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Zeng Z, Jin S, Xiang X, Yuan H, Jin Y, Shi Q, Zhang Y, Yang M, Zhang L, Huang R, Song C. Dynamical changes of tea metabolites fermented by Aspergillus cristatus, Aspergillus neoniger and mixed fungi: A temporal clustering strategy for untargeted metabolomics. Food Res Int 2023; 170:112992. [PMID: 37316065 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Dark tea fermentation involves various fungi, but studies focusing on the mixed fermentation in tea remain limited. This study investigated the influences of single and mixed fermentation on the dynamical alterations of tea metabolites. The differential metabolites between unfermented and fermented teas were determined using untargeted metabolomics. Dynamical changes in metabolites were explored by temporal clustering analysis. Results indicated that Aspergillus cristatus (AC) at 15 days, Aspergillus neoniger (AN) at 15 days, and mixed fungi (MF) at 15 days had respectively 68, 128 and 135 differential metabolites, compared with unfermentation (UF) at 15 days. Most of metabolites in the AN or MF group showed a down-regulated trend in cluster 1 and 2, whereas most of metabolites in the AC group showed an up-regulated trend in cluster 3 to 6. The three key metabolic pathways mainly composed of flavonoids and lipids included flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, glycerophospholipid metabolism and flavonoid biosynthesis. Based on the dynamical changes and metabolic pathways of the differential metabolites, AN showed a predominant status in MF compared with AC. Together, this study will advance the understanding of dynamic changes in tea fermentation and provide valuable insights into the processing and quality control of dark tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxiang Zeng
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 16 Huangjiahu West Road, Hongshan District, 430065 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shuna Jin
- College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 16 Huangjiahu West Road, Hongshan District, 430065 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xingliang Xiang
- School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, 58 Renmin Avenue, Meilan District, 570228 Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Hao Yuan
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 16 Huangjiahu West Road, Hongshan District, 430065 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuehui Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 16 Huangjiahu West Road, Hongshan District, 430065 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qingxin Shi
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 16 Huangjiahu West Road, Hongshan District, 430065 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yanmei Zhang
- College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 16 Huangjiahu West Road, Hongshan District, 430065 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Min Yang
- College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 16 Huangjiahu West Road, Hongshan District, 430065 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 16 Huangjiahu West Road, Hongshan District, 430065 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Rongzeng Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 16 Huangjiahu West Road, Hongshan District, 430065 Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Chengwu Song
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 16 Huangjiahu West Road, Hongshan District, 430065 Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Pan L, Zhang Y, Zhang F, Wang Z, Zheng J. α-L-rhamnosidase: production, properties, and applications. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:191. [PMID: 37160824 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03638-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
α-L-rhamnosidase [EC 3.2.1.40] belongs to glycoside hydrolase (GH) families (GH13, GH78, and GH106 families) in the carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZy) database, which specifically hydrolyzes the non-reducing end of α-L-rhamnose. Αccording to the sites of catalytic hydrolysis, α-L-rhamnosidase can be divided into α-1, 2-rhamnosidase, α-1, 3-rhamnosidase, α-1, 4-rhamnosidase and α-1, 6-rhamnosidase. α-L-rhamnosidase is an important enzyme for various biotechnological applications, especially in food, beverage, and pharmaceutical industries. α-L-rhamnosidase has a wide range of sources and is commonly found in animals, plants, and microorganisms, and its microbial source includes a variety of bacteria, molds and yeasts (such as Lactobacillus sp., Aspergillus sp., Pichia angusta and Saccharomyces cerevisiae). In recent years, a series of advances have been achieved in various aspects of α-validates the above-described-rhamnosidase research. A number of α-L-rhamnosidases have been successfully recombinant expressed in prokaryotic systems as well as eukaryotic systems which involve Pichia pastoris, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus niger, and the catalytic properties of the recombinant enzymes have been improved by enzyme modification techniques. In this review, the sources and production methods, general and catalytic properties and biotechnological applications of α-L-rhamnosidase in different fields are summarized and discussed, concluding with the directions for further in-depth research on α-L-rhamnosidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Pan
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianyong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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Yu B, Luo S, Ding Y, Gong Z, Nie T. Insights into glycosidic bond specificity of an engineered selective α-L-rhamnosidase N12-Rha via activity assays and molecular modelling. AMB Express 2022; 12:143. [DOI: 10.1186/s13568-022-01489-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractαL-rhamnosidase (EC 3.2.1.40) has been widely used in food processing and pharmaceutical preparation. The recombinant α-L-rhamnosidase N12-Rha from Aspergillus niger JMU-TS528 had significantly higher catalytic activity on α-1,6 glycosidic bond than α-1,2 glycosidic bond, and had no activity on α-1,3 glycosidic bond. The activities of hydrolyzed hesperidin and naringin were 7240 U/mL and 945 U/mL, respectively, which are 10.63 times that of native α-L-rhamnosidase. The activity could maintain more than 80% at pH 3–6 and 40–60℃. Quantum chemistry calculations showed that charge difference of the C-O atoms of the α-1,2, α-1,3 and α-1,6 bonds indicated that α-1,6 bond is most easily broken and α-1,3 bond is the most stable. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the key residue Trp359 that may affect substrate specificity and the main catalytic sites of N12-Rha are located in the (α/α)6-barrel domain.
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Borzova N, Gudzenko O, Varbanets L. α-L-rhamnosidase from Penicillium tardum and Its Application for Biotransformation of Citrus Rhamnosides. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 194:4915-4929. [PMID: 35670906 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic deramnosylation of flavonoids is a convenient tool for improving the quality of citrus juices. α-L-rhamnosidase with a specific activity of 33.1 units/mg was isolated and characterized from the culture liquid of Penicillium tardum. The molecular weight of the enzyme was 95 kDa according to the data of gel filtration on Sepharose 6B and gel electrophoresis in SDS-PAGE. The pH optimum of the enzyme activity was 5.0, and the thermo optimum was 60 °C. Enzyme showed high stability in the temperature range of 45-50 and at 60-70 °C. It retained 80 to 50% of the initial activity for 90 min. The half-life of α-L-rhamnosidase at 70 °C increased twofold in the presence of 20-40% glycerol and 2.3-fold in the presence of 4 M sorbitol. The enzyme was completely inhibited in the presence of 10-3 M Ag+ and Cd2+ and approximately by 90% in the presence of Fe2+, Fe3+, and Al3+ ions. More than 60%, the enzyme activity was inhibited by Hg2+, Co2+, and 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide methiodide. Activating effect of Ca2+ ions was also noted. Km and Vmax for the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl-α-L-rhamnopyranoside and naringin were 0.7 mM and 38.3 µM/min/mg and 1.34 mM and 43.7 µM/min/mg, respectively. Penicillium tardum α-L-rhamnosidase hydrolyzed naringin, neohesperidin, hesperidin, rutin, and narirutin at high rate, which allowed us to consider it as an effective tool for transformation of bioflavonoids in food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya Borzova
- Department of Biochemistry of Microorganisms, Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 154 Zabolotny st, Kyiv, 03143, Ukraine.
| | - Olena Gudzenko
- Department of Biochemistry of Microorganisms, Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 154 Zabolotny st, Kyiv, 03143, Ukraine
| | - Lyudmila Varbanets
- Department of Biochemistry of Microorganisms, Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 154 Zabolotny st, Kyiv, 03143, Ukraine
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Xie J, Zhao J, Zhang N, Xu H, Yang J, Ye J, Jiang J. Efficient Production of Isoquercitin, Icariin and Icariside II by A Novel Thermostable α-l-Rhamnosidase PodoRha from Paenibacillus odorifer with High α-1, 6- / α-1, 2- Glycoside Specificity. Enzyme Microb Technol 2022; 158:110039. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2022.110039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Li Q, Ge L, Zheng D, Zhang X, Zhao L. Screening and characterization of a GH78 α-l-rhamnosidase from Aspergillus terreus and its application in the bioconversion of icariin to icaritin with recombinant β-glucosidase. Enzyme Microb Technol 2021; 153:109940. [PMID: 34781207 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a GH78 α-L-rhamnosidase AtRha from Aspergillus terreus CCF3059 was screened and expressed in Pichia pastoris KM71H. The maximum enzyme activity of AtRha was 1000 U/mL after 12 days. AtRha was most active at 65 °C and pH 6.5, displaying excellent thermal stability and pH stability. The kinetic parameters Km, Vmax, kcat and kcat/Km values for pNPR were 0.481 mM, 659 μmol/min·mg, 1065 s-1 and 2214 s-1mM-1, respectively. AtRha could be inhibited by Fe2+, Hg2+ and Cu2+. Moreover, it displayed good tolerance to organic reagents with 52.6% activity in 15%(w/v) methanol. AtRha can hydrolyze icariin containing the α-1 rhamnoside linkage. Furthermore, AtRha and β-glucosidase TthBg3 showed excellent selectivity to cleave the rhamnose at the 3rd position and the glucosyl at the C-7 group of icariin, which established an effective and green method to produce the more pharmacological active icaritin. In addition, the optimal enzyme addition schemes and the reaction conditions were screened and optimized. After a two-stage transformation under optimized conditions, 0.5 g/L of icariin was transformed into 0.25 g/L of icaritin, with a corresponding molar conversion rate of 91.2%. Our findings provide a new, specific and cost-effective method for the production of icaritin in the industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing 210037, China; College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Lin Ge
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing 210037, China; College of Biomedicine, Suzhou Chien-Shiung Institute of Technology, 1 Jiang Xiong Road, Taicang 215411, China
| | - Daiyi Zheng
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Linguo Zhao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing 210037, China; College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing 210037, China.
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Lyu Y, Zeng W, Du G, Chen J, Zhou J. Efficient bioconversion of epimedin C to icariin by a glycosidase from Aspergillus nidulans. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 289:121612. [PMID: 31203178 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Herba Epimedii is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine that contains a mixture of bioactive flavonoid glycosides. Among them, icariin has the most outstanding bioactive functions, while epimedin C exhibits substantial toxicity. A recombinant α-L-rhamnosidase (synAnRhaE) from Aspergillus nidulans was expressed in Escherichia coli to promote the efficient bioconversion of epimedin C to icariin. A hydrolase activity of 574.5 U L-1 was acquired via optimized fed-batch fermentation in a 5-L bioreactor. The enzyme proved to be stable in an acidulous pH range below 55 °C with an optimal pH of 4.5 and optimal temperature of 55 °C. Epimedin C (1 g L-1) was 100% converted to icariin within 90 min using recombinant cells. The resting cells proved to be selective for epimedin C and 2″-O-rhamnosylicariside II in crude extracts of the epimedium plant. This work provides an original and efficient biocatalyst system that can be applied in industrialized production of icariin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunbin Lyu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Weizhu Zeng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Guocheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jian Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
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Li L, Gong J, Wang S, Li G, Gao T, Jiang Z, Cheng YS, Ni H, Li Q. Heterologous Expression and Characterization of a New Clade of Aspergillus α-L-Rhamnosidase Suitable for Citrus Juice Processing. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:2926-2935. [PMID: 30789260 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
α-L-Rhamnosidase is a glycoside hydrolase capable of removing naringin from citrus juice. However, α-L-rhamnosidases always have broad substrate spectra, causing negative effects on citrus juice. In this study, a α-L-rhamnosidase-expressing fungal strain, JMU-TS529, was identified, and its α-L-rhamnosidase was characterized. As a result, JMU-TS529 was identified as Aspergillus tubingensis via morphological and molecular characteristics. The predicted protein sequence shared an amino acid identity of less than 30% with previously characterized α-L-rhamnosidases. The optimal pH and temperature were 4.0 and 50-60 °C, respectively. Most importantly, the α-L-rhamnosidase showed a strong ability to hydrolyze naringin but scarcely acted on other substrates. Furthermore, the enzyme could efficiently remove naringin from pomelo juice without changing its attractive aroma. These results indicate that the present enzyme represents a new clade of Aspergillus α-L-rhamnosidase that is desirable for debittering citrus juice, providing a better alternative for improving the quality of citrus juice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering , Jimei University , Xiamen , Fujian Province 361021 , China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering , Xiamen , Fujian Province 361021 , China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City , Xiamen , Fujian Province 361021 , China
| | - Jianye Gong
- College of Food and Biological Engineering , Jimei University , Xiamen , Fujian Province 361021 , China
| | - Song Wang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering , Jimei University , Xiamen , Fujian Province 361021 , China
| | - Guiling Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering , Jimei University , Xiamen , Fujian Province 361021 , China
| | - Ting Gao
- College of Food and Biological Engineering , Jimei University , Xiamen , Fujian Province 361021 , China
| | - Zedong Jiang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering , Jimei University , Xiamen , Fujian Province 361021 , China
| | - Yi-Sheng Cheng
- Department of Life Science , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
- Institute of Plant Biology , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Hui Ni
- College of Food and Biological Engineering , Jimei University , Xiamen , Fujian Province 361021 , China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering , Xiamen , Fujian Province 361021 , China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City , Xiamen , Fujian Province 361021 , China
| | - Qingbiao Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering , Jimei University , Xiamen , Fujian Province 361021 , China
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The Increase of Flavonoids in Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (PCR) Induced by Fungi Promotes the Increase of Antioxidant Activity. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:2506037. [PMID: 30622593 PMCID: PMC6304648 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2506037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There are thousands of traditional Chinese medicines in China, and they all have to be stored for a period of time for the reason of market price or other factors. But some traditional Chinese medicines especially need to be stored longer, and the clinical efficacy will be better. The cause and mechanism of this phenomenon have attracted much attention in recent years. In this study, we analyze the reason of "the longer storage period the better" of Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (PCR); method of microscopic and molecular identification was used to identify the fungi separated and purified from PCR. The HPLC and UV spectrophotometry methods were used to determine the contents of flavonoids in PCR. The isolated fungi were inoculated into sterile samples to screen the fungi closely related to the change of flavonoids. The results indicate that the strain of Aspergillus niger could obviously promote the contents of flavonoids, and it could also increase the antioxidant effect of PCR. In conclusion, this study explains the reason of "the longer storage period the better" of PCR from the perspective of microbe, proving the beneficial effect of microorganism on the surface of PCR.
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Slámová K, Kapešová J, Valentová K. "Sweet Flavonoids": Glycosidase-Catalyzed Modifications. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2126. [PMID: 30037103 PMCID: PMC6073497 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural flavonoids, especially in their glycosylated forms, are the most abundant phenolic compounds found in plants, fruit, and vegetables. They exhibit a large variety of beneficial physiological effects, which makes them generally interesting in a broad spectrum of scientific areas. In this review, we focus on recent advances in the modifications of the glycosidic parts of various flavonoids employing glycosidases, covering both selective trimming of the sugar moieties and glycosylation of flavonoid aglycones by natural and mutant glycosidases. Glycosylation of flavonoids strongly enhances their water solubility and thus increases their bioavailability. Antioxidant and most biological activities are usually less pronounced in glycosides, but some specific bioactivities are enhanced. The presence of l-rhamnose (6-deoxy-α-l-mannopyranose) in rhamnosides, rutinosides (rutin, hesperidin) and neohesperidosides (naringin) plays an important role in properties of flavonoid glycosides, which can be considered as "pro-drugs". The natural hydrolytic activity of glycosidases is widely employed in biotechnological deglycosylation processes producing respective aglycones or partially deglycosylated flavonoids. Moreover, deglycosylation is quite commonly used in the food industry aiming at the improvement of sensoric properties of beverages such as debittering of citrus juices or enhancement of wine aromas. Therefore, natural and mutant glycosidases are excellent tools for modifications of flavonoid glycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristýna Slámová
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Kapešová
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Kateřina Valentová
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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Li LJ, Wu ZY, Yu Y, Zhang LJ, Zhu YB, Ni H, Chen F. Development and characterization of an α-l-rhamnosidase mutant with improved thermostability and a higher efficiency for debittering orange juice. Food Chem 2017; 245:1070-1078. [PMID: 29287324 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The glycoside hydrolase, α-l-rhamnosidase, could remove the bitter taste of naringin from citrus juices. However, most α-l-rhamnosidases are easily deactivated at high temperatures, limiting the practice in debittering citrus juices. The V529A mutant of the α-l-rhamnosidase r-Rha1 from Aspergillus niger JMU-TS528 was developed with improved thermostability using directed evolution technology and site-directed mutagenesis. The enzyme mutant had a half-live of thermal inactivation T(1/2) of 1.92 h, 25.00 min, and 2 min at 60, 65, and 70 °C, respectively. In addition, it had improved substrate affinity and better resistance to the inhibition of glucose. The improved substrate affinity was related to its lowered binding energy. Most significantly, the naringin content was reduced to below the bitter taste threshold by treatment with 75 U/mL of the mutant during the preheating process of orange juice production. The comprehensive results indicate that thermostability improvement could promote the practical value of α-l-rhamnosidase in citrus juice processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Jun Li
- College of Food and Biology Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian Province 361021, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Xiamen, Fujian Province 361021, China; Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, Fujian Province 361021, China
| | - Zhe Yu Wu
- College of Food and Biology Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian Province 361021, China
| | - Yue Yu
- College of Food and Biology Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian Province 361021, China
| | - Lu Jia Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 201100, China
| | - Yan Bing Zhu
- College of Food and Biology Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian Province 361021, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Xiamen, Fujian Province 361021, China; Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, Fujian Province 361021, China
| | - Hui Ni
- College of Food and Biology Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian Province 361021, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Xiamen, Fujian Province 361021, China; Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, Fujian Province 361021, China.
| | - Feng Chen
- College of Food and Biology Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian Province 361021, China; Department of Food, Nutrition and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
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Dahlin P, Müller MC, Ekengren S, McKee LS, Bulone V. The Impact of Steroidal Glycoalkaloids on the Physiology of Phytophthora infestans, the Causative Agent of Potato Late Blight. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2017; 30:531-542. [PMID: 28510502 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-16-0186-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) are plant secondary metabolites known to be toxic to animals and humans and that have putative roles in defense against pests. The proposed mechanisms of SGA toxicity are sterol-mediated disruption of membranes and inhibition of cholinesterase activity in neurons. It has been suggested that phytopathogenic microorganisms can overcome SGA toxicity by enzymatic deglycosylation of SGAs. Here, we have explored SGA-mediated toxicity toward the invasive oomycete Phytophthora infestans, the causative agent of the late blight disease in potato and tomato, as well as the potential for SGA deglycosylation by this species. Our growth studies indicate that solanidine, the nonglycosylated precursor of the potato SGAs α-chaconine and α-solanine, has a greater physiological impact than its glycosylated forms. All of these compounds were incorporated into the mycelium, but only solanidine could strongly inhibit the growth of P. infestans in liquid culture. Genes encoding several glycoside hydrolases with potential activity on SGAs were identified in the genome of P. infestans and were shown to be expressed. However, we found no indication that deglycosylation of SGAs takes place. We present additional evidence for apparent host-specific adaptation to potato SGAs and assess all results in terms of future pathogen management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Dahlin
- 1 Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- 2 Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marion C Müller
- 1 Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- 2 Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sophia Ekengren
- 1 Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- 2 Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lauren S McKee
- 1 Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- 3 Wallenberg Wood Science Centre, Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Vincent Bulone
- 1 Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- 4 ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA 5064 Australia
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Yang P, Zhang H, Cao L, Zheng Z, Jiang S. Construction of Aspergillus niger integrated with cellulase gene from Ampullaria gigas Spix for improved enzyme production and saccharification of alkaline-pretreated rice straw. 3 Biotech 2016; 6:236. [PMID: 28330308 PMCID: PMC5095100 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-016-0545-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus niger is an important microorganism that has been used for decades to produce extracellular enzymes. In this study, a novel Aspergillus niger strain integrated with a eukaryotic expression vector harboring the gpd-Shi promoter of shiitake mushrooms and cellulase gene of Ampullaria gigas Spix was engineered to improve cellulase production for the achievement of highly efficient saccharification of agricultural residues. In one strain, designated ACShi27, which exhibited the highest total cellulase expression, total cellulase, endoglucanase, exoglucanase, and xylanase expression levels were 1.73, 16.23, 17.73, and 150.83 U ml−1, respectively; these values were 14.5, 22.3, 24.6, and 17.3% higher than those of the wild-type Aspergillus niger M85 using wheat bran as an induction substrate. Production of cellulases and xylanase by solid-state fermentation followed by in situ saccharification of ACShi27 was investigated with alkaline-pretreated rice straw as a substrate. After 2 days of enzyme induction at 30 °C, followed by 48 h of saccharification at 50 °C, the conversion rate of carbon polymers into reducing sugar reached 293.2 mg g−1, which was 1.23-fold higher than that of the wild-type strain. The expression of sestc in Aspergillus niger can improve the total cellulase and xylanase activity and synergism, thereby enhancing the lignocellulose in situ saccharification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peizhou Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agricultural Products, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agricultural Products, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Lili Cao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agricultural Products, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Zhi Zheng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agricultural Products, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Shaotong Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agricultural Products, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
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Li L, Yu Y, Zhang X, Jiang Z, Zhu Y, Xiao A, Ni H, Chen F. Expression and biochemical characterization of recombinant α-l-rhamnosidase r-Rha1 from Aspergillus niger JMU-TS528. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 85:391-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.12.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Spohner SC, Zahn D, Schaum V, Quitmann H, Czermak P. Recombinant α- l -rhamnosidase from Aspergillus terreus in selective trimming of α- l -rhamnose from steviol glycosides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Bhattacharya AS, Bhattacharya A, Pletschke BI. Synergism of fungal and bacterial cellulases and hemicellulases: a novel perspective for enhanced bio-ethanol production. Biotechnol Lett 2015; 37:1117-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-015-1779-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Rabausch U, Ilmberger N, Streit W. The metagenome-derived enzyme RhaB opens a new subclass of bacterial B type α-l-rhamnosidases. J Biotechnol 2014; 191:38-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Pardo E, Orejas M. The Aspergillus nidulans Zn(II)2Cys6 transcription factor AN5673/RhaR mediates L-rhamnose utilization and the production of α-L-rhamnosidases. Microb Cell Fact 2014; 13:161. [PMID: 25416526 PMCID: PMC4245848 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-014-0161-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various plant-derived substrates contain L-rhamnose that can be assimilated by many fungi and its liberation is catalyzed by α-L-rhamnosidases. Initial data obtained in our laboratory focussing on two Aspergillus nidulans α-L-rhamnosidase genes (rhaA and rhaE) showed α-L-rhamnosidase production to be tightly controlled at the level of transcription by the carbon source available. Whilst induction is effected by L-rhamnose, unlike many other glycosyl hydrolase genes repression by glucose and other carbon sources occurs in a manner independent of CreA. To date regulatory genes affecting L-rhamnose utilization and the production of enzymes that yield L-rhamnose as a product have not been identified in A. nidulans. The purpose of the present study is to characterize the corresponding α-L-rhamnosidase transactivator. RESULTS In this study we have identified the rhaR gene in A. nidulans and Neurospora crassa (AN5673, NCU9033) encoding a putative Zn(II)2Cys6 DNA-binding protein. Genetic evidence indicates that its product acts in a positive manner to induce transcription of the A. nidulans L-rhamnose regulon. rhaR-deleted mutants showed reduced ability to induce expression of the α-L-rhamnosidase genes rhaA and rhaE and concomitant reduction in α-L-rhamnosidase production. The rhaR deletion phenotype also results in a significant reduction in growth on L-rhamnose that correlates with reduced expression of the L-rhamnonate dehydratase catabolic gene lraC (AN5672). Gel mobility shift assays revealed RhaR to be a DNA binding protein recognizing a partially symmetrical CGG-X11-CCG sequence within the rhaA promoter. Expression of rhaR alone is insufficient for induction since its mRNA accumulates even in the absence of L-rhamnose, therefore the presence of both functional RhaR and L-rhamnose are absolutely required. In N. crassa, deletion of rhaR also impairs growth on L-rhamnose. CONCLUSIONS To define key elements of the L-rhamnose regulatory circuit, we characterized a DNA-binding Zn(II)2Cys6 transcription factor (RhaR) that regulates L-rhamnose induction of α-L-rhamnosidases and the pathway for its catabolism in A. nidulans, thus extending the list of fungal regulators of genes encoding plant cell wall polysaccharide degrading enzymes. These findings can be expected to provide valuable information for modulating α-L-rhamnosidase production and L-rhamnose utilization in fungi and could eventually have implications in fungal pathogenesis and pectin biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Pardo
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATA-CSIC), Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia Spain
| | - Margarita Orejas
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATA-CSIC), Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia Spain
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Cryptococcus gattii in North American Pacific Northwest: whole-population genome analysis provides insights into species evolution and dispersal. mBio 2014; 5:e01464-14. [PMID: 25028429 PMCID: PMC4161256 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01464-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of distinct populations of Cryptococcus gattii in the temperate North American Pacific Northwest (PNW) was surprising, as this species was previously thought to be confined to tropical and semitropical regions. Beyond a new habitat niche, the dominant emergent population displayed increased virulence and caused primary pulmonary disease, as opposed to the predominantly neurologic disease seen previously elsewhere. Whole-genome sequencing was performed on 118 C. gattii isolates, including the PNW subtypes and the global diversity of molecular type VGII, to better ascertain the natural source and genomic adaptations leading to the emergence of infection in the PNW. Overall, the VGII population was highly diverse, demonstrating large numbers of mutational and recombinational events; however, the three dominant subtypes from the PNW were of low diversity and were completely clonal. Although strains of VGII were found on at least five continents, all genetic subpopulations were represented or were most closely related to strains from South America. The phylogenetic data are consistent with multiple dispersal events from South America to North America and elsewhere. Numerous gene content differences were identified between the emergent clones and other VGII lineages, including genes potentially related to habitat adaptation, virulence, and pathology. Evidence was also found for possible gene introgression from Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii that is rarely seen in global C. gattii but that was present in all PNW populations. These findings provide greater understanding of C. gattii evolution in North America and support extensive evolution in, and dispersal from, South America. Cryptococcus gattii emerged in the temperate North American Pacific Northwest (PNW) in the late 1990s. Beyond a new environmental niche, these emergent populations displayed increased virulence and resulted in a different pattern of clinical disease. In particular, severe pulmonary infections predominated in contrast to presentation with neurologic disease as seen previously elsewhere. We employed population-level whole-genome sequencing and analysis to explore the genetic relationships and gene content of the PNW C. gattii populations. We provide evidence that the PNW strains originated from South America and identified numerous genes potentially related to habitat adaptation, virulence expression, and clinical presentation. Characterization of these genetic features may lead to improved diagnostics and therapies for such fungal infections. The data indicate that there were multiple recent introductions of C. gattii into the PNW. Public health vigilance is warranted for emergence in regions where C. gattii is not thought to be endemic.
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