1
|
Soto JA, Galvez NMS, Rivera DB, Díaz FE, Riedel CA, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM. From animal studies into clinical trials: the relevance of animal models to develop vaccines and therapies to reduce disease severity and prevent hRSV infection. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2022; 17:1237-1259. [PMID: 36093605 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2022.2123468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is an important cause of lower respiratory tract infections in the pediatric and the geriatric population worldwide. There is a substantial economic burden resulting from hRSV disease during winter. Although no vaccines have been approved for human use, prophylactic therapies are available for high-risk populations. Choosing the proper animal models to evaluate different vaccine prototypes or pharmacological treatments is essential for developing efficient therapies against hRSV. AREAS COVERED This article describes the relevance of using different animal models to evaluate the effect of antiviral drugs, pharmacological molecules, vaccine prototypes, and antibodies in the protection against hRSV. The animal models covered are rodents, mustelids, bovines, and nonhuman primates. Animals included were chosen based on the available literature and their role in the development of the drugs discussed in this manuscript. EXPERT OPINION Choosing the correct animal model is critical for exploring and testing treatments that could decrease the impact of hRSV in high-risk populations. Mice will continue to be the most used preclinical model to evaluate this. However, researchers must also explore the use of other models such as nonhuman primates, as they are more similar to humans, prior to escalating into clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Soto
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - N M S Galvez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - D B Rivera
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - F E Díaz
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - C A Riedel
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - S M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - A M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mechanism of Cross-Resistance to Fusion Inhibitors Conferred by the K394R Mutation in Respiratory Syncytial Virus Fusion Protein. J Virol 2021; 95:e0120521. [PMID: 34379500 PMCID: PMC8475503 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01205-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The fusion glycoprotein (F) is essential for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) entry and has become an attractive target for anti-RSV drug development. Despite the promising prospect of RSV F inhibitors, issues of drug resistance remain challenging. In this study, we established a dual-luciferase protocol for RSV fusion inhibitor discovery. A small-molecule inhibitor, salvianolic acid R (LF-6), was identified to inhibit virus-cell and cell-cell fusion mediated by the RSV F protein. Sequence analysis of the resultant resistant viruses identified a K394R mutation in the viral F protein. The K394R mutant virus also conferred cross-resistance to multiple RSV fusion inhibitors, including several inhibitors undergoing clinical trials. Our study further showed that K394R mutation not only increased the triggering rate of F protein in prefusion conformation but also enhanced the fusion activity of F protein, both of which were positively correlated with resistance to fusion inhibitors. Moreover, the K394R mutation also showed cooperative effects with other escape mutations to increase the fusion activity of F protein. By substitution of K394 into different amino acids, we found that K394R or K394H substitution resulted in hyperfusiogenic F proteins, whereas F variants with other substitutions exhibited less fusion activity. Both K394R and K394H in F protein exhibited cross-resistance to RSV fusion inhibitors. Collectively, these findings reveal a positive correlation between the membrane fusion activity of F protein and the resistance of corresponding inhibitors. All of the results demonstrate that K394R in F protein confers cross-resistance to fusion inhibitors through destabilizing F protein and increasing its membrane fusion activity. IMPORTANCE Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes serious respiratory tract disease in children and the elderly. Therapeutics against RSV infection are urgently needed. This study reports the discovery of a small-molecule inhibitor of RSV fusion glycoprotein by using a dual-luciferase protocol. The escape mutation (K394R) of this compound also confers cross-resistance to multiple RSV fusion inhibitors that have been reported previously, including two candidates currently in clinical development. The combination of K394R with other escape mutations can increase the resistance of F protein to these inhibitors through destabilizing F protein and enhancing the membrane fusion activity of F protein. By amino acid deletion or substitution, we found that a positively charged residue at the 394th site is crucial for the fusion ability of F protein, as well as for the cross-resistance against RSV fusion inhibitors. These results reveal the mechanism of cross-resistance conferred by the K394R mutation and the possible cross-resistance risk of RSV fusion inhibitors.
Collapse
|
3
|
Pu J, Zhou JT, Liu P, Yu F, He X, Lu L, Jiang S. Viral Entry Inhibitors Targeting Six-Helical Bundle Core Against Highly Pathogenic Enveloped Viruses with Class I Fusion Proteins. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:700-718. [PMID: 33992055 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210511015808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
TypeⅠ enveloped viruses bind to cell receptors through surface glycoproteins to initiate infection or undergo receptor-mediated endocytosis. They also initiate membrane fusion in the acidic environment of endocytic compartments, releasing genetic material into the cell. In the process of membrane fusion, envelope protein exposes fusion peptide, followed by insertion into the cell membrane or endosomal membrane. Further conformational changes ensue in which the type 1 envelope protein forms a typical six-helix bundle structure, shortening the distance between viral and cell membranes so that fusion can occur. Entry inhibitors targeting viral envelope proteins, or host factors, are effective antiviral agents and have been widely studied. Some have been used clinically, such as T20 and Maraviroc for human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) or Myrcludex B for hepatitis D virus (HDV). This review focuses on entry inhibitors that target the six-helical bundle core against highly pathogenic enveloped viruses with class I fusion proteins, including retroviruses, coronaviruses, influenza A viruses, paramyxoviruses, and filoviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Pu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH/CAMS, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Joey Tianyi Zhou
- Institute of High Performance Computing, The Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Ping Liu
- Institute of High Performance Computing, The Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Fei Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiaoyang He
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH/CAMS, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH/CAMS, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cockerill GS, Angell RM, Bedernjak A, Chuckowree I, Fraser I, Gascon-Simorte J, Gilman MSA, Good JAD, Harland R, Johnson SM, Ludes-Meyers JH, Littler E, Lumley J, Lunn G, Mathews N, McLellan JS, Paradowski M, Peeples ME, Scott C, Tait D, Taylor G, Thom M, Thomas E, Villalonga Barber C, Ward SE, Watterson D, Williams G, Young P, Powell K. Discovery of Sisunatovir (RV521), an Inhibitor of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Fusion. J Med Chem 2021; 64:3658-3676. [PMID: 33729773 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
RV521 is an orally bioavailable inhibitor of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) fusion that was identified after a lead optimization process based upon hits that originated from a physical property directed hit profiling exercise at Reviral. This exercise encompassed collaborations with a number of contract organizations with collaborative medicinal chemistry and virology during the optimization phase in addition to those utilized as the compound proceeded through preclinical and clinical evaluation. RV521 exhibited a mean IC50 of 1.2 nM against a panel of RSV A and B laboratory strains and clinical isolates with antiviral efficacy in the Balb/C mouse model of RSV infection. Oral bioavailability in preclinical species ranged from 42 to >100% with evidence of highly efficient penetration into lung tissue. In healthy adult human volunteers experimentally infected with RSV, a potent antiviral effect was observed with a significant reduction in viral load and symptoms compared to placebo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Stuart Cockerill
- Reviral Ltd., Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2FX, U.K
| | - Richard M Angell
- Sussex Drug Discovery Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, England BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - Alexandre Bedernjak
- Reviral Ltd., Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2FX, U.K
| | - Irina Chuckowree
- Sussex Drug Discovery Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, England BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - Ian Fraser
- Reviral Ltd., Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2FX, U.K
| | - Jose Gascon-Simorte
- Sussex Drug Discovery Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, England BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - Morgan S A Gilman
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - James A D Good
- Reviral Ltd., Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2FX, U.K
| | - Rachel Harland
- Reviral Ltd., Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2FX, U.K
| | - Sara M Johnson
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43205, United States
| | - John H Ludes-Meyers
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Edward Littler
- Reviral Ltd., Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2FX, U.K
| | - James Lumley
- Reviral Ltd., Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2FX, U.K
| | - Graham Lunn
- Sussex Drug Discovery Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, England BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - Neil Mathews
- Reviral Ltd., Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2FX, U.K
| | - Jason S McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Michael Paradowski
- Medicines Discovery Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales CF10 3AT, U.K
| | - Mark E Peeples
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43205, United States
| | - Claire Scott
- Reviral Ltd., Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2FX, U.K
| | - Dereck Tait
- Reviral Ltd., Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2FX, U.K
| | - Geraldine Taylor
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, U.K
| | - Michelle Thom
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, U.K
| | - Elaine Thomas
- Reviral Ltd., Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2FX, U.K
| | | | - Simon E Ward
- Medicines Discovery Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales CF10 3AT, U.K
| | - Daniel Watterson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Gareth Williams
- Sussex Drug Discovery Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, England BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - Paul Young
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Kenneth Powell
- Reviral Ltd., Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2FX, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Seyfoori A, Amereh M, Dabiri SMH, Askari E, Walsh T, Akbari M. The role of biomaterials and three dimensional (3D) in vitro tissue models in fighting against COVID-19. Biomater Sci 2020; 9:1217-1226. [PMID: 33355542 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01616k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Over the past century, viral respiratory pandemics have been a leading cause of infectious disease worldwide. A deep understanding of the underlying mechanisms of the viral interactions with host cells at the target sites is necessary for a rapid response to such pandemics. To meet this aim, various testing platforms are required to recapitulate the pathophysiological behavior of the virus within the respiratory tract. These bioengineered platforms can effectively be used for the development of different therapeutics and vaccines. This paper briefly reviews the progress in the areas of biomaterial use for pulmonary tissue regeneration and integration with current bioengineered platforms including engineered tissues, organoids, and organs-on-a-chip platforms for viral respiratory disease studies. Finally, a brief overview of the opportunities presented by organ-on-a-chip systems for studying COVID-19 and subsequent drug development is introduced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Seyfoori
- Laboratory for Innovations in Micro Engineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Vendeville S, Tahri A, Hu L, Demin S, Cooymans L, Vos A, Kwanten L, Van den Berg J, Battles MB, McLellan JS, Koul A, Raboisson P, Roymans D, Jonckers THM. Discovery of 3-({5-Chloro-1-[3-(methylsulfonyl)propyl]-1H-indol-2-yl}methyl)-1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-2-one (JNJ-53718678), a Potent and Orally Bioavailable Fusion Inhibitor of Respiratory Syncytial Virus. J Med Chem 2020; 63:8046-8058. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Vendeville
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Abdellah Tahri
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Lili Hu
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Samuel Demin
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ludwig Cooymans
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ann Vos
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Leen Kwanten
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Joke Van den Berg
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Michael B. Battles
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Jason S. McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Anil Koul
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Pierre Raboisson
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Dirk Roymans
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Tim H. M. Jonckers
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Joshi S, Bawage S, Tiwari P, Kirby D, Perrie Y, Dennis V, Singh SR. Liposomes: a promising carrier for respiratory syncytial virus therapeutics. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2019; 16:969-980. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2019.1652268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Joshi
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, USA
| | - Swapnil Bawage
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Pooja Tiwari
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Daniel Kirby
- Aston Pharmacy School, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Yvonne Perrie
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Vida Dennis
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, USA
| | - Shree R Singh
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Coultas JA, Smyth R, Openshaw PJ. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): a scourge from infancy to old age. Thorax 2019; 74:986-993. [PMID: 31383776 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2018-212212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common single cause of respiratory hospitalisation of infants and is the second largest cause of lower respiratory infection mortality worldwide. In adults, RSV is an under-recognised cause of deterioration in health, particularly in frail elderly persons. Infection rates typically rise in late autumn and early winter causing bronchiolitis in infants, common colds in adults and insidious respiratory illness in the elderly. Virus detection methods optimised for use in children have low detection rate in adults, highlighting the need for better diagnostic tests. There are many vaccines under development, mostly based on the surface glycoprotein F which exists in two conformations (prefusion and postfusion). Much of the neutralising antibody appears to be to the prefusion form. Vaccines being developed include live attenuated, subunit, particle based and live vectored agents. Different vaccine strategies may be appropriate for different target populations: at-risk infants, school-age children, adult caregivers and the elderly. Antiviral drugs are in clinical trial and may find a place in disease management. RSV disease is one of the major remaining common tractable challenges in infectious diseases and the era of vaccines and antivirals for RSV is on the near horizon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosalind Smyth
- Director of the Insitute and Professor of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Institute for Child Health, UCL, London, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ha MN, Delpeut S, Noyce RS, Sisson G, Black KM, Lin LT, Bilimoria D, Plemper RK, Privé GG, Richardson CD. Mutations in the Fusion Protein of Measles Virus That Confer Resistance to the Membrane Fusion Inhibitors Carbobenzoxy-d-Phe-l-Phe-Gly and 4-Nitro-2-Phenylacetyl Amino-Benzamide. J Virol 2017; 91:e01026-17. [PMID: 28904193 PMCID: PMC5686717 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01026-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibitors carbobenzoxy (Z)-d-Phe-l-Phe-Gly (fusion inhibitor peptide [FIP]) and 4-nitro-2-phenylacetyl amino-benzamide (AS-48) have similar efficacies in blocking membrane fusion and syncytium formation mediated by measles virus (MeV). Other homologues, such as Z-d-Phe, are less effective but may act through the same mechanism. In an attempt to map the site of action of these inhibitors, we generated mutant viruses that were resistant to the inhibitory effects of Z-d-Phe-l-Phe-Gly. These 10 mutations were localized to the heptad repeat B (HRB) region of the fusion protein, and no changes were observed in the viral hemagglutinin, which is the receptor attachment protein. Mutations were validated in a luciferase-based membrane fusion assay, using transfected fusion and hemagglutinin expression plasmids or with syncytium-based assays in Vero, Vero-SLAM, and Vero-Nectin 4 cell lines. The changes I452T, D458N, D458G/V459A, N462K, N462H, G464E, and I483R conferred resistance to both FIP and AS-48 without compromising membrane fusion. The inhibitors did not block hemagglutinin protein-mediated binding to the target cell. Edmonston vaccine/laboratory and IC323 wild-type strains were equally affected by the inhibitors. Escape mutations were mapped upon a three-dimensional (3D) structure modeled from the published crystal structure of parainfluenzavirus 5 fusion protein. The most effective mutations were situated in a region located near the base of the globular head and its junction with the alpha-helical stalk of the prefusion protein. We hypothesize that the fusion inhibitors could interfere with the structural changes that occur between the prefusion and postfusion conformations of the fusion protein.IMPORTANCE Due to lapses in vaccination worldwide that have caused localized outbreaks, measles virus (MeV) has regained importance as a pathogen. Antiviral agents against measles virus are not commercially available but could be useful in conjunction with MeV eradication vaccine programs and as a safeguard in oncolytic viral therapy. Three decades ago, the small hydrophobic peptide Z-d-Phe-l-Phe-Gly (FIP) was shown to block MeV infections and syncytium formation in monkey kidney cell lines. The exact mechanism of its action has yet to be determined, but it does appear to have properties similar to those of another chemical inhibitor, AS-48, which appears to interfere with the conformational change in the viral F protein that is required to elicit membrane fusion. Escape mutations were used to map the site of action for FIP. Knowledge gained from these studies could help in the design of new inhibitors against morbilliviruses and provide additional knowledge concerning the mechanism of virus-mediated membrane fusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael N Ha
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre, Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Goldbloom Pavilion, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Sébastien Delpeut
- Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre, Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Goldbloom Pavilion, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Ryan S Noyce
- Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre, Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Goldbloom Pavilion, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Gary Sisson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Karen M Black
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Liang-Tzung Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Darius Bilimoria
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Canada) Incorporated, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Richard K Plemper
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Gilbert G Privé
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher D Richardson
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre, Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Goldbloom Pavilion, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Shook BC, Lin K. Recent Advances in Developing Antiviral Therapies for Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2017; 375:40. [DOI: 10.1007/s41061-017-0129-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
11
|
Drug candidates and model systems in respiratory syncytial virus antiviral drug discovery. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 127:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
12
|
Fearns R, Deval J. New antiviral approaches for respiratory syncytial virus and other mononegaviruses: Inhibiting the RNA polymerase. Antiviral Res 2016; 134:63-76. [PMID: 27575793 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes severe disease in infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised people. No vaccine or effective antiviral treatment is available. RSV is a member of the non-segmented, negative-strand (NNS) group of RNA viruses and relies on its RNA-dependent RNA polymerase to transcribe and replicate its genome. Because of its essential nature and unique properties, the RSV polymerase has proven to be a good target for antiviral drugs, with one compound, ALS-8176, having already achieved clinical proof-of-concept efficacy in a human challenge study. In this article, we first provide an overview of the role of the RSV polymerase in viral mRNA transcription and genome replication. We then review past and current approaches to inhibiting the RSV polymerase, including use of nucleoside analogs and non-nucleoside inhibitors. Finally, we consider polymerase inhibitors that hold promise for treating infections with other NNS RNA viruses, including measles and Ebola.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Fearns
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Jerome Deval
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., Part of the Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bailly B, Richard CA, Sharma G, Wang L, Johansen L, Cao J, Pendharkar V, Sharma DC, Galloux M, Wang Y, Cui R, Zou G, Guillon P, von Itzstein M, Eléouët JF, Altmeyer R. Targeting human respiratory syncytial virus transcription anti-termination factor M2-1 to inhibit in vivo viral replication. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25806. [PMID: 27194388 PMCID: PMC4872165 DOI: 10.1038/srep25806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is a leading cause of acute lower respiratory tract infection in infants, elderly and immunocompromised individuals. To date, no specific antiviral drug is available to treat or prevent this disease. Here, we report that the Smoothened receptor (Smo) antagonist cyclopamine acts as a potent and selective inhibitor of in vitro and in vivo hRSV replication. Cyclopamine inhibits hRSV through a novel, Smo-independent mechanism. It specifically impairs the function of the hRSV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase complex notably by reducing expression levels of the viral anti-termination factor M2-1. The relevance of these findings is corroborated by the demonstration that a single R151K mutation in M2-1 is sufficient to confer virus resistance to cyclopamine in vitro and that cyclopamine is able to reduce virus titers in a mouse model of hRSV infection. The results of our study open a novel avenue for the development of future therapies against hRSV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Bailly
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai - Chinese Academy of Sciences, Unit of anti-infective research, Shanghai, 200031, P.R. China.,Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia.,Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, Qingdao, 266101, P.R. China
| | - C-A Richard
- INRA, Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (UR892), Jouy-en-Josas, 78352, France
| | - G Sharma
- CombinatoRx-Singapore, 138667, Singapore
| | - L Wang
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai - Chinese Academy of Sciences, Unit of anti-infective research, Shanghai, 200031, P.R. China
| | | | - J Cao
- Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, Qingdao, 266101, P.R. China.,Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control &Prevention, Qingdao, 266033, P.R. China
| | | | - D-C Sharma
- CombinatoRx-Singapore, 138667, Singapore
| | - M Galloux
- INRA, Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (UR892), Jouy-en-Josas, 78352, France
| | - Y Wang
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai - Chinese Academy of Sciences, Unit of anti-infective research, Shanghai, 200031, P.R. China
| | - R Cui
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai - Chinese Academy of Sciences, Unit of anti-infective research, Shanghai, 200031, P.R. China
| | - G Zou
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai - Chinese Academy of Sciences, Unit of anti-infective research, Shanghai, 200031, P.R. China
| | - P Guillon
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - M von Itzstein
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - J-F Eléouët
- INRA, Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (UR892), Jouy-en-Josas, 78352, France
| | - R Altmeyer
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai - Chinese Academy of Sciences, Unit of anti-infective research, Shanghai, 200031, P.R. China.,Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia.,Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, Qingdao, 266101, P.R. China.,CombinatoRx-Singapore, 138667, Singapore.,CombinatoRx, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control &Prevention, Qingdao, 266033, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cox R, Plemper RK. Structure-guided design of small-molecule therapeutics against RSV disease. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2016; 11:543-556. [PMID: 27046051 PMCID: PMC5074927 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2016.1174212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the United States, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is responsible for the majority of infant hospitalizations resulting from viral infections, as well as a leading source of pneumonia and bronchiolitis in young children and the elderly. In the absence of vaccine prophylaxis or an effective antiviral for improved disease management, the development of novel anti-RSV therapeutics is critical. Several advanced drug development campaigns of the past decade have focused on blocking viral infection. These efforts have returned a chemically distinct panel of small-molecule RSV entry inhibitors, but binding sites and molecular mechanism of action appeared to share a common mechanism, resulting in comprehensive cross-resistance and calling for alternative druggable targets such as viral RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase complex. Areas Covered: In this review, the authors discuss the current status of the mechanism of action of RSV entry inhibitors. They also provide the recent structural insight into the organization of the polymerase complex that have revealed novel drug targets sites, and outline a path towards the discovery of next-generation RSV therapeutics. Expert opinion: Considering the tremendous progress experienced in our structural understanding of RSV biology in recent years and encouraging early results of a nucleoside analog inhibitor in clinical trials, there is high prospect that new generations of much needed effective anti-RSV therapeutics will become available for clinical use in the foreseeable future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Cox
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Av, Atlanta, Georgia 30303-3222 USA
| | - Richard K Plemper
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Av, Atlanta, Georgia 30303-3222 USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Evans CW, Atkins C, Pathak A, Gilbert BE, Noah JW. Benzimidazole analogs inhibit respiratory syncytial virus G protein function. Antiviral Res 2015; 121:31-8. [PMID: 26116756 PMCID: PMC7185459 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is a highly contagious Paramyxovirus that infects most children by age two, generating an estimated 75,000-125,000 hospitalizations in the U.S. annually. hRSV is the most common cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia among infants and children under 1year of age, with significant mortality among high-risk groups. A regulatory agency-approved vaccine is not available, and existing prophylaxis and therapies are limited to use in high-risk pediatric patients; thus additional therapies are sorely needed. Here, we identify a series of benzimidazole analogs that inhibit hRSV infection in vitro with high potency, using a previously-reported high-throughput screening assay. The lead compound, SRI 29365 (1-[6-(2-furyl)[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazol-3-yl]methyl-1H-benzimidazole), has an EC50 of 66μM and a selectivity >50. We identified additional compounds with varying potencies by testing commercially-available chemical analogs. Time-of-addition experiments indicated that SRI 29365 effectively inhibits viral replication only if present during the early stages of viral infection. We isolated a virus with resistance to SRI 29365 and identified mutations in the transmembrane domain of the viral G protein genomic sequence that suggested that the compound inhibits G-protein mediated attachment of hRSV to cells. Additional experiments with multiple cell types indicated that SRI 29365 antiviral activity correlates with the binding of cell surface heparin by full-length G protein. Lastly, SRI 29365 did not reduce hRSV titers or morbidity/mortality in efficacy studies using a cotton rat model. Although SRI 29365 and analogs inhibit hRSV replication in vitro, this work suggests that the G-protein may not be a valid drug target in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Brian E Gilbert
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Antiviral Efficacy of a Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Fusion Inhibitor in a Bovine Model of RSV Infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:4889-900. [PMID: 26055364 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00487-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants. Effective treatment for RSV infection is a significant unmet medical need. While new RSV therapeutics are now in development, there are very few animal models that mimic the pathogenesis of human RSV, making it difficult to evaluate new disease interventions. Experimental infection of Holstein calves with bovine RSV (bRSV) causes a severe respiratory infection that is similar to human RSV infection, providing a relevant model for testing novel therapeutic agents. In this model, viral load is readily detected in nasal secretions by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and cumulative symptom scoring together with histopathology evaluations of infected tissue allow for the assessment of disease severity. The bovine RSV model was used to evaluate the antiviral activity of an RSV fusion inhibitor, GS1, which blocks virus entry by inhibiting the fusion of the viral envelope with the host cell membrane. The efficacy of GS1, a close structural analog of GS-5806 that is being developed to treat RSV infection in humans was evaluated in two randomized, blind, placebo-controlled studies in bRSV-infected calves. Intravenous administration of GS1 at 4 mg/kg of body weight/day for 7 days starting 24 h or 72 h postinoculation provided clear therapeutic benefit by reducing the viral load, disease symptom score, respiration rate, and lung pathology associated with bRSV infection. These data support the use of the bovine RSV model for evaluation of experimental therapeutics for treatment of RSV.
Collapse
|
17
|
Antiviral Activity of TMC353121, a Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Fusion Inhibitor, in a Non-Human Primate Model. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126959. [PMID: 26010881 PMCID: PMC4444337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The study assessed the antiviral activity of TMC353121, a respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) fusion inhibitor, in a preclinical non-human primate challenge model with a viral shedding pattern similar to that seen in humans, following continuous infusion (CI). Methods African green monkeys were administered TMC353121 through CI, in 2 studies. Study 1 evaluated the prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of TMC353121 at a target plasma level of 50 ng/mL (n=15; Group 1: prophylactic arm [Px50], 0.033 mg/mL TMC353121, flow rate 2.5 mL/kg/h from 24 hours pre-infection to 10 days; Group 2: therapeutic arm [Tx50], 0.033mg/mL TMC353121 from 24 hours postinfection to 8 days; Group 3: control [Vh1] vehicle, 24 hours post-infection to 8 days). Study 2 evaluated the prophylactic efficacy of TMC353121 at target plasma levels of 5 and 500 ng/mL (n=12; Group 1: prophylactic 5 arm [Px5], 0.0033 mg/mL TMC353121, flow rate 2.5 mL/kg/h from 72 hours pre-infection to 14 days; Group 2: prophylactic 500 arm [Px500], 0.33 mg/mL TMC353121; Group 3:control [Vh2] vehicle, 14 days). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and plasma were collected every 2 days from day 1 postinfection for pharmacokinetics and safety analysis. Findings TMC353121 showed a dose-dependent antiviral activity, varying from 1log10 reduction of peak viral load to complete inhibition of the RSV replication. Complete inhibition of RSV shedding was observed for a relatively low plasma exposure (0.39 μg/mL) and was associated with a dose-dependent reduction in INFγ, IL6 and MIP1α. TMC353121 administered as CI for 16 days was generally well-tolerated. Conclusion TMC353121 exerted dose-dependent antiviral effect ranging from full inhibition to absence of antiviral activity, in a preclinical model highly permissive for RSV replication. No new safety findings emerged from the study.
Collapse
|
18
|
Gobel J, Gartland M, Gurley SH, Kadwell S, Gillie D, Moore C, Goetz A. A Phenotypic High-Throughput Screen with RSV-Infected Primary Human Small Airway Epithelial Cells (SAECs). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 20:729-38. [PMID: 25862685 DOI: 10.1177/1087057115580271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a commonly occurring pathogen that can cause severe disease in children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals with a large, unmet clinical need. We developed a high-throughput, primary cell-based antiviral RSV assay to enable identification of small molecules using cytopathic effect (CPE) as a phenotypic end point. To provide increased biological relevance, we developed our assay with primary human small airway epithelial cells (SAECs), which originate from known sites of RSV infection and replication instead of a more traditional immortalized cell line. Using purchased low-passage cells, cost-effective large-scale culture methods were developed to provide assay-ready frozen SAECs. A high-throughput screening campaign using the GSK Screening Collection was performed. The screen was executed in 384-well plates over a 12-week period with an average Z' of 0.5. The screen yielded 17 post-entry hits with activity in the primary cells, which were not active in immortalized cells. Potencies for this class of compounds were equal between the primary and immortalize cell lines. For entry inhibitors, the number was much lower, with increased potency observed in immortalized cells. This is the first known use of frozen primary human cells for an RSV high-throughput screening phenotypic campaign.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Gobel
- GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Margaret Gartland
- GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Sarah Harris Gurley
- GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Sue Kadwell
- GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Dan Gillie
- GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Chris Moore
- GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Aaron Goetz
- GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Feng S, Hong D, Wang B, Zheng X, Miao K, Wang L, Yun H, Gao L, Zhao S, Shen HC. Discovery of imidazopyridine derivatives as highly potent respiratory syncytial virus fusion inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:359-62. [PMID: 25941547 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of imidazolepyridine derivatives were designed and synthesized according to the established docking studies. The imidazopyridine derivatives were found to have good potency and physical-chemical properties. Several highly potent compounds such as 8ji, 8jl, and 8jm were identified with single nanomolar activities. The most potent compound 8jm showed an IC50 of 3 nM, lower microsome clearance and no CYP inhibition. The profile of 8jm appeared to be superior to BMS433771, and supported further optimization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Song Feng
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Design and Chemical Biology, and §Infectious Diseases, Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Building 5, Lane 720, Cai Lun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Di Hong
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Design and Chemical Biology, and §Infectious Diseases, Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Building 5, Lane 720, Cai Lun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Baoxia Wang
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Design and Chemical Biology, and §Infectious Diseases, Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Building 5, Lane 720, Cai Lun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiufang Zheng
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Design and Chemical Biology, and §Infectious Diseases, Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Building 5, Lane 720, Cai Lun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Kun Miao
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Design and Chemical Biology, and §Infectious Diseases, Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Building 5, Lane 720, Cai Lun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lisha Wang
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Design and Chemical Biology, and §Infectious Diseases, Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Building 5, Lane 720, Cai Lun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hongying Yun
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Design and Chemical Biology, and §Infectious Diseases, Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Building 5, Lane 720, Cai Lun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lu Gao
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Design and Chemical Biology, and §Infectious Diseases, Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Building 5, Lane 720, Cai Lun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shuhai Zhao
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Design and Chemical Biology, and §Infectious Diseases, Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Building 5, Lane 720, Cai Lun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hong C. Shen
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Design and Chemical Biology, and §Infectious Diseases, Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Building 5, Lane 720, Cai Lun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Intranasal administration of maleic anhydride-modified human serum albumin for pre-exposure prophylaxis of respiratory syncytial virus infection. Viruses 2015; 7:798-819. [PMID: 25690799 PMCID: PMC4353917 DOI: 10.3390/v7020798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of pediatric viral respiratory tract infections. Neither vaccine nor effective antiviral therapy is available to prevent and treat RSV infection. Palivizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody, is the only product approved to prevent serious RSV infection, but its high cost is prohibitive in low-income countries. Here, we aimed to identify an effective, safe, and affordable antiviral agent for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) of RSV infection in children at high risk. We found that maleic anhydride (ML)-modified human serum albumin (HSA), designated ML-HSA, exhibited potent antiviral activity against RSV and that the percentages of the modified lysines and arginies in ML- are correlated with such anti-RSV activity. ML-HSA inhibited RSV entry and replication by interacting with viral G protein and blocking RSV attachment to the target cells, while ML-HAS neither bound to F protein, nor inhibited F protein-mediated membrane fusion. Intranasal administration of ML-HSA before RSV infection resulted in significant decrease of the viral titers in the lungs of mice. ML-HSA shows promise for further development into an effective, safe, affordable, and easy-to-use intranasal regimen for pre-exposure prophylaxis of RSV infection in children at high risk in both low- and high-income countries.
Collapse
|
21
|
Mackman RL, Sangi M, Sperandio D, Parrish JP, Eisenberg E, Perron M, Hui H, Zhang L, Siegel D, Yang H, Saunders O, Boojamra C, Lee G, Samuel D, Babaoglu K, Carey A, Gilbert BE, Piedra PA, Strickley R, Iwata Q, Hayes J, Stray K, Kinkade A, Theodore D, Jordan R, Desai M, Cihlar T. Discovery of an oral respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) fusion inhibitor (GS-5806) and clinical proof of concept in a human RSV challenge study. J Med Chem 2015; 58:1630-43. [PMID: 25574686 DOI: 10.1021/jm5017768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
GS-5806 is a novel, orally bioavailable RSV fusion inhibitor discovered following a lead optimization campaign on a screening hit. The oral absorption properties were optimized by converting to the pyrazolo[1,5-a]-pyrimidine heterocycle, while potency, metabolic, and physicochemical properties were optimized by introducing the para-chloro and aminopyrrolidine groups. A mean EC50 = 0.43 nM was found toward a panel of 75 RSV A and B clinical isolates and dose-dependent antiviral efficacy in the cotton rat model of RSV infection. Oral bioavailability in preclinical species ranged from 46 to 100%, with evidence of efficient penetration into lung tissue. In healthy human volunteers experimentally infected with RSV, a potent antiviral effect was observed with a mean 4.2 log10 reduction in peak viral load and a significant reduction in disease severity compared to placebo. In conclusion, a potent, once daily, oral RSV fusion inhibitor with the potential to treat RSV infection in infants and adults is reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Mackman
- Gilead Sciences , 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Matharu D, Flaherty DP, Simpson DS, Schroeder CE, Chung D, Yan D, Noah J, Jonsson CB, White EL, Aubé J, Plemper R, Severson WE, Golden JE. Optimization of potent and selective quinazolinediones: inhibitors of respiratory syncytial virus that block RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase complex activity. J Med Chem 2014; 57:10314-28. [PMID: 25399509 PMCID: PMC4281105 DOI: 10.1021/jm500902x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A quinazolinedione-derived screening hit 2 was discovered with cellular antiviral activity against respiratory syncytial virus (CPE EC50 = 2.1 μM), moderate efficacy in reducing viral progeny (4.2 log at 10 μM), and marginal cytotoxic liability (selectivity index, SI ∼ 24). Scaffold optimization delivered analogs with improved potency and selectivity profiles. Most notable were compounds 15 and 19 (EC50 = 300-500 nM, CC50 > 50 μM, SI > 100), which significantly reduced viral titer (>400,000-fold), and several analogs were shown to block the activity of the RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase complex of RSV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daljit
S. Matharu
- University
of Kansas Specialized Chemistry Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Daniel P. Flaherty
- University
of Kansas Specialized Chemistry Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Denise S. Simpson
- University
of Kansas Specialized Chemistry Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Chad E. Schroeder
- University
of Kansas Specialized Chemistry Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Donghoon Chung
- Center
for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, United States
- Southern
Research Specialized Biocontainment Screening Center, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - Dan Yan
- Institute
for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - James
W. Noah
- Southern
Research Specialized Biocontainment Screening Center, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - Colleen B. Jonsson
- Center
for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, United States
- Southern
Research Specialized Biocontainment Screening Center, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - E. Lucile White
- Southern
Research Specialized Biocontainment Screening Center, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- University
of Kansas Specialized Chemistry Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Richard
K. Plemper
- Institute
for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - William E. Severson
- Center
for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, United States
- Southern
Research Specialized Biocontainment Screening Center, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - Jennifer E. Golden
- University
of Kansas Specialized Chemistry Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Rameix-Welti MA, Le Goffic R, Hervé PL, Sourimant J, Rémot A, Riffault S, Yu Q, Galloux M, Gault E, Eléouët JF. Visualizing the replication of respiratory syncytial virus in cells and in living mice. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5104. [PMID: 25277263 PMCID: PMC7091779 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most important cause of severe lower-respiratory tract disease in calves and young children, yet no human vaccine nor efficient curative treatments are available. Here we describe a recombinant human RSV reverse genetics system in which the red fluorescent protein (mCherry) or the firefly luciferase (Luc) genes are inserted into the RSV genome. Expression of mCherry and Luc are correlated with infection rate, allowing the monitoring of RSV multiplication in cell culture. Replication of the Luc-encoding virus in living mice can be visualized by bioluminescent imaging, bioluminescence being detected in the snout and lungs of infected mice after nasal inoculation. We propose that these recombinant viruses are convenient and valuable tools for screening of compounds active against RSV, and can be used as an extremely sensitive readout for studying effects of antiviral therapeutics in living mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Anne Rameix-Welti
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moleculaires (UR892), INRA, Jouy-en-Josas, F78352 France
- Physiopathologie et diagnostic des infections microbiennes, EA3647—EPIM, UFR des Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil—UVSQ, 2 avenue de la Source de la Bièvre, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, 78180 France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Boulogne-Billancourt, 92100 France
| | - Ronan Le Goffic
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moleculaires (UR892), INRA, Jouy-en-Josas, F78352 France
| | - Pierre-Louis Hervé
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moleculaires (UR892), INRA, Jouy-en-Josas, F78352 France
| | - Julien Sourimant
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moleculaires (UR892), INRA, Jouy-en-Josas, F78352 France
- Physiopathologie et diagnostic des infections microbiennes, EA3647—EPIM, UFR des Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil—UVSQ, 2 avenue de la Source de la Bièvre, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, 78180 France
| | - Aude Rémot
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moleculaires (UR892), INRA, Jouy-en-Josas, F78352 France
| | - Sabine Riffault
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moleculaires (UR892), INRA, Jouy-en-Josas, F78352 France
| | - Qin Yu
- Infection Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, USA,
| | - Marie Galloux
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moleculaires (UR892), INRA, Jouy-en-Josas, F78352 France
| | - Elyanne Gault
- Physiopathologie et diagnostic des infections microbiennes, EA3647—EPIM, UFR des Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil—UVSQ, 2 avenue de la Source de la Bièvre, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, 78180 France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Boulogne-Billancourt, 92100 France
| | - Jean-François Eléouët
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moleculaires (UR892), INRA, Jouy-en-Josas, F78352 France
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Belema M, Meanwell NA. Discovery of daclatasvir, a pan-genotypic hepatitis C virus NS5A replication complex inhibitor with potent clinical effect. J Med Chem 2014; 57:5057-71. [PMID: 24749835 DOI: 10.1021/jm500335h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The discovery and development of the first-in-class hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5A replication complex inhibitor daclatasvir (6) provides a compelling example of the power of phenotypic screening to identify leads engaging novel targets in mechanistically unique ways. HCV NS5A replication complex inhibitors are pan-genotypic in spectrum, and this mechanistic class provides the most potent HCV inhibitors in vitro that have been described to date. Clinical trials with 6 demonstrated a potent effect on reducing plasma viral load and, in combination with mechanistically orthogonal HCV inhibitors, established the ability to cure even the most difficult infections without the need for immune stimulation. In this Drug Annotation, we describe the discovery of the original high-throughput screening lead 7 and the chemical conundrum and challenges resolved in optimizing to 6 as a clinical candidate and finally we summarize the results of select clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makonen Belema
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Evaluation of antiviral efficacy against human respiratory syncytial virus using cotton rat and mouse models. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1030:365-72. [PMID: 23821282 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-484-5_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Infection with human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) causes a wide spectrum of respiratory disease in infants, young children, and elderly persons. No vaccine is available today and hRSV treatment options are limited. As a consequence, the treatment of hRSV infection remains largely supportive and new therapeutic options are needed to treat severe lower respiratory tract hRSV disease. Several animal models have been developed to study hRSV disease and evaluate novel therapies or preventive measures such as vaccines. However, each of these models reproduces different aspects of hRSV disease, and therefore, an appropriate model should be selected on the basis of the scientific question under investigation. In this chapter, we describe how cotton rats and Balb/c mice are used in our laboratory to test the in vivo efficacy of small-molecule inhibitors against hRSV.
Collapse
|
26
|
Kwanten L, De Clerck B, Roymans D. A fluorescence-based high-throughput antiviral compound screening assay against respiratory syncytial virus. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1030:337-44. [PMID: 23821280 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-484-5_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common virus that infects people of all ages and causes cold-like symptoms in most cases. However, more serious infections occur in the younger and older extremities of the population causing severe lung infections such as bronchiolitis and pneumonia. The current standard of care is mostly limited to supportive treatment, although prophylaxis by passive immunization with the humanized monoclonal antibody palivizumab and therapeutic intervention with aerosolized ribavirin are available. Unfortunately, administration of palivizumab is restricted to at-risk infants up to the age of two and is associated with high cost, while ribavirin treatment is hindered by questionable efficacy and safety reasons. Consequently, the development of novel specific RSV antiviral drugs is needed to help decrease RSV-related morbidity and mortality. We describe here a fluorescence-based high-throughput screening assay to discover RSV inhibitors which is based on the infection of HeLa cells with a recombinant RSV strain that contains an enhanced green fluorescent protein coding sequence in its viral genome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leen Kwanten
- Janssen Infectious Diseases-Diagnostics BVBA, Johnson & Johnson Corporation, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sperandio D, Mackman R. Respiratory Syncytial Virus Fusion Inhibitors. SUCCESSFUL STRATEGIES FOR THE DISCOVERY OF ANTIVIRAL DRUGS 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849737814-00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Infections with the respiratory syncytical virus (RSV) are the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections and a serious health concern in infants less than 2 years of age, the immunocompromised and the geriatric population. Numerous research programs directed at small‐molecule inhibitors of RSV have been initiated over the last 50 years. RSV inhibitors that target the fusion event have shown a lot of promise and are reviewed in this chapter. However, none of these programs have yet reached the market or late‐stage clinical development. Therefore, focus in this review is given to the challenges in the preclinical development phase and the ideal target product profile. The challenges in clinical development are also discussed, including the use of a new RSV challenge strain (Memphis 37), clinical trial design in immunosupressed patients, patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and chronic heart failure (CHF) and clinical trials in infants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Sperandio
- Gilead Sciences, Inc. 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404 USA
| | - Richard Mackman
- Gilead Sciences, Inc. 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404 USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Sun Z, Pan Y, Jiang S, Lu L. Respiratory syncytial virus entry inhibitors targeting the F protein. Viruses 2013; 5:211-25. [PMID: 23325327 PMCID: PMC3564118 DOI: 10.3390/v5010211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the main viral cause of respiratory tract infection in infants as well as some elderly and high-risk adults with chronic pulmonary disease and the severely immunocompromised. So far, no specific anti-RSV therapeutics or effective anti-RSV vaccines have been reported. Only one humanized monoclonal antibody, Palivizumab, has been approved for use in high-risk infants to prevent RSV infection. Ribavirin is the only drug licensed for therapy of RSV infection, but its clinical use is limited by its nonspecific anti-RSV activity, toxic effect, and relatively high cost. Therefore, development of novel effective anti-RSV therapeutics is urgently needed. The RSV envelope glycoprotein F plays an important role in RSV fusion with, and entry into, the host cell and, consequently, serves as an attractive target for developing RSV entry inhibitors. This article reviews advances made in studies of the structure and function of the F protein and the development of RSV entry inhibitors targeting it.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education & Health, Shanghai Medical College and Institute of Medical Microbiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; E-Mails: (Z.S.); (S.J.)
| | - Yanbin Pan
- Aris (Nantong) Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd., Nantong Economic and Technological Area, Jiangsu Province 226006, China; E-Mail:
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education & Health, Shanghai Medical College and Institute of Medical Microbiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; E-Mails: (Z.S.); (S.J.)
| | - Lu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education & Health, Shanghai Medical College and Institute of Medical Microbiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; E-Mails: (Z.S.); (S.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Non-benzimidazole containing inhibitors of respiratory syncytial virus. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 23:827-33. [PMID: 23265891 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.11.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Several non-benzimidazole containing inhibitors of respiratory syncytial virus are described. Core template modification, analysis of antiviral activity, physicochemistry and optimisation of properties led to the thiazole-imidazole 13, that showed a good potency and pharmacokinetic profile in the rat.
Collapse
|
30
|
Costello HM, Ray WC, Chaiwatpongsakorn S, Peeples ME. Targeting RSV with vaccines and small molecule drugs. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2012; 12:110-28. [PMID: 22335496 DOI: 10.2174/187152612800100143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most significant cause of pediatric respiratory infections. Palivizumab (Synagis®), a humanized monoclonal antibody, has been used successfully for a number of years to prevent severe RSV disease in at-risk infants. However, despite intense efforts, there is no approved vaccine or small molecule drug for RSV. As an enveloped virus, RSV must fuse its envelope with the host cell membrane, which is accomplished through the actions of the fusion (F) glycoprotein, with attachment help from the G glycoprotein. Because of their integral role in initiation of infection and their accessibility outside the lipid bilayer, these proteins have been popular targets in the discovery and development of antiviral compounds and vaccines against RSV. This review examines advances in the development of antiviral compounds and vaccine candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Costello
- Center for Vaccines & Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Bonavia A, Franti M, Pusateri Keaney E, Kuhen K, Seepersaud M, Radetich B, Shao J, Honda A, Dewhurst J, Balabanis K, Monroe J, Wolff K, Osborne C, Lanieri L, Hoffmaster K, Amin J, Markovits J, Broome M, Skuba E, Cornella-Taracido I, Joberty G, Bouwmeester T, Hamann L, Tallarico JA, Tommasi R, Compton T, Bushell SM. Identification of broad-spectrum antiviral compounds and assessment of the druggability of their target for efficacy against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:6739-44. [PMID: 21502533 PMCID: PMC3084118 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1017142108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for novel therapeutic interventions for viral disease is a challenging pursuit, hallmarked by the paucity of antiviral agents currently prescribed. Targeting of viral proteins has the inextricable challenge of rise of resistance. Safe and effective vaccines are not possible for many viral pathogens. New approaches are required to address the unmet medical need in this area. We undertook a cell-based high-throughput screen to identify leads for development of drugs to treat respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a serious pediatric pathogen. We identified compounds that are potent (nanomolar) inhibitors of RSV in vitro in HEp-2 cells and in primary human bronchial epithelial cells and were shown to act postentry. Interestingly, two scaffolds exhibited broad-spectrum activity among multiple RNA viruses. Using the chemical matter as a probe, we identified the targets and identified a common cellular pathway: the de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway. Both targets were validated in vitro and showed no significant cell cytotoxicity except for activity against proliferative B- and T-type lymphoid cells. Corollary to this finding was to understand the consequences of inhibition of the target to the host. An in vivo assessment for antiviral efficacy failed to demonstrate reduced viral load, but revealed microscopic changes and a trend toward reduced pyrimidine pools and findings in histopathology. We present here a discovery program that includes screen, target identification, validation, and druggability that can be broadly applied to identify and interrogate other host factors for antiviral effect starting from chemical matter of unknown target/mechanism of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurelio Bonavia
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Michael Franti
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Erin Pusateri Keaney
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Kelli Kuhen
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Mohindra Seepersaud
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Branko Radetich
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Jian Shao
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Ayako Honda
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Janetta Dewhurst
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Kara Balabanis
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - James Monroe
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Karen Wolff
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Colin Osborne
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Leanne Lanieri
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Keith Hoffmaster
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Jakal Amin
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Judit Markovits
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Michelle Broome
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Elizabeth Skuba
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Ivan Cornella-Taracido
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Gerard Joberty
- Cellzome AG, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tewis Bouwmeester
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Lawrence Hamann
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - John A. Tallarico
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Ruben Tommasi
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Teresa Compton
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Simon M. Bushell
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
De Clercq E. The next ten stories on antiviral drug discovery (part E): advents, advances, and adventures. Med Res Rev 2011; 31:118-60. [PMID: 19844936 PMCID: PMC7168424 DOI: 10.1002/med.20179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review article presents the fifth part (part E) in the series of stories on antiviral drug discovery. The ten stories belonging to this fifth part are dealing with (i) aurintricarboxylic acid; (ii) alkenyldiarylmethanes; (iii) human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) integrase inhibitors; (iv) lens epithelium‐derived growth factor as a potential target for HIV proviral DNA integration; (v) the status presens of neuraminidase inhibitors NAIs in the control of influenza virus infections; (vi) the status presens on respiratory syncytial virus inhibitors; (vii) tricyclic (1,N‐2‐ethenoguanine)‐based acyclovir and ganciclovir derivatives; (viii) glycopeptide antibiotics as antivirals targeted at viral entry; (ix) the potential (off‐label) use of cidofovir in the treatment of polyoma (JC and BK) virus infections; and (x) finally, thymidine phosphorylase as a target for both antiviral and anticancer agents. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 31, No. 1, 118–160, 2010
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U.Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Hao M, Li Y, Wang Y, Zhang S. A classification study of respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) inhibitors by variable selection with random forest. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:1259-80. [PMID: 21541057 PMCID: PMC3083704 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12021259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Revised: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental pEC50s for 216 selective respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) inhibitors are used to develop classification models as a potential screening tool for a large library of target compounds. Variable selection algorithm coupled with random forests (VS-RF) is used to extract the physicochemical features most relevant to the RSV inhibition. Based on the selected small set of descriptors, four other widely used approaches, i.e., support vector machine (SVM), Gaussian process (GP), linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and k nearest neighbors (kNN) routines are also employed and compared with the VS-RF method in terms of several of rigorous evaluation criteria. The obtained results indicate that the VS-RF model is a powerful tool for classification of RSV inhibitors, producing the highest overall accuracy of 94.34% for the external prediction set, which significantly outperforms the other four methods with the average accuracy of 80.66%. The proposed model with excellent prediction capacity from internal to external quality should be important for screening and optimization of potential RSV inhibitors prior to chemical synthesis in drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Hao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116012, China; E-Mails: (M.H.); (S.Z.)
| | - Yan Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116012, China; E-Mails: (M.H.); (S.Z.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +86-411-84986062; Fax: +86-411-84986063
| | - Yonghua Wang
- Center of Bioinformatics, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; E-Mail:
| | - Shuwei Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116012, China; E-Mails: (M.H.); (S.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Cai L, Jiang S. Development of peptide and small-molecule HIV-1 fusion inhibitors that target gp41. ChemMedChem 2011; 5:1813-24. [PMID: 20845360 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
It has been 25 years since the development of the first efficient HIV-1/AIDS treatment. Scientists now know more about the HIV-1 infection life cycle, and more than 30 antiretroviral drugs have been developed, including HIV-1 fusion inhibitors. Fundamental work was begun in the early 1990s and led to the development of a novel class of anti-HIV-1 drugs, culminating in a peptide known as T20, which is currently the only HIV-1 fusion inhibitor approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. However, more work needs to be done to perfect the development of peptide and small-molecule HIV fusion inhibitors, particularly those that target gp41. Herein we present a brief overview of the development of this class of anti-HIV-1 drug by focusing on the achievements, challenges, and lessons learned. We cite hallmark studies of the past and comment on future drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Cai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China.
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wong T, Hellermann G, Mohapatra S. The infectious march: the complex interaction between microbes and the immune system in asthma. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2010; 30:453-80, v. [PMID: 21029932 PMCID: PMC2992980 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2010.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
There has been significant progress in our knowledge about the relationship between infectious disease and the immune system in relation to asthma, but many unanswered questions still remain. Respiratory tract infections such as those caused by respiratory syncytial virus and rhinovirus during the first 2 years of life are still clearly associated with later wheezing and asthma, but the mechanism has not been completely worked out. Is there an "infectious march" triggered by infection in infancy that progresses to disease pathology or are infants who contract respiratory infections predisposed to developing asthma? This review focuses on the common themes in the interaction between microbes and the immune system, and presents a critical appraisal of the evidence to date. The various mechanisms whereby microbes alter the immune response and how this might influence asthma are discussed along with new and promising clinical practices for prevention and therapy. Recent advances in using sensitive polymerase chain reaction detection methods have allowed more rigorous testing of the causality hypothesis of virus infection leading to asthma, but the evidence is still equivocal. Various exceptions and inconsistencies in the clinical trials are discussed in light of new guidelines for subject inclusion/exclusion in hopes of providing some standardization. Despite past failures in vaccination and disappointing results of some clinical trials, the new strategies for prophylaxis including RNA interference and targeted delivery of microbicides offer a large dose of hope to a world suffering from an increasing incidence of asthma as well as a huge burden of health care cost and loss of quality of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terianne Wong
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Bruce B. Downs Boulevard, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Gary Hellermann
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12908 USF Health Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12908 USF Health Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Shyam Mohapatra
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12908 USF Health Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12908 USF Health Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- James A. Haley Veterans' Administration Hospital Medical Center, 13000 Bruce B. Downs Boulevard, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics of a respiratory syncytial virus fusion inhibitor in the cotton rat model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54:4534-9. [PMID: 20823290 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00643-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants, young children, elderly persons, and severely immunocompromised patients. Effective postinfection treatments are not widely available, and currently there is no approved vaccine. TMC353121 is a potent RSV fusion inhibitor in vitro, and its ability to reduce viral loads in vivo was demonstrated in cotton rats following prophylactic intravenous administration. Here, the pharmacokinetics of TMC353121 in the cotton rat, which is semipermissive for RSV replication, were further explored to build a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) model and to estimate the plasma drug levels needed for significant antiviral efficacy. TMC353121 reduced the viral titers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in a dose-dependent manner after a single subcutaneous administration and intranasal RSV inoculation 24 h after compound administration. The viral titer reduction and plasma TMC353121 concentration at the time of RSV inoculation were well described using a simple E(max) model with a maximal viral titer reduction (E(max)) of 1.5 log(10). The plasma drug level required to achieve 50% of the E(max) (200 ng/ml) was much higher than the 50% inhibitory concentration observed in vitro in HeLaM cells (0.07 ng/ml). In conclusion, this simple PK-PD approach may be useful in predicting efficacious exposure levels for future RSV inhibitors.
Collapse
|
37
|
Magro M, Andreu D, Gómez-Puertas P, Melero JA, Palomo C. Neutralization of human respiratory syncytial virus infectivity by antibodies and low-molecular-weight compounds targeted against the fusion glycoprotein. J Virol 2010; 84:7970-82. [PMID: 20534864 PMCID: PMC2916552 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00447-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) fusion (F) protein is an essential component of the virus envelope that mediates fusion of the viral and cell membranes, and, therefore, it is an attractive target for drug and vaccine development. Our aim was to analyze the neutralizing mechanism of anti-F antibodies in comparison with other low-molecular-weight compounds targeted against the F molecule. It was found that neutralization by anti-F antibodies is related to epitope specificity. Thus, neutralizing and nonneutralizing antibodies could bind equally well to virions and remained bound after ultracentrifugation of the virus, but only the former inhibited virus infectivity. Neutralization by antibodies correlated with inhibition of cell-cell fusion in a syncytium formation assay, but not with inhibition of virus binding to cells. In contrast, a peptide (residues 478 to 516 of F protein [F478-516]) derived from the F protein heptad repeat B (HRB) or the organic compound BMS-433771 did not interfere with virus infectivity if incubated with virus before ultracentrifugation or during adsorption of virus to cells at 4 degrees C. These inhibitors must be present during virus entry to effect HRSV neutralization. These results are best interpreted by asserting that neutralizing antibodies bind to the F protein in virions interfering with its activation for fusion. Binding of nonneutralizing antibodies is not enough to block this step. In contrast, the peptide F478-516 or BMS-433771 must bind to F protein intermediates generated during virus-cell membrane fusion, blocking further development of this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Magro
- Laboratorio de Biología Viral, Centro Nacional de Microbiología and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain, Departamento de Ciencias Experimentales y de la Salud, Universidad Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain, CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Andreu
- Laboratorio de Biología Viral, Centro Nacional de Microbiología and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain, Departamento de Ciencias Experimentales y de la Salud, Universidad Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain, CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paulino Gómez-Puertas
- Laboratorio de Biología Viral, Centro Nacional de Microbiología and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain, Departamento de Ciencias Experimentales y de la Salud, Universidad Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain, CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - José A. Melero
- Laboratorio de Biología Viral, Centro Nacional de Microbiología and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain, Departamento de Ciencias Experimentales y de la Salud, Universidad Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain, CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Concepción Palomo
- Laboratorio de Biología Viral, Centro Nacional de Microbiología and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain, Departamento de Ciencias Experimentales y de la Salud, Universidad Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain, CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Lüsebrink J, Schildgen V, Schildgen O. Novel therapies for an old virus: treatment of RSV infections in the 21st Century. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2010; 7:1125-9. [PMID: 19883332 DOI: 10.1586/eri.09.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a pathogen whose existence has been known for decades, causing mild-to-severe upper and lower respiratory tract infections that bear the risk of subsequent asthma and can even lead to a fatal outcome. RSV infects all groups of patients and is a major cause of hospitalization in children and in the elderly. This review briefly summarizes the current status of RSV drug development and clinical trials for drugs available for the treatment of RSV infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Lüsebrink
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, D-53105 Bonn, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Residues in the heptad repeat a region of the fusion protein modulate the virulence of Sendai virus in mice. J Virol 2009; 84:810-21. [PMID: 19906935 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01990-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While the molecular basis of fusion (F) protein refolding during membrane fusion has been studied extensively in vitro, little is known about the biological significance of membrane fusion activity in parainfluenza virus replication and pathogenesis in vivo. Two recombinant Sendai viruses, F-L179V and F-K180Q, were generated that contain F protein mutations in the heptad repeat A region of the ectodomain, a region of the protein known to regulate F protein activation. In vitro, the F-L179V virus caused increased syncytium formation (cell-cell membrane fusion) yet had a rate of replication and levels of F protein expression and cleavage similar to wild-type virus. The F-K180Q virus had a reduced replication rate along with reduced levels of F protein expression, cleavage, and fusogenicity. In DBA/2 mice, the hyperfusogenic F-L179V virus induced greater morbidity and mortality than wild-type virus, while the attenuated F-K180Q virus was much less pathogenic. During the first week of infection, virus replication and inflammation in the lungs were similar for wild-type and F-L179V viruses. After approximately 1 week of infection, the clearance of F-L179V virus was delayed, and more extensive interstitial inflammation and necrosis were observed in the lungs, affecting entire lobes of the lungs and having significantly greater numbers of syncytial cell masses in alveolar spaces on day 10. On the other hand, the slower-growing F-K180Q virus caused much less extensive inflammation than wild-type virus, presumably due to its reduced replication rate, and did not cause observable syncytium formation in the lungs. Overall, the results show that residues in the heptad repeat A region of the F protein modulate the virulence of Sendai virus in mice by influencing both the spread and clearance of the virus and the extent and severity of inflammation. An understanding of how the F protein contributes to infection and inflammation in vivo may assist in the development of antiviral therapies against respiratory paramyxoviruses.
Collapse
|
40
|
Sin N, Venables BL, Combrink KD, Gulgeze HB, Yu KL, Civiello RL, Thuring J, Wang XA, Yang Z, Zadjura L, Marino A, Kadow KF, Cianci CW, Clarke J, Genovesi EV, Medina I, Lamb L, Krystal M, Meanwell NA. Respiratory syncytial virus fusion inhibitors. Part 7: structure-activity relationships associated with a series of isatin oximes that demonstrate antiviral activity in vivo. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:4857-62. [PMID: 19596574 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2009] [Revised: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of bezimidazole-isatin oximes were prepared and profiled as inhibitors of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) replication in cell culture. Structure-activity relationship studies were directed toward optimization of antiviral activity, cell permeability and metabolic stability in human liver micorosomes (HLM). Parallel combinatorial synthetic chemistry was employed to functionalize isatin oximes via O-alkylation which quickly identified a subset of small, lipophilic substituents that established good potency for the series. Further optimization of the isatin oxime derivatives focused on introduction of nitrogen atoms to the isatin phenyl ring to provide a series of aza-isatin oximes with significantly improved PK properties. Several aza-isatin oximes analogs displayed targeted metabolic stability in HLM and permeability across a confluent monolayer of CaCo-2 cells. These studies identified several compounds, including 18i, 18j and 18n that demonstrated antiviral activity in the BALB/c mouse model of RSV infection following oral dosing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ny Sin
- Department of Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Wallingford, CT 06492, United States.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Although respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was discovered > 40 years ago, treatment remains largely supportive. There are no safe and effective vaccines or specific treatments other than prophylaxis with passive antibody therapy (palivizumab). However, there are good reasons to think that the scene may soon change. As the pace of development of anti-viral drugs accelerates and optimism over vaccines increases, novel therapies are set to make a major impact in the management of this very common infection. The use and effect of such interventions are not easy to anticipate, but could ultimately include the interruption of RSV's transmission resulting in profound changes to the impact of RSV on human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wieslawa Olszewska
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Centre for Respiratory Infection, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, Paddington, W2 1PG, London, UK
| | - Peter Openshaw
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Centre for Respiratory Infection, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, Paddington, W2 1PG, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Sin N, Venables BL, Liu X, Huang S, Gao Q, Ng A, Dalterio R, Rajamani R, Meanwell NA. The alkylation of isatin-derived oximes: Spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic structural characterization of oxime and nitrone products. J Heterocycl Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
43
|
Huber M, Olson WC, Trkola A. Antibodies for HIV treatment and prevention: window of opportunity? Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2007; 317:39-66. [PMID: 17990789 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-72146-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are routinely used as therapeutics in a number of disease settings and have thus also been explored as potential treatment for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection. Antibodies targeting viral antigens, and those directed to the cellular receptors, have been considered for use in prevention and therapy. For virus-targeted antibodies, attention has focused primarily on their neutralizing activity, but such antibodies also have the potential to exert antiviral effects via effector functions, such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), opsonization, or complement activation. Anti-cell antibodies act through occlusion or down-modulation of the viral receptors with notable impact in vivo, as recent trials have shown. This review summarizes the diverse specificities and modes of action of therapeutic antibodies against HIV-1 infection. Successes, challenges, and future opportunities of harnessing antibodies for therapy of HIV-1 infection are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Huber
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Wang XA, Cianci CW, Yu KL, Combrink KD, Thuring JW, Zhang Y, Civiello RL, Kadow KF, Roach J, Li Z, Langley DR, Krystal M, Meanwell NA. Respiratory syncytial virus fusion inhibitors. Part 5: Optimization of benzimidazole substitution patterns towards derivatives with improved activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:4592-8. [PMID: 17576060 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.05.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2007] [Revised: 05/23/2007] [Accepted: 05/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Extensive SAR studies and optimization of ADME properties of benzimidazol-2-one derivatives led to the identification of BMS-433771 (3) as an orally active RSV fusion inhibitor. In order to extend the structure-activity relationships for this compound series, substitution of the benzimidazole ring was examined with a view to establishing additional productive interactions between the inhibitor and functionality present in the proposed binding pocket. Amongst the compounds synthesized, the 5-aminomethyl analogue 10aa demonstrated potent antiviral activity towards wild-type RSV and retained excellent inhibitory activity towards a virus that had been developed to express resistance to BMS-433771 (3), data consistent with an additional productive interaction between the inhibitor and the fusion protein target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdong Alan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Combrink KD, Gulgeze HB, Thuring JW, Yu KL, Civiello RL, Zhang Y, Pearce BC, Yin Z, Langley DR, Kadow KF, Cianci CW, Li Z, Clarke J, Genovesi EV, Medina I, Lamb L, Yang Z, Zadjura L, Krystal M, Meanwell NA. Respiratory syncytial virus fusion inhibitors. Part 6: an examination of the effect of structural variation of the benzimidazol-2-one heterocycle moiety. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:4784-90. [PMID: 17616396 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.06.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2007] [Revised: 06/19/2007] [Accepted: 06/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The effect of structural variation of the benzimidazol-2-one ring of RSV fusion inhibitors related to BMS-433771 (1) was examined in conjunction with side chain modifications and the introduction of an aminomethyl substituent at the 5-position of the core benzimidazole moiety. Replacement of the benzimidazol-2-one moiety with benzoxazole, oxindole, quinoline-2-one, quinazolin-2,4-dione and benzothiazine derivatives provided a series of potent RSV fusion inhibitors 4. However, the intrinsic potency of 6,6-fused ring systems was generally less than that of comparably substituted 5,6-fused heterocycles of the type found in BMS-433771 (1). The introduction of an aminomethyl substituent to the benzimidazole ring enhanced antiviral activity in the 6,6-fused ring systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keith D Combrink
- Department of Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
Originally considered as only a paediatric pathogen, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) has recently been shown to be a significant cause of respiratory illness among elderly and high-risk adults. Approximately 170,000 hospitalizations and 10,000 deaths associated with RSV occur annually in people over the age of 65 years in the United States. Although rhinorrhoea and wheezing are common symptoms among adults, the clinical syndrome associated with RSV is not distinctive and thus laboratory methods are required for specific diagnosis. Presently, the combination of reverse transcription PCR and enzyme immunoassay serology offers the best sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of RSV. Treatment options are limited at present, with inhaled ribavirin being the only licensed drug for use in hospitalized children. Vaccines against RSV remain an unachieved goal. Promising new agents that inhibit the virus-cell fusion, cell-cell fusion, or viral gene expression are currently in development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Murata
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester Genera Hospital, New York, USA
| | - Ann R Falsey
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester Genera Hospital, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
De Clercq E. Status presens of antiviral drugs and strategies: Part II: RNA VIRUSES (EXCEPT RETROVIRUSES). ADVANCES IN ANTIVIRAL DRUG DESIGN 2007; 5:59-112. [PMID: 32288473 PMCID: PMC7146830 DOI: 10.1016/s1075-8593(06)05002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
More than 40 compounds have been formally licensed for clinical use as antiviral drugs, and half of these are used for the treatment of HIV infections. The others have been approved for the therapy of herpesvirus (HSV, VZV, CMV), hepadnavirus (HBV), hepacivirus (HCV) and myxovirus (influenza, RSV) infections. New compounds are in clinical development or under preclinical evaluation, and, again, half of these are targeting HIV infections. Yet, quite a number of important viral pathogens (i.e. HPV, HCV, hemorrhagic fever viruses) remain in need of effective and/or improved antiviral therapies.
Collapse
|
48
|
De Clercq E. Viruses and Viral Diseases. COMPREHENSIVE MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY II 2007. [PMCID: PMC7151824 DOI: 10.1016/b0-08-045044-x/00211-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
More than 40 compounds have been formally licensed for clinical use as antiviral drugs, and half of these are used for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. The others have been approved for the therapy of herpesvirus (herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), cytomegalovirus (CMV)), hepadnavirus (hepatitis B virus (HBV)), hepacivirus (hepatitis C virus (HCV)), and myxovirus (influenza, respiratory synctural virus (RSV)) infections. New compounds are in clinical development or under preclinical evaluation, and, again, half of these target HIV infections. Yet, quite a number of important viral pathogens (i.e., human papilloma virus (HPV), HCV, hemorrhagic fever viruses) remain in need of effective and/or improved antiviral therapies.
Collapse
|
49
|
Yu KL, Sin N, Civiello RL, Wang XA, Combrink KD, Gulgeze HB, Venables BL, Wright JJK, Dalterio RA, Zadjura L, Marino A, Dando S, D'Arienzo C, Kadow KF, Cianci CW, Li Z, Clarke J, Genovesi EV, Medina I, Lamb L, Colonno RJ, Yang Z, Krystal M, Meanwell NA. Respiratory syncytial virus fusion inhibitors. Part 4: optimization for oral bioavailability. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 17:895-901. [PMID: 17169560 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2006] [Revised: 11/14/2006] [Accepted: 11/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A series of benzimidazole-based inhibitors of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) fusion were optimized for antiviral potency, membrane permeability and metabolic stability in human liver microsomes. 1-Cyclopropyl-1,3-dihydro-3-[[1-(4-hydroxybutyl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]methyl]-2H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-2-one (6m, BMS-433771) was identified as a potent RSV inhibitor demonstrating good bioavailability in the mouse, rat, dog and cynomolgus monkey that demonstrated antiviral activity in the BALB/c and cotton rat models of infection following oral administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Long Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Moore ML, Peebles RS. Respiratory syncytial virus disease mechanisms implicated by human, animal model, and in vitro data facilitate vaccine strategies and new therapeutics. Pharmacol Ther 2006; 112:405-24. [PMID: 16820210 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2006.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2006] [Accepted: 04/26/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of bronchiolitis, pneumonia, mechanical ventilation, and respiratory failure in infants in the US. No effective post-infection treatments are widely available, and currently there is no vaccine. RSV disease is the result of virus-induced airway damage and complex inflammatory processes. The outcome of infection depends on host and viral genetics. Here, we review disease mechanisms in primary RSV infection that are implicated by clinical studies, in vitro systems, and animal models. Defining RSV disease mechanisms is difficult because there is a wide range of RSV disease phenotypes in humans, and there are disparities in RSV disease phenotypes among the animal models of RSV infection. However, host factors identified by multiple lines of investigation as playing important roles in RSV pathogenesis are providing key insights. A better understanding of RSV molecular biology and RSV pathogenesis is facilitating rational vaccine design strategies and molecular targets for new therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin L Moore
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, T-1218 MCN, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-2650, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|