1
|
Vladimirov M, Zhang RX, Mak S, Nodwell JR, Davidson AR. A contractile injection system is required for developmentally regulated cell death in Streptomyces coelicolor. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1469. [PMID: 36927736 PMCID: PMC10020575 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37087-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Diverse bacterial species produce extracellular contractile injection systems (eCISs). Although closely related to contractile phage tails, eCISs can inject toxic proteins into eukaryotic cells. Thus, these systems are commonly viewed as cytotoxic defense mechanisms that are not central to other aspects of bacterial biology. Here, we provide evidence that eCISs appear to participate in the complex developmental process of the bacterium Streptomyces coelicolor. In particular, we show that S. coelicolor produces eCIS particles during its normal growth cycle, and that strains lacking functional eCIS particles exhibit pronounced alterations in their developmental program. Furthermore, eCIS-deficient mutants display reduced levels of cell death and altered morphology during growth in liquid media. Our results suggest that the main role of eCISs in S. coelicolor is to modulate the developmental switch that leads to aerial hyphae formation and sporulation, rather than to attack other species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vladimirov
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ruo Xi Zhang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stefanie Mak
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Justin R Nodwell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alan R Davidson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kumar K, Bruheim P. Nutrient-depended metabolic switching during batch cultivation of Streptomyces coelicolor explored with absolute quantitative mass spectrometry-based metabolite profiling. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:80. [PMID: 35242495 PMCID: PMC8882213 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03146-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The well-known secondary metabolite-producing bacterium Streptomyces coelicolor is a natural choice for the development of super-hosts optimized for the heterologous expression of antibiotic biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs). In this study, we used S. coelicolor M145 and its derivative strain M1146 where all active BGCs have been deleted and generated high-resolution quantitative time series metabolite profiles under two cultivation conditions (phosphate and nitrogen limitation to cease growth and trigger secondary metabolism). Five targeted LC-MS/MS-based methods were used to quantify intracellular primary metabolites covering phosphorylated metabolites, amino acids, organic acids, (deoxy) nucleoside/sugar phosphates, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), and Coenzyme A (CoA). The nitrogen limitation resulted in a sharp decline in respiration and an immediate drop in the cell mass concentration. Intracellularly, a reduction in the level of the metabolites next to α-ketoglutarate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and a decrease in the NADH pool were among the most prominent adaptation to this nutrient limitation. Phosphate limitation evoked a different adaptation of the metabolite pools as most of the phosphorylated metabolite pools except 6-phosphogluconic acid (6PG) pool were downregulated. 13C-isotope-labeling experiments revealed the simultaneous activity of both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis during the co-utilization of glucose and glutamate. The S. coelicolor M1146 strain had similar time-series metabolite profile dynamics as the parent M145 strain, except for a visibly increased 6PG pool in the stationary phase. In general, the nutrient limitation had a larger effect on the metabolite pool levels than the absence of secondary metabolite production in M1146. This study provides new insight into the primary carbon metabolism and its link to the secondary metabolism which is needed for further optimization of both super-host genotype and cultivation conditions. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-022-03146-x.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kanhaiya Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Per Bruheim
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kotenkova E, Bataeva D, Minaev M, Zaiko E. Application of EvaGreen for the assessment of Listeria monocytogenes АТСС 13932 cell viability using flow cytometry. AIMS Microbiol 2019; 5:39-47. [PMID: 31384701 PMCID: PMC6646934 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2019.1.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Determination of eukaryotic cell viability using flow cytometry is widespread and based on the use of fluorescent dyes such as SYTO, DAPI, SYBR, PI, and SYTOX. For many years, traditional microbiological methods have been used to successfully analyze prokaryotic cells, but the application of flow cytometry should be considered because it provides an opportunity for quantitative assessment. A combination of SYTO 9 or SYBR green and PI has been used successfully. DNA-binding dyes such as SYTO 9, SYBR green, and EvaGreen are used in qPCR. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of EvaGreen to determine the viability of Listeria monocytogenes АТСС 13932 cells using flow cytometry. RNA from Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 was isolated using the MagNA Pure LC RNA Isolation Kit-High Performance (Roche, Germany) according to the kit instructions on MagNA Pure LC® 2.0 (Roche, Switzerland). Chicken DNA was isolated using the Sorb-GMO-B kit (Syntol CJSC, Russia) according to the kit instructions. RNA from E. coli ATCC 25922, chicken DNA, a positive control, and a negative control of L. monocytogenes АТСС 13932 were stained with EvaGreen and analyzed on the Guava EasyCyte flow cytometer (Merck Millipore, Germany). Chicken DNA demonstrated both green and red fluorescence, while E. coli RNA displayed only red fluorescence. While the positive L. monocytogenes АТСС 13932 control and chicken DNA demonstrated similar fluorescence properties, the negative control showed a localization similar to that observed with E. coli RNA. Degraded ssDNA and RNA stained with EvaGreen demonstrated red fluorescence. Although EvaGreen is a class III dye, we observed fluorescence of live L. monocytogenes АТСС 13932 cells in the positive control stained with EvaGreen. The observed phenomenon was linked to the solution composition. It is necessary to repeat this analysis with various solution compositions as well as a wide range of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria to determine the effects on cell envelope permeability of EvaGreen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Kotenkova
- V.M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of RAS, 109316, Talalikhina St., 26, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dagmara Bataeva
- V.M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of RAS, 109316, Talalikhina St., 26, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Minaev
- V.M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of RAS, 109316, Talalikhina St., 26, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Zaiko
- V.M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of RAS, 109316, Talalikhina St., 26, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Podduturi R, Jørgensen NOG. Conidia-based fluorescence quantification of Streptomyces. J Microbiol Methods 2018; 153:104-107. [PMID: 30244124 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Determination of cell numbers in filamentous bacteria, such as Streptomyces, is challenging due to the tangled and twisted structure of the filaments and formation of cell clumps in liquid cultures. Here, we developed a conidia-based approach, in which fluorescence of conidia, after staining with the DNA-binding stain SYBR Green 1, was related to SYBR Green 1 fluorescence of DNA in Streptomyces. When cell number in Streptomyces filaments, determined by the conidia assay, was compared to number obtained by a qPCR assay, 34 to 62% of cells in the Streptomyces filaments were recovered. The difference in numbers probably reflects an insufficient extraction of DNA from the Gram-positive bacteria, rather than underestimation of the actual cell number by the conidia-based determination. The conidia-based approach appears to be a fast and reliable procedure for counting cell numbers in Streptomyces filaments but it can also be used for other filamentous bacteria, if proper standard curves can be made.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raju Podduturi
- Section of Microbial Ecology and Biotechnology, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Niels O G Jørgensen
- Section of Microbial Ecology and Biotechnology, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Streptomyces Differentiation in Liquid Cultures as a Trigger of Secondary Metabolism. Antibiotics (Basel) 2018; 7:antibiotics7020041. [PMID: 29757948 PMCID: PMC6022995 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics7020041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptomyces is a diverse group of gram-positive microorganisms characterised by a complex developmental cycle. Streptomycetes produce a number of antibiotics and other bioactive compounds used in the clinic. Most screening campaigns looking for new bioactive molecules from actinomycetes have been performed empirically, e.g., without considering whether the bacteria are growing under the best developmental conditions for secondary metabolite production. These screening campaigns were extremely productive and discovered a number of new bioactive compounds during the so-called “golden age of antibiotics” (until the 1980s). However, at present, there is a worrying bottleneck in drug discovery, and new experimental approaches are needed to improve the screening of natural actinomycetes. Streptomycetes are still the most important natural source of antibiotics and other bioactive compounds. They harbour many cryptic secondary metabolite pathways not expressed under classical laboratory cultures. Here, we review the new strategies that are being explored to overcome current challenges in drug discovery. In particular, we focus on those aimed at improving the differentiation of the antibiotic-producing mycelium stage in the laboratory.
Collapse
|
6
|
Filippova SN, Vinogradova KA. Programmed cell death as one of the stages of streptomycete differentiation. Microbiology (Reading) 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261717040075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
7
|
Yagüe P, Rodríguez-García A, López-García MT, Rioseras B, Martín JF, Sánchez J, Manteca A. Transcriptomic analysis of liquid non-sporulating Streptomyces coelicolor cultures demonstrates the existence of a complex differentiation comparable to that occurring in solid sporulating cultures. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86296. [PMID: 24466012 PMCID: PMC3897704 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptomyces species produce many clinically relevant secondary metabolites and exhibit a complex development that includes hyphal differentiation and sporulation in solid cultures. Industrial fermentations are usually performed in liquid cultures, conditions in which Streptomyces strains generally do not sporulate, and it was traditionally assumed that no differentiation took place. The aim of this work was to compare the transcriptomes of S. coelicolor growing in liquid and solid cultures, deepening the knowledge of Streptomyces differentiation. Microarrays demonstrated that gene expression in liquid and solid cultures were comparable and data indicated that physiological differentiation was similar for both conditions. Eighty-six percent of all transcripts showed similar abundances in liquid and solid cultures, such as those involved in the biosynthesis of actinorhodin (actVA, actII-4) and undecylprodigiosin (redF); activation of secondary metabolism (absR1, ndsA); genes regulating hydrophobic cover formation (aerial mycelium) (bldB, bldC, bldM, bldN, sapA, chpC, chpD, chpE, chpH, ramA, ramC, ramS); and even some genes regulating early stages of sporulation (wblA, whiG, whiH, whiJ). The two most important differences between transcriptomes from liquid and solid cultures were: first, genes related to secondary metabolite biosynthesis (CDA, CPK, coelichelin, desferrioxamine clusters) were highly up-regulated in liquid but not in solid cultures; and second, genes involved in the final stages of hydrophobic cover/spore maturation (chpF, rdlA, whiE, sfr) were up-regulated in solid but not in liquid cultures. New information was also provided for several non-characterized genes differentially expressed in liquid and solid cultures which might be regulating, at least in part, the metabolic and developmental differences observed between liquid and solid cultures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Yagüe
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional and IUOPA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - María Teresa López-García
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional and IUOPA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Beatriz Rioseras
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional and IUOPA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Juan Francisco Martín
- Instituto de Biotecnología de León, INBIOTEC, Parque Científico de León, León, Spain
| | - Jesús Sánchez
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional and IUOPA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Angel Manteca
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional and IUOPA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Recent advances in recombinant protein expression by Corynebacterium, Brevibacterium, and Streptomyces: from transcription and translation regulation to secretion pathway selection. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:9597-608. [PMID: 24068337 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5250-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gram-positive bacteria are widely used to produce recombinant proteins, amino acids, organic acids, higher alcohols, and polymers. Many proteins have been expressed in Gram-positive hosts such as Corynebacterium, Brevibacterium, and Streptomyces. The favorable and advantageous characteristics (e.g., high secretion capacity and efficient production of metabolic products) of these species have increased the biotechnological applications of bacteria. However, owing to multiplicity from genes encoding the proteins and expression hosts, the expression of recombinant proteins is limited in Gram-positive bacteria. Because there is a very recent review about protein expression in Bacillus subtilis, here we summarize recent strategies for efficient expression of recombinant proteins in the other three typical Gram-positive bacteria (Corynebacterium, Brevibacterium, and Streptomyces) and discuss future prospects. We hope that this review will contribute to the development of recombinant protein expression in Corynebacterium, Brevibacterium, and Streptomyces.
Collapse
|
9
|
Singh KP, Mahendra AL, Jayaraj V, Wangikar PP, Jadhav S. Distribution of live and dead cells in pellets of an actinomycete Amycolatopsis balhimycina and its correlation with balhimycin productivity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-012-1215-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Secondary metabolites such as antibiotics are typically produced by actinomycetes as a response to growth limiting stress conditions. Several studies have shown that secondary metabolite production is correlated with changes observed in actinomycete pellet morphology. Therefore, we investigated the correlation between the production of balhimycin and the spatio-temporal distribution of live and dead cells in pellets of Amycolatopsis balhimycina in submerged cultures. To this end, we used laser scanning confocal microscopy to analyze pellets from balhimycin producing and nonproducing media containing 0.2 and 1.0 g l−1 of potassium di-hydrogen phosphate, respectively. We observed a substantially higher fraction of live cells in pellets from cultures yielding larger amounts of balhimycin. Moreover, in media that resulted in no balhimycin production, the pellets exhibit an initial death phase which commences from the centre of the pellet and extends in the radial direction. A second growth phase was observed in these pellets, where live mycelia are seen to appear in the dead core of the pellets. This secondary growth was absent in pellets from media producing higher amounts of balhimycin. These results suggest that distribution of live and dead cells and its correlation with antibiotic production in the non-sporulating A. balhimycina differs markedly than that observed in Streptomycetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamaleshwar P Singh
- grid.417971.d 0000000121987527 Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering Indian Institute of Technology Bombay 400076 Powai Mumbai India
| | - Amit L Mahendra
- grid.417971.d 0000000121987527 Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Bombay 400076 Powai Mumbai India
| | - Vibha Jayaraj
- grid.417971.d 0000000121987527 Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Bombay 400076 Powai Mumbai India
| | - Pramod P Wangikar
- grid.417971.d 0000000121987527 Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Bombay 400076 Powai Mumbai India
| | - Sameer Jadhav
- grid.417971.d 0000000121987527 Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Bombay 400076 Powai Mumbai India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Improvement of transglutaminase production by extending differentiation phase of Streptomyces hygroscopicus: mechanism and application. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:7711-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4614-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
11
|
Sanchez J, Yague P, Manteca A. New Insights in Streptomyces Fermentations. FERMENTATION TECHNOLOGY 2012; 1. [PMID: 24143295 DOI: 10.4172/2167-7972.1000e105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Sanchez
- Area of Microbiology, Department of Functional Biology and IUBA, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wentzel A, Sletta H, Consortium S, Ellingsen TE, Bruheim P. Intracellular Metabolite Pool Changes in Response to Nutrient Depletion Induced Metabolic Switching in Streptomyces coelicolor. Metabolites 2012; 2:178-94. [PMID: 24957373 PMCID: PMC3901196 DOI: 10.3390/metabo2010178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A metabolite profiling study of the antibiotic producing bacterium Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) has been performed. The aim of this study was to monitor intracellular metabolite pool changes occurring as strains of S. coelicolor react to nutrient depletion with metabolic re-modeling, so-called metabolic switching, and transition from growth to secondary metabolite production phase. Two different culture media were applied, providing depletion of the key nutrients phosphate and L-glutamate, respectively, as the triggers for metabolic switching. Targeted GC-MS and LC-MS methods were employed to quantify important primary metabolite groups like amino acids, organic acids, sugar phosphates and other phosphorylated metabolites, and nucleotides in time-course samples withdrawn from fully-controlled batch fermentations. A general decline, starting already in the early growth phase, was observed for nucleotide pools and phosphorylated metabolite pools for both the phosphate and glutamate limited cultures. The change in amino acid and organic acid pools were more scattered, especially in the phosphate limited situation while a general decrease in amino acid and non-amino organic acid pools was observed in the L-glutamate limited situation. A phoP deletion mutant showed basically the same metabolite pool changes as the wild-type strain M145 when cultivated on phosphate limited medium. This implies that the inactivation of the phoP gene has only little effect on the detected metabolite levels in the cell. The energy charge was found to be relatively constant during growth, transition and secondary metabolite production phase. The results of this study and the employed targeted metabolite profiling methodology are directly relevant for the evaluation of precursor metabolite and energy supply for both natural and heterologous production of secondary metabolites in S. coelicolor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Wentzel
- Department of Biotechnology, SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, Sem Sælandsvei 2a, N-7465 Trondheim, Norway; Emails: (H.S.); (T.E.E.)
- Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælandsvei 6/8, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway; (P.B.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +47-9320-0776; Fax: +47-7359-6995
| | - Havard Sletta
- Department of Biotechnology, SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, Sem Sælandsvei 2a, N-7465 Trondheim, Norway; Emails: (H.S.); (T.E.E.)
| | - Stream Consortium
- Coordinator: E. M. H. Wellington, Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK;
| | - Trond E. Ellingsen
- Department of Biotechnology, SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, Sem Sælandsvei 2a, N-7465 Trondheim, Norway; Emails: (H.S.); (T.E.E.)
| | - Per Bruheim
- Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælandsvei 6/8, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway; (P.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yagüe P, Lopez-Garcia MT, Rioseras B, Sanchez J, Manteca A. New insights on the development of Streptomyces and their relationships with secondary metabolite production. CURRENT TRENDS IN MICROBIOLOGY 2012; 8:65-73. [PMID: 24707121 PMCID: PMC3972883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Streptomycetes are very important industrial bacteria, which produce two thirds of all clinically relevant secondary metabolites. Furthermore, they produce large numbers of eukaryotic cell differentiation and apoptosis inducers. Streptomyces is a mycelial soil bacterium characterized by a complex developmental cycle that includes programmed cell death (PCD) phenomena and sporulation in solid cultures. Industrial fermentations are usually performed in liquid cultures, conditions in which Streptomyces strains generally do not sporulate, and it was traditionally assumed that there was no differentiation. Recently, novel aspects concerning differentiation during the presporulation phases were described in solid and liquid cultures, as well as in natural soils. In this review, we analyze the status of knowledge regarding the above-named aspects of Streptomyces differentiation and their relationships with secondary metabolite production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Yagüe
- Area de Microbiologia, Departamento de Biologia Funcional and IUBA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - M T Lopez-Garcia
- Area de Microbiologia, Departamento de Biologia Funcional and IUBA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - B Rioseras
- Area de Microbiologia, Departamento de Biologia Funcional and IUBA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - J Sanchez
- Area de Microbiologia, Departamento de Biologia Funcional and IUBA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - A Manteca
- Area de Microbiologia, Departamento de Biologia Funcional and IUBA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Manteca A, Ye J, Sánchez J, Jensen ON. Phosphoproteome analysis of Streptomyces development reveals extensive protein phosphorylation accompanying bacterial differentiation. J Proteome Res 2011; 10:5481-92. [PMID: 21999169 DOI: 10.1021/pr200762y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Streptomycetes are bacterial species that undergo a complex developmental cycle that includes programmed cell death (PCD) events and sporulation. They are widely used in biotechnology because they produce most clinically relevant secondary metabolites. Although Streptomyces coelicolor is one of the bacteria encoding the largest number of eukaryotic type kinases, the biological role of protein phosphorylation in this bacterium has not been extensively studied before. In this issue, the variations of the phosphoproteome of S. coelicolor were characterized. Most distinct Ser/Thr/Tyr phosphorylation events were detected during the presporulation and sporulation stages (80%). Most of these phosphorylations were not reported before in Streptomyces, and included sporulation factors, transcriptional regulators, protein kinases and other regulatory proteins. Several of the identified phosphorylated proteins, FtsZ, DivIVA, and FtsH2, were previously demonstrated to be involved in the sporulation process. We thus established for the first time the widespread occurrence and dynamic features of Ser/Thr/Tyr protein phosphorylation in a bacteria species and also revealed a previously unrecognized phosphorylation motif "x(pT)xEx".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angel Manteca
- Area de Microbiologia, Departamento de Biologia Funcional and IUBA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|