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Tuon FF, Dantas LR, de Souza RM, Ribeiro VST, Amato VS. Liposomal drug delivery systems for the treatment of leishmaniasis. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:3073-3082. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07659-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Prasanna P, Kumar P, Kumar S, Rajana VK, Kant V, Prasad SR, Mohan U, Ravichandiran V, Mandal D. Current status of nanoscale drug delivery and the future of nano-vaccine development for leishmaniasis - A review. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 141:111920. [PMID: 34328115 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of tropical diseases like leishmaniasis, a parasitic disease, has not received much attention even though it is the second-largest infectious disease after malaria. As per the WHO report, a total of 0.7-1.0 million new leishmaniasis cases, which are spread by 23 Leishmania species in more than 98 countries, are estimated with an alarming 26,000-65,000 death toll every year. Lack of potential vaccines along with the cost and toxicity of amphotericin B (AmB), the most common drug for the treatment of leishmaniasis, has raised the interest significantly for new formulations and drug delivery systems including nanoparticle-based delivery as anti-leishmanial agents. The size, shape, and high surface area to volume ratio of different NPs make them ideal for many biological applications. The delivery of drugs through liposome, polymeric, and solid-lipid NPs provides the advantage of high biocomatibilty of the carrier with reduced toxicity. Importantly, NP-based delivery has shown improved efficacy due to targeted delivery of the payload and synergistic action of NP and payload on the target. This review analyses the advantage of NP-based delivery over standard chemotherapy and natural product-based delivery system. The role of different physicochemical properties of a nanoscale delivery system is discussed. Further, different ways of nanoformulation delivery ranging from liposome, niosomes, polymeric, metallic, solid-lipid NPs were updated along with the possible mechanisms of action against the parasite. The status of current nano-vaccines and the future potential of NP-based vaccine are elaborated here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Prasanna
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur 844102, India.
| | - Prakash Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur 844102, India.
| | - Saurabh Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur 844102, India.
| | - Vinod Kumar Rajana
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur 844102, India.
| | - Vishnu Kant
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur 844102, India.
| | - Surendra Rajit Prasad
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur 844102, India.
| | - Utpal Mohan
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata 700054, India.
| | - V Ravichandiran
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur 844102, India; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata 700054, India.
| | - Debabrata Mandal
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur 844102, India.
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Pereira MB, Sydor BG, Memare KG, Verzignassi Silveira TG, Alessi Aristides SM, Dalmarco EM, Vieira Teixeira JJ, Campana Lonardoni MV, Demarchi IG. In vivo efficacy of meglumine antimoniate-loaded nanoparticles for cutaneous leishmaniasis: a systematic review. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2021; 16:1505-1518. [PMID: 34189952 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2021-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Nanotechnology is a promising strategy to improve existing antileishmanial agents. Objective: To explore the evidence of encapsulated meglumine antimoniate for cutaneous leishmaniasis treatment in animal models. Materials & methods: The studies were recovered from PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, LILACS, WoS and Google according to eligibility criteria following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and the Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes and Study design (PICOS) strategy. Study appraisal was assessed using the Animal Research Reporting of In Vivo Experiments, SYstematic Review Centre for Laboratory animal Experimentation (SYRCLE) and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) recommendations. Results: Five studies were included. Liposomes, metallic and polymeric nanoparticles were tested in BALB/c mice against Leishmania major, L. tropica or L. amazonensis. Limitations: Few studies were found to meet the eligibility criteria. Conclusion: All formulations had a significant efficacy, similar to the meglumine antimoniate reference treatment concerning the lesion size and parasite burden. The studies had a high and moderate risk of bias, and the confidence in cumulative evidence was considered low. Therefore, we encourage the development of high-quality preclinical studies. Registration: PROSPERO register CRD42020170191.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meliana Borilli Pereira
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Jardim Universitário, Maringá, 87020-900, PR, Brazil
| | - Bruna Gomes Sydor
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Jardim Universitário, Maringá, 87020-900, PR, Brazil
| | - Karla Gabriela Memare
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Jardim Universitário, Maringá, 87020-900, PR, Brazil
| | - Thaís Gomes Verzignassi Silveira
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Jardim Universitário, Maringá, 87020-900, PR, Brazil
| | - Sandra Mara Alessi Aristides
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Jardim Universitário, Maringá, 87020-900, PR, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Monguilhott Dalmarco
- Health Sciences Center - Department of Clinical Analysis, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário Reitor João David Ferreira Lima, s/n°, Bairro Trindade, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Jorge Juarez Vieira Teixeira
- Department of Clinical Analysis & Biomedicine, State University Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Jardim Universitário, Maringá, 87020-900, PR, Brazil.,Post Graduation Program in Bioscience & Physiopathology, State University Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Jardim Universitário, Maringá, 87020-900, PR, Brazil
| | - Maria Valdrinez Campana Lonardoni
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Jardim Universitário, Maringá, 87020-900, PR, Brazil
| | - Izabel Galhardo Demarchi
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Jardim Universitário, Maringá, 87020-900, PR, Brazil.,Health Sciences Center - Department of Clinical Analysis, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário Reitor João David Ferreira Lima, s/n°, Bairro Trindade, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil
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Runx proteins mediate protective immunity against Leishmania donovani infection by promoting CD40 expression on dendritic cells. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1009136. [PMID: 33370418 PMCID: PMC7793297 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The level of CD40 expression on dendritic cells (DCs) plays a decisive role in disease protection during Leishmania donovani (LD) infection. However, current understanding of the molecular regulation of CD40 expression remains elusive. Using molecular, cellular and functional approaches, we identified a role for Runx1 and Runx3 transcription factors in the regulation of CD40 expression in DCs. In response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) or antileishmanial drug sodium antimony gluconate (SAG), both Runx1 and Runx3 translocated to the nucleus, bound to the CD40 promoter and upregulated CD40 expression on DCs. These activities of Runx proteins were mediated by the upstream phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt pathway. Notably, LD infection attenuated LPS- or TNFα-induced CD40 expression in DCs by inhibiting PI3K-Akt-Runx axis via protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1. In contrast, CD40 expression induced by SAG was unaffected by LD infection, as SAG by blocking LD-induced SHP-1 activation potentiated PI3K-Akt signaling to drive Runx-mediated CD40 upregulation. Adoptive transfer experiments further showed that Runx1 and Runx3 play a pivotal role in eliciting antileishmanial immune response of SAG-treated DCs in vivo by promoting CD40-mediated type-1 T cell responses. Importantly, antimony-resistant LD suppressed SAG-induced CD40 upregulation on DCs by blocking the PI3K-Akt-Runx pathway through sustained SHP-1 activation. These findings unveil an immunoregulatory role for Runx proteins during LD infection.
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Can We Harness Immune Responses to Improve Drug Treatment in Leishmaniasis? Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8071069. [PMID: 32709117 PMCID: PMC7409143 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8071069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne parasitic disease that has been neglected in priority for control and eradication of malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS. Collectively, over one seventh of the world’s population is at risk of being infected with 0.7–1.2 million new infections reported annually. Clinical manifestations range from self-healing cutaneous lesions to fatal visceral disease. The first anti-leishmanial drugs were introduced in the 1950′s and, despite several shortcomings, remain the mainstay for treatment. Regardless of this and the steady increase in infections over the years, particularly among populations of low economic status, research on leishmaniasis remains under funded. This review looks at the drugs currently in clinical use and how they interact with the host immune response. Employing chemoimmunotherapeutic approaches may be one viable alternative to improve the efficacy of novel/existing drugs and extend their lifespan in clinical use.
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Gonçalves-Oliveira LF, Souza-Silva F, de Castro Côrtes LM, Veloso LB, Santini Pereira BA, Cysne-Finkelstein L, Lechuga GC, Bourguignon SC, Almeida-Souza F, da Silva Calabrese K, Ferreira VF, Alves CR. The combination therapy of meglumine antimoniate and oxiranes (epoxy-α-lapachone and epoxymethyl-lawsone) enhance the leishmanicidal effect in mice infected by Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2019; 10:101-108. [PMID: 31430693 PMCID: PMC6712286 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Current treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis includes pentavalent antimonials as first-line drugs, but this therapy has shown severe adverse effects. An alternative to minimize this issue is based on combination therapy scheme with other drugs. In this study we analyzed the potential of the association of meglumine antimoniate (MA) with the oxiranes epoxy-α-lapachone (LAP) or epoxymethyl-lawsone (LAW). Results demonstrated that association between these drugs enhanced leishmanicidal activity on Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis infection. The compounds were tested in monotherapy or in combinations (3:1; 1:1 and 1:3) and reduced intracellular parasite numbers, measured by the endocytic index, in all tested conditions. The most effective combination regimens were MA/LAP or MA/LAW in 3:1 ratio, which achieved a reduction of 98.3% and 93.6% in the endocytic index, respectively. BALB/c mice challenged with L. (L.) amazonensis showed significant reduction in lesion size and parasite load in both footpad and lymph nodes, after four weeks of treatment. Although, MA, LAP or LAW monotherapy were able to control the evolution of lesions when compared to untreated animals (30%, 40% and 40% of reduction, respectively), the combination of MA/LAP and LAW in 3:1 ratio showed better results reducing 61.7 and 54.4%, respectively. The results indicate that the association of meglumine antimoniate to oxiranes lead to an increment in the antileishmanial activity and represent a promising approach for the cutaneous leishmaniasis treatment. Meglumine antimoniate with oxiranes enhanced effect against Leishmania infection. The most effective treatment in vitro infection was observed in a 3:1 ratio. Mice treatment with drugs caused reductions in lesion size and parasite load. Antimony-based combination has the potential for leishmaniasis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Filipe Gonçalves-Oliveira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Avenida Brasil n(o) 4365 - Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-900, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Franklin Souza-Silva
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Avenida Brasil n(o) 4365 - Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde, Avenida Brasil n(o) 4365 - Manguinhos, 21040-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Luzia Monteiro de Castro Côrtes
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Avenida Brasil n(o) 4365 - Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-900, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Laura Barral Veloso
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Avenida Brasil n(o) 4365 - Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-900, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Bernardo Acácio Santini Pereira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Avenida Brasil n(o) 4365 - Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-900, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Lea Cysne-Finkelstein
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Avenida Brasil n(o) 4365 - Manguinhos, 21040-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Guilherme Curty Lechuga
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular, Av. Brasil n(o) 4365 - Manguinhos, 21040-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Saulo Cabral Bourguignon
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Laboratório de Interação Celular e Molecular, Outeiro São João Batista s/n, Centro, 24020-141, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Fernando Almeida-Souza
- Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Cidade Universitária Paulo VI, Av. Lourenço Vieira da Silva no 1000, Jardim São Cristóvão, 65055-310, São Luís, MA, Brazil; Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Imunomodulação e Protozoologia, Avenida Brasil n(o) 4365 - Manguinhos, 21040-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Kátia da Silva Calabrese
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Imunomodulação e Protozoologia, Avenida Brasil n(o) 4365 - Manguinhos, 21040-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Vitor Francisco Ferreira
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Faculdade de Farmácia, Departamento de Tecnologia Farmacêutica, Rua Doutor Mário Viana n(o) 523- Santa Rosa, 24241-002, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Roberto Alves
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Avenida Brasil n(o) 4365 - Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-900, RJ, Brazil.
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Ortega V, Giorgio S, de Paula E. Liposomal formulations in the pharmacological treatment of leishmaniasis: a review. J Liposome Res 2017; 27:234-248. [DOI: 10.1080/08982104.2017.1376682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Ortega
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Selma Giorgio
- Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Eneida de Paula
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
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Siewe N, Yakubu AA, Satoskar AR, Friedman A. Granuloma formation in leishmaniasis: A mathematical model. J Theor Biol 2017; 412:48-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Caldeira LR, Fernandes FR, Costa DF, Frézard F, Afonso LCC, Ferreira LAM. Nanoemulsions loaded with amphotericin B: a new approach for the treatment of leishmaniasis. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 70:125-31. [PMID: 25660615 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This work aimed to develop nanoemulsions (NE) containing cholesterol and Amphotericin B (AmB) evaluating the influence of a lipophilic amine (stearylamine; STE) on drug encapsulation efficiency (EE), cytotoxicity on macrophages and in vitro antileishmanial activity. The EE of AmB in NE was nearly 100% regardless of STE concentration. Stability studies showed that AmB-loaded NE with or without STE were stable revealing that AmB content and EE remained constant after 180days. In significant contrast, the EE for AmB in NE without cholesterol drastically decreased showing that this co-surfactant significantly improved the retention of drug in NE. The electronic absorption and circular dichroism (CD) data revealed that the signal characteristic of self-associated free AmB, the most toxic form to the host cells, was virtually absent in the spectra of AmB-loaded NE. In agreement, NE-induced toxicity toward macrophages was significantly lower than that observed for the conventional AmB. STE enhanced both cytotoxicity and the activity against intracellular amastigotes of AmB-loaded NE. However, selectivity index values for AmB-loaded NE were considerably higher than that observed for conventional AmB. AmB-loaded and cholesterol-stabilized NE constitutes an attractive alternative for the treatment of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Rodrigues Caldeira
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Flaviana Ribeiro Fernandes
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniel Ferreira Costa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Frédéric Frézard
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luís Carlos Crocco Afonso
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biological and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Morro do Cruzeiro, 35400-000 Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lucas Antônio Miranda Ferreira
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Cationic liposomal sodium stibogluconate (SSG), a potent therapeutic tool for treatment of infection by SSG-sensitive and -resistant Leishmania donovani. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 59:344-55. [PMID: 25367907 DOI: 10.1128/aac.03305-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pentavalent antimonials have been the first-line treatment for leishmaniasis for decades. However, the development of resistance to sodium stibogluconate (SSG) has limited its use, especially for treating visceral leishmaniasis (VL). The present work aims to optimize a cationic liposomal formulation of SSG for the treatment of both SSG-sensitive (AG83) and SSG-resistant (GE1F8R and CK1R) Leishmania donovani infections. Parasite killing was determined by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and microscopic counting of Giemsa-stained macrophages. Macrophage uptake studies were carried out by confocal microscopic imaging. Parasite-liposome interactions were visualized through transmission electron microscopy. Toxicity tests were performed using assay kits. Organ parasite burdens were determined by microscopic counting and limiting dilution assays. Cytokines were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and flow cytometry. Although all cationic liposomes studied demonstrated leishmanicidal activity, phosphatidylcholine (PC)-dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide (DDAB) vesicles were most effective, followed by PC-stearylamine (SA) liposomes. Since entrapment of SSG in PC-DDAB liposomes demonstrated enhanced ultrastructural alterations in promastigotes, PC-DDAB-SSG vesicles were further investigated in vitro and in vivo. PC-DDAB-SSG could effectively alleviate SSG-sensitive and SSG-resistant L. donovani infections in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow of BALB/c mice at a dose of SSG (3 mg/kg body weight) not reported previously. The parasiticidal activity of these vesicles was attributed to better interactions with the parasite membranes, resulting in direct killing, and generation of a strong host-protective environment, necessitating a very low dose of SSG for effective cures.
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Hussain H, Al-Harrasi A, Al-Rawahi A, Green IR, Gibbons S. Fruitful decade for antileishmanial compounds from 2002 to late 2011. Chem Rev 2014; 114:10369-428. [PMID: 25253511 DOI: 10.1021/cr400552x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hidayat Hussain
- UoN Chair of Oman's Medicinal Plants and Marine Natural Products, University of Nizwa , P.O. Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 616, Sultanate of Oman
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Ali N, Bhattacharya P. Translating immune cell cross-talk into a treatment opportunity for visceral leishmaniasis. Immunotherapy 2013; 5:1025-7. [DOI: 10.2217/imt.13.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Ali
- Infectious Diseases & Immunology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja SC Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Pradyot Bhattacharya
- Infectious Diseases & Immunology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja SC Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, West Bengal, India
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Ghosh M, Roy K, Roy S. Immunomodulatory effects of antileishmanial drugs. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 68:2834-8. [PMID: 23833177 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkt262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The commonly used antileishmanial drugs are sodium antimony gluconate (SAG), amphotericin B, miltefosine and paromomycin. There are a number of reports that antileishmanial drugs show immunomodulatory properties. Here, we attempt to understand how the innate arm of the immune system is modulated in response to these antileishmanial drugs. METHODS BALB/c peritoneal macrophages were treated with miltefosine, SAG, amphotericin B or paromomycin. The membrane fluidity of macrophages following drug treatment was studied in terms of fluorescence anisotropy. The T cell-stimulating ability, production of cytokines and nitrogen and oxygen metabolite production in drug-treated macrophages were also studied. The study was also carried out using peritoneal macrophages from drug-treated BALB/c mice. RESULTS The antileishmanial drugs altered macrophage membrane fluidity, except amphotericin B. The drug-treated macrophages showed enhanced T cell-stimulating ability and generation of reactive oxygen species, nitrite, interleukin-12 and tumour necrosis factor-α. CONCLUSIONS Antileishmanial drugs can stimulate the innate arm of the immune system, which may have a significant bearing on the cellular arm of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Ghosh
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
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In vitro phototoxicity of ultradeformable liposomes containing chloroaluminum phthalocyanine against New World Leishmania species. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2012; 117:157-63. [PMID: 23123595 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2012.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The use of photodynamic therapy (PDT) against cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) based on chloroaluminum phthalocyanine (ClAlPc) is a promissory alternative therapy. The main purpose of this article was to assess the internalization and in vitro phototoxic activities of ClAlPc encapsulated in ultradeformable liposomes (UDL-ClAlPc) in Leishmania parasites and mammalian cells. Cell internalization was determined by fluorescence microscopy, cell and parasite damage by standard MTT or direct microscopic analysis and a phototoxic index (PI) was calculated as the compound activity (IC(50)) at 0 J/cm(2)/IC(50) at 17 J/cm(2). Liposomal and free ClAlPc were internalized by infected and non-infected THP-1 cells and co-localized in the mitochondria. Treatment of UDL-ClAlPc was almost 10 times more photoactive than free ClAlPc on THP-1 cells and promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes of Leishmania chagasi and Leishmania panamensis. Liposomal compounds were active on non-irradiated and irradiated cells however PI higher than 50 were calculated. PI for amphotericin B referential drug were lower than 1.2. Empty liposomes tested at the same lipid concentration of active ClPcAl-liposomes were non-toxic. Upon photodynamic treatment a nonselective-parasite activity against intracellular amastigotes were observed and loss of membrane integrity resulting in a release of parasites was detected. Further studies oriented to evaluate both the state of infection after PDT and the effectiveness of UDL as delivery vehicles of ClAlPc in CL experimental models are required.
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Discovery of safe and orally effective 4-aminoquinaldine analogues as apoptotic inducers with activity against experimental visceral leishmaniasis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 56:432-45. [PMID: 22024817 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00700-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel antileishmanials are urgently required to overcome emergence of drug resistance, cytotoxic effects, and difficulties in oral delivery. Toward this, we investigated a series of novel 4-aminoquinaldine derivatives, a new class of molecules, as potential antileishmanials. 4-Aminoquinaldine derivatives presented inhibitory effects on L. donovani promastigotes and amastigotes (50% inhibitory concentration range, 0.94 to 127 μM). Of these, PP-9 and PP-10 were the most effective in vitro and demonstrated strong efficacies in vivo through the intraperitoneal route. They were also found to be effective against both sodium antimony gluconate-sensitive and -resistant Leishmania donovani strains in BALB/c mice when treated orally, resulting in more than 95% protection. Investigation of their mode of action revealed that killing by PP-10 involved moderate inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase and elicitation of the apoptotic cascade. Our studies implicate that PP-10 augments reactive oxygen species generation, evidenced from decreased glutathione levels and increased lipid peroxidation. Subsequent disruption of Leishmania promastigote mitochondrial membrane potential and activation of cytosolic proteases initiated the apoptotic pathway, resulting in DNA fragmentation and parasite death. Our results demonstrate that PP-9 and PP-10 are promising lead compounds with the potential for treating visceral leishmaniasis (VL) through the oral route.
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Treiger Borborema SE, Schwendener RA, Osso Junior JA, de Andrade Junior HF, do Nascimento N. Uptake and antileishmanial activity of meglumine antimoniate-containing liposomes in Leishmania (Leishmania) major-infected macrophages. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2011; 38:341-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2011.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Revised: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Therapy with sodium stibogluconate in stearylamine-bearing liposomes confers cure against SSG-resistant Leishmania donovani in BALB/c mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17376. [PMID: 21423750 PMCID: PMC3053369 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Resistance of Leishmania donovani to pentavalent antimonials, the first-line treatment of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), has become a critical issue worldwide. Second-line and new drugs are also not devoid of limitations. Suitable drug-delivery systems can improve the mode of administration and action of the existing antimonials, thus increasing their clinical life. Methodology/Principal Findings We investigated the efficacy of sodium stibogluconate (SSG) in phosphatidylcholine (PC)–stearylamine-bearing liposomes (PC-SA-SSG), PC-cholesterol liposomes (PC-Chol-SSG) and free amphotericin B (AmB) against SSG-resistant L. donovani strains in 8-wk infected BALB/c mice. Animals were sacrificed and parasites in liver, spleen and bone marrow were estimated 4-wk post-treatment by microscopic examination of stamp smears and limiting dilution assay. A set of PC-SA-SSG and AmB treated mice were further studied for protection against reinfection. Serum antibodies and cytokine profiles of ex-vivo cultured splenocytes were determined by ELISA. Uptake of free and liposomal SSG in intracellular amastigotes was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Rhodamine 123 and 5-carboxyfluorescein, known substrates of Pgp and MRP transporter proteins, respectively, were used in free and liposomal forms for efflux studies to estimate intracellular drug retention. Unlike free and PC-Chol-SSG, PC-SA-SSG was effective in curing mice infected with two differentially originated SSG-unresponsive parasite strains at significantly higher levels than AmB. Successful therapy correlated with complete suppression of disease-promoting IL-10 and TGF-β, upregulation of Th1 cytokines and expression of macrophage microbicidal NO. Cure due to elevated accumulation of SSG in intracellular parasites, irrespective of SSG-resistance, occurs as a result of increased drug retention and improved therapy when administered as PC-SA-SSG versus free SSG. Conclusions/Significance The design of this single-dose combination therapy with PC-SA-SSG for VL, having reduced toxicity and long-term efficacy, irrespective of SSG-sensitivity may prove promising, not only to overcome SSG-resistance in Leishmania, but also for drugs with similar resistance-related problems in other diseases.
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Combination therapy with paromomycin-associated stearylamine-bearing liposomes cures experimental visceral leishmaniasis through Th1-biased immunomodulation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55:1661-70. [PMID: 21220536 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00524-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by the parasite Leishmania donovani is a potentially fatal disease. Available limited drugs are toxic, require prolonged treatment duration, and are costly. A low-cost parenteral formulation of paromomycin sulfate (PM) has recently been approved for the treatment of VL. Monotherapy with PM runs the risk of development of resistance. Hence, efforts are needed to develop a combination therapy of PM with other drugs to shorten the duration of treatment and prolong the effective life of the drug. PM was formulated with leishmanicidal stearylamine (SA)-bearing phosphatidylcholine (PC) liposomes for low-dose therapy. In vitro and in vivo antileishmanial effects of the combination drug were determined. The immunomodulatory role of PC-SA-PM was determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and flow cytometry. Excluding the spleen, for which the therapeutic effect was additive, a remarkable synergistic activity toward cure and prophylaxis with a single-shot low-dose treatment with PC-SA-associated PM was achieved with BALB/c mice. PC-SA-PM showed an immunomodulatory effect on CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells for gamma interferon (IFN-γ) production and downregulated disease-associated interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) to almost negligible levels. Such combination chemotherapy may provide a promising alternative for the cure of leishmaniasis, with a plausible conversion of the host immune response from a disease-promoting pattern to a Th1-biased response indicative of long-term resistance.
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Frézard F, Demicheli C. New delivery strategies for the old pentavalent antimonial drugs. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2010; 7:1343-58. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2010.529897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Gupta S, Pal A, Vyas SP. Drug delivery strategies for therapy of visceral leishmaniasis. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2010; 7:371-402. [PMID: 20201740 DOI: 10.1517/17425240903548232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is the most overwhelming type of leishmaniasis associated with the poverty of developing countries and usually mortal if untreated. Most of the conventionally used dosage forms offer us the shortcomings of toxic side effects and emergence of drug resistance. Several efforts have been made to overcome the barriers involved in the treatment of VL. Colloidal carriers extensively represent the drug delivery systems (DDSs) for intracellular localization of antileishmanial compounds in macrophage-rich organs such as liver, spleen and bone marrow. These DDSs offer superior therapeutic efficacy over the conventional treatment in terms of site-specific drug delivery with reduced side effects. However, after 35 years of research in the field, AmBisome (Amphotericin B liposome for injection, Astellas Pharma US, Inc.) is the only DDS used against the VL. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW A literature search was performed (for drugs and DDSs against VL) on PubMed and through Google. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN This review aims to describe the pathophysiology of VL and its current conventional treatment with special reference to DDSs designed against VL. TAKE HOME MESSAGE On reviewing the conventional drugs and DDSs developed against VL, it is concluded that advances in the field of targeted drug delivery can result in more efficient strategies for the therapy of VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Gupta
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga (PB), India.
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Santos LER, Colhone MC, Daghastanli KRP, Stabeli RG, Silva-Jardim I, Ciancaglini P. Lipid microspheres loaded with antigenic membrane proteins of the Leishmania amazonensis as a potential biotechnology application. J Colloid Interface Sci 2009; 340:112-8. [PMID: 19747691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2009.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Revised: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 08/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lipid microspheres (LM) are excellent drug delivery or vaccines adjuvant systems and are relatively stable. The aim of this work is to develop and characterize a system that is able to encapsulate and present antigenic membrane proteins from Leishmania amazonensis. Membrane proteins are important for vaccine's formulation because these proteins come in contact with the host cell first, triggering the cell mediated immune response. This is a useful tool to avoid or inactivate the parasite invasion. The LM are constituted by soybean oil (SO), dipalmitoylphosphatidilcholine (DPPC), cholesterol and solubilized protein extract (SPE). The particles formed presented an average diameter of 200 nm, low polydispersion and good stability for a period of 30 days, according to dynamic light scattering assays. Isopycnic density gradient centrifugation of LM-protein showed that proteins and lipids floated in the sucrose gradient (5-50%w/v) suggesting that the LM-protein preparation was homogeneous and that the proteins are interacting with the system. The results show that 85% of SPE proteins were encapsulated in the LM. Studies of cellular viability of murine peritoneal macrophages show that our system does not present cytotoxic effect for the macrophages and still stimulates their NO production (which makes its application as a vaccine adjuvant possible). LM-protein loaded with antigenic membrane proteins from L. amazonensis seems to be a promising vaccine system for immunization against leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz E R Santos
- Depto. Química, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto (FFCLRP), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Effect of topical liposomes containing paromomycin sulfate in the course of Leishmania major infection in susceptible BALB/c mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:2259-65. [PMID: 19223613 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01319-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the antileishmanial effects of topical liposomal paromomycin sulfate (PM) in Leishmania major-infected BALB/c mice. Liposomes containing 10 or 15% PM (Lip-PM-10 and Lip-PM-15, respectively) were prepared by the fusion method and were characterized for their size and encapsulation efficiency. The penetration of PM from the liposomal PM formulations (LPMFs) through and into skin was evaluated in vitro with Franz diffusion cells fitted with mouse skin at 37 degrees C for 8 h. The in vitro permeation data showed that almost 15% of the LPMFs applied penetrated the mouse skin, and the amount retained in the skin was about 60% for both formulations. The 50% effective doses of Lip-PM-10 and Lip-PM-15 against L. major promastigotes in culture were 65.32 and 59.73 microg/ml, respectively, and those against L. major amastigotes in macrophages were 24.64 and 26.44 microg/ml, respectively. Lip-PM-10 or Lip-PM-15 was used topically twice a day for 4 weeks to treat L. major lesions on BALB/c mice, and the results showed a significantly (P < 0.001) smaller lesion size in the mice in the treated groups than in the mice in the control group, which received either empty liposomes or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Eight weeks after the beginning of the treatment, every mouse treated with LPMFs was completely cured. The spleen parasite burden was significantly (P < 0.001) lower in mice treated with Lip-PM-10 or Lip-PM-15 than in mice treated with PBS or control liposomes, but no significant difference was seen between the two groups treated with either Lip-PM-10 or Lip-PM-15. The results suggest that topical liposomal PM may be useful for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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Banerjee A, De M, Ali N. Complete Cure of Experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis with Amphotericin B in Stearylamine-Bearing Cationic Liposomes Involves Down-Regulation of IL-10 and Favorable T Cell Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:1386-98. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.2.1386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Romero EL, Morilla MJ. Drug delivery systems against leishmaniasis? Still an open question. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2008; 5:805-23. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.5.7.805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Santos DO, Coutinho CER, Madeira MF, Bottino CG, Vieira RT, Nascimento SB, Bernardino A, Bourguignon SC, Corte-Real S, Pinho RT, Rodrigues CR, Castro HC. Leishmaniasis treatment—a challenge that remains: a review. Parasitol Res 2008; 103:1-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-008-0943-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2008] [Accepted: 02/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Saha S, Mondal S, Ravindran R, Bhowmick S, Modak D, Mallick S, Rahman M, Kar S, Goswami R, Guha SK, Pramanik N, Saha B, Ali N. IL-10- and TGF-beta-mediated susceptibility in kala-azar and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis: the significance of amphotericin B in the control of Leishmania donovani infection in India. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:5592-603. [PMID: 17911647 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.8.5592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or kala-azar is known to be associated with a mixed Th1-Th2 response, and effective host defense requires the induction of IFN-gamma and IL-12. We address the role of the differential decline of IL-10 and TGF-beta in response to sodium antimony gluconate (SAG) and amphotericin B (AmB), the therapeutic success of SAG and AmB in Indian VL, and the significance of IL-10 and TGF-beta in the development and progression of post-kazla-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL). In the active disease, PBMC from VL patients showed suppressed Ag-specific lymphoproliferation, IFN-gamma and IL-12 production, and elevation of IL-10 and TGF-beta. Cure corresponded with an elevation in IFN-gamma and IL-12 production and down-regulation of IL-10 and TGF-beta. Both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells were involved in IFN-gamma and IL-10 production. Interestingly, the retention and maintenance of residual IL-10 and TGF-beta in some SAG-treated individuals and the elevation of IL-10 and TGF-beta in PKDL, a sequel to kala-azar, probably reflects the role of these cytokines in reactivation of the disease in the form of PKDL. Contrastingly, AmB treatment of VL resulted in negligible TGF-beta levels and absolute elimination of IL-10, reflecting the better therapeutic activity of AmB and its probable role in the recent decline in PKDL occurrences in India. Moreover, elucidation of immune responses in Indian PKDL patients revealed a spectral pattern of disease progression where disease severity could be correlated inversely with lymphoproliferation and directly with TGF-beta, IL-10, and Ab production. In addition, the enhancement of CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells in active VL, their decline at cure, and reactivation in PKDL suggest their probable immunosuppressive role in these disease forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samiran Saha
- Infectious Disease and Immunology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous leishmaniasis occurs worldwide in both old and new world countries with their own endemic foci. Many of those infected often experience a delay in diagnosis and inappropriate treatment. OBJECTIVES To review the literature in terms of the various treatment options described for cutaneous leishmaniasis. METHODS Literature on the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis retrieved by searching Index Medicus, PubMed and IndMed were reviewed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Review reveals no uniform pattern or definite guidelines for its therapy. The varied and contradictory experience of different workers further confounds the clinicians involved in the care of these patients. Selection of an appropriate and customized treatment schedule is a discretion the treating clinician has to make.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram K Mahajan
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Leprosy, Indira Gandhi Medical College, Shimla, India
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