduction in the production of or eradication of bacterial biofilm. Future studies ought to target, firstly, a reduction in the reliance on central venous catheters; and secondly, the formulation of practical strategies to reduce patient risk for developing catheter-related bacteremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Troidle
- Hospital of St. Raphael, New Haven, Connecticut - USA.
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Rosenberg L, Carbone A, Römling U, Uhrich K, Chikindas M. Salicylic acid-based poly(anhydride esters) for control of biofilm formation in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Lett Appl Microbiol 2008; 46:593-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2008.02356.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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