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Aranda YN, Bhatt P, Ates N, Engel BA, Simsek H. Cyanophage-cyanobacterial interactions for sustainable aquatic environment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 229:115728. [PMID: 36966999 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are a type of bloom-forming phytoplankton that cause environmental problems in aquatic ecosystems worldwide. Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (cyanoHAB) often produce cyanotoxins that affect public health by contaminating surface waters and drinking water reservoirs. Conventional drinking water treatment plants are ineffective in treating cyanotoxins, even though some treatment methods are available. Therefore, innovative and advanced treatment methods are required to control cyanoHABs and their cyanotoxins. The goal of this review paper is to provide insight into the use of cyanophages as an effective form of biological control method for the removal of cyanoHABs in aquatic systems. Moreover, the review contains information on cyanobacterial blooms, cyanophage-cyanobacteria interactions, including infection mechanisms, as well as examples of different types of cyanobacteria and cyanophages. Moreover, the real-life application of cyanophages in marine and freshwater environments and the mode of action of cyanophages were compiled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanys Nadir Aranda
- Department of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA
| | - Pankaj Bhatt
- Department of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA
| | - Nuray Ates
- Department of Environmental Engineering Department, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkiye
| | - Bernard A Engel
- Department of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA
| | - Halis Simsek
- Department of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA.
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2
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A Review of Cyanophage–Host Relationships: Highlighting Cyanophages as a Potential Cyanobacteria Control Strategy. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14060385. [PMID: 35737046 PMCID: PMC9229316 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14060385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are naturally occurring phenomena, and cyanobacteria are the most commonly occurring HABs in freshwater systems. Cyanobacteria HABs (cyanoHABs) negatively affect ecosystems and drinking water resources through the production of potent toxins. Furthermore, the frequency, duration, and distribution of cyanoHABs are increasing, and conditions that favor cyanobacteria growth are predicted to increase in the coming years. Current methods for mitigating cyanoHABs are generally short-lived and resource-intensive, and have negative impacts on non-target species. Cyanophages (viruses that specifically target cyanobacteria) have the potential to provide a highly specific control strategy with minimal impacts on non-target species and propagation in the environment. A detailed review (primarily up to 2020) of cyanophage lifecycle, diversity, and factors influencing infectivity is provided in this paper, along with a discussion of cyanophage and host cyanobacteria relationships for seven prominent cyanoHAB-forming genera in North America, including: Synechococcus, Microcystis, Dolichospermum, Aphanizomenon, Cylindrospermopsis, Planktothrix, and Lyngbya. Lastly, factors affecting the potential application of cyanophages as a cyanoHAB control strategy are discussed, including efficacy considerations, optimization, and scalability for large-scale applications.
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3
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Growth characteristics of lytic cyanophages newly isolated from the Nakdong River, Korea. Virus Res 2021; 306:198600. [PMID: 34648883 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cyanophages are primary regulators of cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CyanoHABs), and they control host cyanobacterial dynamics, frequency, and diversity in the aquatic environment. This study deals with growth characteristics of three lytic cyanophages, Myoviridae AGM-1, Myoviridae NGM-1, and Podoviridae NDP-1, newly isolated from the Nakdong River in South Korea. These isolates are capable of infecting Amazoninema brasiliense, Nododsilinea nodulosa, and Nostoc sp. The results showed that abiotic parameters such as water temperature and pH balance significantly affect the growth of a cyanophage and the interaction with its host in the aquatic environment. The optimal growth conditions of the newly isolated cyanophages are less than 37 °C and pH 9, whereas optimal conditions are 25-30 °C and pH 7 for the cyanobacteria used as hosts. However, each cyanophage was found to have significantly different growth characteristics in phage titer, latent period, and burst size, depending on the characteristics of the species. Among the three cyanophages, Podoviridae NDP-1 showed the highest burst size and infection activity. The lower the designed multiplicity of infection (MOI) ratio (0.01 to 10), the longer it takes to lyse the host cells. The minimum MOI value for sustainable biocontrol of CyanoHABs is proposed as MOI=1. These results can be used as basic information in further studies, such as pyophage control of CyanoHABs and enrichment of cyanophages with high activity.
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Guo M, Gao Y, Xue Y, Liu Y, Zeng X, Cheng Y, Ma J, Wang H, Sun J, Wang Z, Yan Y. Bacteriophage Cocktails Protect Dairy Cows Against Mastitis Caused By Drug Resistant Escherichia coli Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:690377. [PMID: 34222051 PMCID: PMC8248792 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.690377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mastitis caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli) remains a threat to dairy animals and impacts animal welfare and causes great economic loss. Furthermore, antibiotic resistance and the lagged development of novel antibacterial drugs greatly challenge the livestock industry. Phage therapy has regained attention. In this study, three lytic phages, termed vB_EcoM_SYGD1 (SYGD1), vB_EcoP_SYGE1 (SYGE1), and vB_EcoM_SYGMH1 (SYGMH1), were isolated from sewage of dairy farm. The three phages showed a broad host range and high bacteriolytic efficiency against E. coli from different sources. Genome sequence and transmission electron microscope analysis revealed that SYGD1 and SYGMH1 belong to the Myoviridae, and SYGE1 belong to the Autographiviridae of the order Caudovirales. All three phages remained stable under a wide range of temperatures or pH and were almost unaffected in chloroform. Specially, a mastitis infected cow model, which challenged by a drug resistant E. coli, was used to evaluate the efficacy of phages. The results showed that the cocktails consists of three phages significantly reduced the number of bacteria, somatic cells, and inflammatory factors, alleviated the symptoms of mastitis in cattle, and achieved the same effect as antibiotic treatment. Overall, our study demonstrated that phage cocktail may be a promising alternative therapy against mastitis caused by drug resistant E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Guo
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya Gao
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yibing Xue
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanping Liu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zeng
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuqiang Cheng
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjiao Ma
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Shanghai, China
| | - Hengan Wang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhe Sun
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaofei Wang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaxian Yan
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Shanghai, China
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5
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Zablocki O, van Zyl LJ, Kirby B, Trindade M. Diversity of dsDNA Viruses in a South African Hot Spring Assessed by Metagenomics and Microscopy. Viruses 2017; 9:E348. [PMID: 29156552 PMCID: PMC5707555 DOI: 10.3390/v9110348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The current view of virus diversity in terrestrial hot springs is limited to a few sampling sites. To expand our current understanding of hot spring viral community diversity, this study aimed to investigate the first African hot spring (Brandvlei hot spring; 60 °C, pH 5.7) by means of electron microscopy and sequencing of the virus fraction. Microscopy analysis revealed a mixture of regular- and 'jumbo'-sized tailed morphotypes (Caudovirales), lemon-shaped virions (Fuselloviridae-like; salterprovirus-like) and pleiomorphic virus-like particles. Metavirome analysis corroborated the presence of His1-like viruses and has expanded the current clade of salterproviruses using a polymerase B gene phylogeny. The most represented viral contig was to a cyanophage genome fragment, which may underline basic ecosystem functioning provided by these viruses. Furthermore, a putative Gemmata-related phage was assembled with high coverage, a previously undocumented phage-host association. This study demonstrated that a moderately thermophilic spring environment contained a highly novel pool of viruses and should encourage future characterization of a wider temperature range of hot springs throughout the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Zablocki
- Institute for Microbial Biotechnology and Metagenomics, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, 7535 Bellville, South Africa.
| | - Leonardo Joaquim van Zyl
- Institute for Microbial Biotechnology and Metagenomics, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, 7535 Bellville, South Africa.
| | - Bronwyn Kirby
- Institute for Microbial Biotechnology and Metagenomics, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, 7535 Bellville, South Africa.
| | - Marla Trindade
- Institute for Microbial Biotechnology and Metagenomics, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, 7535 Bellville, South Africa.
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6
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Gao EB, Huang Y, Ning D. Metabolic Genes within Cyanophage Genomes: Implications for Diversity and Evolution. Genes (Basel) 2016; 7:genes7100080. [PMID: 27690109 PMCID: PMC5083919 DOI: 10.3390/genes7100080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanophages, a group of viruses specifically infecting cyanobacteria, are genetically diverse and extensively abundant in water environments. As a result of selective pressure, cyanophages often acquire a range of metabolic genes from host genomes. The host-derived genes make a significant contribution to the ecological success of cyanophages. In this review, we summarize the host-derived metabolic genes, as well as their origin and roles in cyanophage evolution and important host metabolic pathways, such as the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, the pentose phosphate pathway, nutrient acquisition and nucleotide biosynthesis. We also discuss the suitability of the host-derived metabolic genes as potential diagnostic markers for the detection of genetic diversity of cyanophages in natural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- E-Bin Gao
- School of The Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, No. 301, Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Youhua Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 164, Xingangxi Road, Haizhu District, Guangzhou 5103401, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Degang Ning
- ACS Key Laboratory of Algae Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7, Donghu South Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430072, Hubei Province, China.
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7
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Kurmayer R, Deng L, Entfellner E. Role of toxic and bioactive secondary metabolites in colonization and bloom formation by filamentous cyanobacteria Planktothrix. HARMFUL ALGAE 2016; 54:69-86. [PMID: 27307781 PMCID: PMC4892429 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Bloom-forming cyanobacteria Planktothrix agardhii and P. rubescens are regularly involved in the occurrence of cyanotoxin in lakes and reservoirs. Besides microcystins (MCs), which inhibit eukaryotic protein phosphatase 1 and 2A, several families of bioactive peptides are produced, thereby resulting in impressive secondary metabolite structural diversity. This review will focus on the current knowledge of the phylogeny, morphology, and ecophysiological adaptations of Planktothrix as well as the toxins and bioactive peptides produced. The relatively well studied ecophysiological adaptations (buoyancy, shade tolerance, nutrient storage capacity) can partly explain the invasiveness of this group of cyanobacteria that bloom within short periods (weeks to months). The more recent elucidation of the genetic basis of toxin and bioactive peptide synthesis paved the way for investigating its regulation both in the laboratory using cell cultures as well as under field conditions. The high frequency of several toxin and bioactive peptide synthesis genes observed within P. agardhii and P. rubescens, but not for other Planktothrix species (e.g. P. pseudagardhii), suggests a potential functional linkage between bioactive peptide production and the colonization potential and possible dominance in habitats. It is hypothesized that, through toxin and bioactive peptide production, Planktothrix act as a niche constructor at the ecosystem scale, possibly resulting in an even higher ability to monopolize resources, positive feedback loops, and resilience under stable environmental conditions. Thus, refocusing harmful algal bloom management by integrating ecological and phylogenetic factors acting on toxin and bioactive peptide synthesis gene distribution and concentrations could increase the predictability of the risks originating from Planktothrix blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Kurmayer
- University of Innsbruck, Research Institute for Limnology, Mondseestrasse 9, 5310 Mondsee, Austria.
| | - Li Deng
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Groundwater Ecology, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Entfellner
- University of Innsbruck, Research Institute for Limnology, Mondseestrasse 9, 5310 Mondsee, Austria
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8
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Using signature genes as tools to assess environmental viral ecology and diversity. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 80:4470-80. [PMID: 24837394 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00878-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses (including bacteriophages) are the most abundant biological entities on the planet. As such, they are thought to have a major impact on all aspects of microbial community structure and function. Despite this critical role in ecosystem processes, the study of virus/phage diversity has lagged far behind parallel studies of the bacterial and eukaryotic kingdoms, largely due to the absence of any universal phylogenetic marker. Here we review the development and use of signature genes to investigate viral diversity, as a viable strategy for data sets of specific virus groups. Genes that have been used include those encoding structural proteins, such as portal protein, major capsid protein, and tail sheath protein, auxiliary metabolism genes, such as psbA, psbB,and phoH, and several polymerase genes. These marker genes have been used in combination with PCR-based fingerprinting and/or sequencing strategies to investigate spatial, temporal, and seasonal variations and diversity in a wide range of habitats.
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9
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Jing R, Liu J, Yu Z, Liu X, Wang G. Phylogenetic distribution of the capsid assembly protein gene (g20) of cyanophages in paddy floodwaters in Northeast China. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88634. [PMID: 24533125 PMCID: PMC3922986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have revealed the high diversity of cyanophages in marine and freshwater environments, but little is currently known about the diversity of cyanophages in paddy fields, particularly in Northeast (NE) China. To elucidate the genetic diversity of cyanophages in paddy floodwaters in NE China, viral capsid assembly protein gene (g20) sequences from five floodwater samples were amplified with the primers CPS1 and CPS8. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) was applied to distinguish different g20 clones. In total, 54 clones differing in g20 nucleotide sequences were obtained in this study. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the distribution of g20 sequences in this study was different from that in Japanese paddy fields, and all the sequences were grouped into Clusters α, β, γ and ε. Within Clusters α and β, three new small clusters (PFW-VII∼-IX) were identified. UniFrac analysis of g20 clone assemblages demonstrated that the community compositions of cyanophage varied among marine, lake and paddy field environments. In paddy floodwater, community compositions of cyanophage were also different between NE China and Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyong Jing
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Science, Harbin, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
- Heilongjiang BaYi Agricultural University, College of Life and Sci-technology, Daqing, China
| | - Junjie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Science, Harbin, China
| | - Zhenhua Yu
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Science, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaobing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Science, Harbin, China
| | - Guanghua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Science, Harbin, China
- * E-mail:
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10
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Watkins SC, Smith JR, Hayes PK, Watts JEM. Characterisation of host growth after infection with a broad-range freshwater cyanopodophage. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87339. [PMID: 24489900 PMCID: PMC3906167 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Freshwater cyanophages are poorly characterised in comparison to their marine counterparts, however, the level of genetic diversity that exists in freshwater cyanophage communities is likely to exceed that found in marine environments, due to the habitat heterogeneity within freshwater systems. Many cyanophages are specialists, infecting a single host species or strain; however, some are less fastidious and infect a number of different host genotypes within the same species or even hosts from different genera. Few instances of host growth characterisation after infection by broad host-range phages have been described. Here we provide an initial characterisation of interactions between a cyanophage isolated from a freshwater fishing lake in the south of England and its hosts. Designated ΦMHI42, the phage is able to infect isolates from two genera of freshwater cyanobacteria, Planktothrix and Microcystis. Transmission Electron Microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy indicate that ΦMHI42 is a member of the Podoviridae, albeit with a larger than expected capsid. The kinetics of host growth after infection with ΦMHI42 differed across host genera, species and strains in a way that was not related to the growth rate of the uninfected host. To our knowledge, this is the first characterisation of the growth of cyanobacteria in the presence of a broad host-range freshwater cyanophage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan C. Watkins
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - James R. Smith
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Paul K. Hayes
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Joy E. M. Watts
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
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11
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Xia H, Li T, Deng F, Hu Z. Freshwater cyanophages. Virol Sin 2013; 28:253-9. [PMID: 24132756 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-013-3370-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanophages are double-stranded DNA viruses that infect cyanobacteria, and they can be found in both freshwater and marine environments. They have a complex pattern of host ranges and play important roles in controlling cyanobacteria population. Unlike marine cyanophages, for which there have been a number of recent investigations, very little attention has been paid to freshwater cyanophages. This review summarizes the taxonomy and morphology, host range, distribution, seasonal dynamics, and complete genomes of freshwater cyanophages, as well as diagnostic markers that can be used to identify them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Virus Resource and Bioinformatics Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
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12
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Two virus-like particles that cause lytic infections in freshwater cyanobacteria. Virol Sin 2013; 28:303-5. [PMID: 24037612 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-013-3339-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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13
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Bellas CM, Anesio AM. High diversity and potential origins of T4-type bacteriophages on the surface of Arctic glaciers. Extremophiles 2013; 17:861-70. [PMID: 23907516 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-013-0569-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Tailed bacteriophages are the most abundant viruses in the biosphere. Here we examined the T4-type bacteriophage community inhabiting the surface of two glaciers in Svalbard. We used a molecular approach to target g23, the major capsid protein gene, to demonstrate that in the extreme cryoconite hole habitats the T4-type phages are surprisingly diverse. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that cryoconite hole sediments harbour a mixed phage community spanning multiple T4-type phage subgroups. The majority (71 %) of phage sequences clustered into three novel phylogenetically distinct groups, whilst the remainder clustered with known marine and soil derived phage sequences. The meltwater in cryoconite holes also contained a further distinct phage community which was related to previously detected marine phage variants. The ability of phages to move between marine and glacial habitats was tested in a transplantation experiment. Phages from the nearby marine fjord were found to be capable of initiating infection of supraglacial bacteria, suggesting suitable hosts could be found by non-native phages. Together this evidence suggests that the surface of glaciers contain both novel and cosmopolitan phages, some of which may have arrived in the cryosphere from other biomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Bellas
- Bristol Glaciology Centre, School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 1SS, Bristol, UK.
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14
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Gerphagnon M, Latour D, Colombet J, Sime-Ngando T. Fungal parasitism: life cycle, dynamics and impact on cyanobacterial blooms. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60894. [PMID: 23593345 PMCID: PMC3625230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Many species of phytoplankton are susceptible to parasitism by fungi from the phylum Chytridiomycota (i.e. chytrids). However, few studies have reported the effects of fungal parasites on filamentous cyanobacterial blooms. To investigate the missing components of bloom ecosystems, we examined an entire field bloom of the cyanobacterium Anabaena macrospora for evidence of chytrid infection in a productive freshwater lake, using a high resolution sampling strategy. A. macrospora was infected by two species of the genus Rhizosiphon which have similar life cycles but differed in their infective regimes depending on the cellular niches offered by their host. R. crassum infected both vegetative cells and akinetes while R. akinetum infected only akinetes. A tentative reconstruction of the developmental stages suggested that the life cycle of R. crassum was completed in about 3 days. The infection affected 6% of total cells (and 4% of akinètes), spread over a maximum of 17% of the filaments of cyanobacteria, in which 60% of the cells could be parasitized. Furthermore, chytrids may reduce the length of filaments of Anabaena macrospora significantly by “mechanistic fragmentation” following infection. All these results suggest that chytrid parasitism is one of the driving factors involved in the decline of a cyanobacteria blooms, by direct mortality of parasitized cells and indirectly by the mechanistic fragmentation, which could weaken the resistance of A. macrospora to grazing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Gerphagnon
- LMGE, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, UMR CNRS 6023, Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, BP 80026, Aubière, France
| | - Delphine Latour
- LMGE, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, UMR CNRS 6023, Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, BP 80026, Aubière, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Jonathan Colombet
- LMGE, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, UMR CNRS 6023, Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, BP 80026, Aubière, France
| | - Télesphore Sime-Ngando
- LMGE, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, UMR CNRS 6023, Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, BP 80026, Aubière, France
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15
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Wang G, Asakawa S, Kimura M. Spatial and temporal changes of cyanophage communities in paddy field soils as revealed by the capsid assembly protein gene g20. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2011; 76:352-9. [PMID: 21255050 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2011.01052.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages are ubiquitous in various environments. Our previous study revealed the diversity of the cyanophage community in paddy floodwater. In this study, the phylogeny and genetic diversity of cyanophage communities in paddy field soils were reported. The viral capsid assembly protein gene (g20) of cyanophage was amplified with the primers CPS1 and CPS8 from soil DNA extracted during two different sampling times at three sampling sites in Japan. The sequencing results indicated that about 93% of the clones were g20 genes. In total, 70 clones of g20 genes were obtained in this study, of which 69 clones were of cyanophage origin. As evaluated by g20 sequence assemblages in paddy field soils, the unifrac analyses results indicated that cyanophage communities changed among the sampling sites and times and differed from those communities detected in paddy floodwater. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the g20 sequences in paddy field soils were very diverse and distributed into Clusters α, β and ɛ, as well as four newly formed clusters. Within Clusters β and ɛ, four unique subclusters were formed from the g20 clones that were only observed in this study. These findings suggested that the cyanophage communities in paddy field soils are different from those found in freshwater, marine water and paddy floodwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China.
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16
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Pollard PC, Young LM. Lake viruses lyse cyanobacteria, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, enhances filamentous-host dispersal in Australia. ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2009.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
PCR is a quick and effective way of identifying the presence and 'affiliation' of bacteriophages, or phage-encoded genes from environmental samples, bacterial cells or purified viruses. The limitations are that you have to know what you are looking for in order to find it. Although the bacteriophage world does not have the advantage of a conserved gene, present in all members, there are many phage genes that do show nucleotide conservation even between phages which infect fairly divergent taxa. As more sequence data become available through both metagenomic approaches and the sequencing of complete bacteriophage genomes, PCR primers can be further refined and thus it should be an increasingly useful tool for bacteriophage biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Clokie
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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18
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Aquatic virus diversity accessed through omic techniques: a route map to function. Curr Opin Microbiol 2008; 11:226-32. [PMID: 18554975 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2008.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Revised: 05/07/2008] [Accepted: 05/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are arguably the simplest form of life yet they play a crucial role in regulating planetary processes. From shuttling genes to 'lubricating' microbial loop dynamics, viruses are integral in shaping microbial ecology. In every environment on Earth the role of viruses goes far beyond the simple infect-replicate-kill cycle. Their enormous abundance and seemingly infinite diversity provide the vital clues to the true function of viruses. New 'omic' approaches are now allowing researchers to gain extraordinary insights into virus diversity and inferred function, particularly within aquatic environments. The development of molecular markers and application of techniques including microarrays, metagenomic sequencing and proteomic analysis are now being applied to virus communities. Despite this shift towards culture-independent approaches it has proved difficult to derive useful information about infection strategies since so much of the sequence information has no database matches. Future advances will involve tools such as microarrays to help determine the functionality of unknown genes. Sequence information should be considered as a starting point for asking questions and developing hypotheses about the role of viruses. It is an exciting new era for virus ecology and when used in combination with more traditional approaches, virus genomics will give us access to their ecological function on an unprecedented scale.
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Ecological dynamics of the toxic bloom-forming cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa and its cyanophages in freshwater. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:3269-73. [PMID: 18344338 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02240-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The abundance of potentially Microcystis aeruginosa-infectious cyanophages in freshwater was studied using g91 real-time PCR. A clear increase in cyanophage abundance was observed when M. aeruginosa numbers declined, showing that these factors were significantly negatively correlated. Furthermore, our data suggested that cyanophage dynamics may also affect shifts in microcystin-producing and non-microcystin-producing populations.
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