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Pasdaran A, Zare M, Hamedi A, Hamedi A. A Review of the Chemistry and Biological Activities of Natural Colorants, Dyes, and Pigments: Challenges, and Opportunities for Food, Cosmetics, and Pharmaceutical Application. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202300561. [PMID: 37471105 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202300561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Natural pigments are important sources for the screening of bioactive lead compounds. This article reviewed the chemistry and therapeutic potentials of over 570 colored molecules from plants, fungi, bacteria, insects, algae, and marine sources. Moreover, related biological activities, advanced extraction, and identification approaches were reviewed. A variety of biological activities, including cytotoxicity against cancer cells, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, anti-microbial, antiviral, and anti-protozoal activities, have been reported for different pigments. Considering their structural backbone, they were classified as naphthoquinones, carotenoids, flavonoids, xanthones, anthocyanins, benzotropolones, alkaloids, terpenoids, isoprenoids, and non-isoprenoids. Alkaloid pigments were mostly isolated from bacteria and marine sources, while flavonoids were mostly found in plants and mushrooms. Colored quinones and xanthones were mostly extracted from plants and fungi, while colored polyketides and terpenoids are often found in marine sources and fungi. Carotenoids are mostly distributed among bacteria, followed by fungi and plants. The pigments isolated from insects have different structures, but among them, carotenoids and quinone/xanthone are the most important. Considering good manufacturing practices, the current permitted natural colorants are: Carotenoids (canthaxanthin, β-carotene, β-apo-8'-carotenal, annatto, astaxanthin) and their sources, lycopene, anthocyanins, betanin, chlorophyllins, spirulina extract, carmine and cochineal extract, henna, riboflavin, pyrogallol, logwood extract, guaiazulene, turmeric, and soy leghemoglobin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ardalan Pasdaran
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Medicinal Plants Processing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Zare
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Student research committee, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Azar Hamedi
- School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Azadeh Hamedi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Medicinal Plants Processing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Pavlović J, Puškárová A, Planý M, Farkas Z, Rusková M, Kvalová K, Kraková L, Bučková M, Pangallo D. Colored stains: Microbial survey of cellulose-based and lignin rich papers. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 241:124456. [PMID: 37085082 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
During the centuries diverse types of paper were produced and were characterized by a different ratio of natural macromolecules, mainly lignin and cellulose. Handmade paper has a higher content of cellulose respect to the early machine-made paper, where the lignin is the other important component. Microorganisms are able to colonize and deteriorate both types of papers. They can release on their surfaces pigments and colorants which produced anesthetic stains. The microbiota colonising 17 stains on handmade and machine-made paper surfaces together with that in library and archive environments was analyzed. Combination of microbiological and high-throughput sequencing (HTS) approaches were applied. The culture-dependent methodology comprised: isolation, DNA identification, hydrolytic and paper staining assays. The HTS was performed by MinION platform and for the mycobiome a more suitable bioinformatics analysis pipeline, MetONTIIME based on QIIME2 framework, was applied. The paper model staining assay permitted the direct recognition of colorizing isolates which in combination with sequencing data evidenced a complex microbial community able to stain the two types of paper. Staining abilities were confirmed by frequently isolated and detected fungi and also by new ones such as Roussoella euonymi and Achaetomium. We have also evidenced the staining ability of several bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Pavlović
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 84551 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andrea Puškárová
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 84551 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Matej Planý
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 84551 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Farkas
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 84551 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Magdaléna Rusková
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 84551 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Katarína Kvalová
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 84551 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Kraková
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 84551 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Mária Bučková
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 84551 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Domenico Pangallo
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 84551 Bratislava, Slovakia; Caravella, s.r.o., Tupolevova 2, 85101 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Bücher C, Burtscher J, Domig KJ. Propionic acid bacteria in the food industry: An update on essential traits and detection methods. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:4299-4323. [PMID: 34355493 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Propionic acid bacteria (PAB) is an umbrella term for a group of bacteria with the ability to produce propionic acid. In the past, due to this common feature and other phenotypic similarities, genetically heterogeneous bacteria were considered as a single genus, Propionibacterium. Members of this genus ranged from "dairy propionibacteria," which are widely known for their role in eye and flavor formation in cheese production, to "cutaneous propionibacteria," which are primarily associated with human skin. In 2016, the introduction of two new genera based on genotypic data facilitated a clear separation of cutaneous (Cutibacterium spp.) from dairy PAB (Propionibacterium spp., Acidipropionibacterium spp.). In light of these taxonomic changes, but with particular emphasis on dairy PAB, this review describes the current state of knowledge about metabolic pathways and other characteristics such as antibiotic resistance and virulence factors. In addition, the relevance of dairy PAB for the food industry and cheese production in particular is highlighted. Furthermore, methods for cultivation, detection, and enumeration are reviewed, incorporating the current taxonomy as well as the potential for routine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Bücher
- Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation (FFoQSI), Tulln, Austria
| | - Johanna Burtscher
- Institute of Food Science, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Konrad J Domig
- Institute of Food Science, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
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4
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Identification of essential genes for Escherichia coli aryl polyene biosynthesis and function in biofilm formation. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2021; 7:56. [PMID: 34215744 PMCID: PMC8253772 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-021-00226-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aryl polyenes (APEs) are specialized polyunsaturated carboxylic acids that were identified in silico as the product of the most widespread family of bacterial biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs). They are present in several Gram-negative host-associated bacteria, including multidrug-resistant human pathogens. Here, we characterize a biological function of APEs, focusing on the BGC from a uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) strain. We first perform a genetic deletion analysis to identify the essential genes required for APE biosynthesis. Next, we show that APEs function as fitness factors that increase protection from oxidative stress and contribute to biofilm formation. Together, our study highlights key steps in the APE biosynthesis pathway that can be explored as potential drug targets for complementary strategies to reduce fitness and prevent biofilm formation of multi-drug resistant pathogens.
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Henke NA, Austermeier S, Grothaus IL, Götker S, Persicke M, Peters-Wendisch P, Wendisch VF. Corynebacterium glutamicum CrtR and Its Orthologs in Actinobacteria: Conserved Function and Application as Genetically Encoded Biosensor for Detection of Geranylgeranyl Pyrophosphate. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5482. [PMID: 32751941 PMCID: PMC7432914 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoid biosynthesis in Corynebacteriumglutamicum is controlled by the MarR-type regulator CrtR, which represses transcription of the promoter of the crt operon (PcrtE) and of its own gene (PcrtR). Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP), and to a lesser extent other isoprenoid pyrophosphates, interfere with the binding of CrtR to its target DNA in vitro, suggesting they act as inducers of carotenoid biosynthesis. CrtR homologs are encoded in the genomes of many other actinobacteria. In order to determine if and to what extent the function of CrtR, as a metabolite-dependent transcriptional repressor of carotenoid biosynthesis genes responding to GGPP, is conserved among actinobacteria, five CrtR orthologs were characterized in more detail. EMSA assays showed that the CrtR orthologs from Corynebacteriumcallunae, Acidipropionibacteriumjensenii, Paenarthrobacternicotinovorans, Micrococcusluteus and Pseudarthrobacterchlorophenolicus bound to the intergenic region between their own gene and the divergently oriented gene, and that GGPP inhibited these interactions. In turn, the CrtR protein from C. glutamicum bound to DNA regions upstream of the orthologous crtR genes that contained a 15 bp DNA sequence motif conserved between the tested bacteria. Moreover, the CrtR orthologs functioned in C. glutamicum in vivo at least partially, as they complemented the defects in the pigmentation and expression of a PcrtE_gfpuv transcriptional fusion that were observed in a crtR deletion mutant to varying degrees. Subsequently, the utility of the PcrtE_gfpuv transcriptional fusion and chromosomally encoded CrtR from C. glutamicum as genetically encoded biosensor for GGPP was studied. Combined FACS and LC-MS analysis demonstrated a correlation between the sensor fluorescent signal and the intracellular GGPP concentration, and allowed us to monitor intracellular GGPP concentrations during growth and differentiate between strains engineered to accumulate GGPP at different concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja A. Henke
- Faculty of Biology & CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (N.A.H.); (S.A.); (I.L.G.); (S.G.); (P.P.-W.)
| | - Sophie Austermeier
- Faculty of Biology & CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (N.A.H.); (S.A.); (I.L.G.); (S.G.); (P.P.-W.)
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Isabell L. Grothaus
- Faculty of Biology & CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (N.A.H.); (S.A.); (I.L.G.); (S.G.); (P.P.-W.)
- Faculty of Production Engineering, Bremen University, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Susanne Götker
- Faculty of Biology & CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (N.A.H.); (S.A.); (I.L.G.); (S.G.); (P.P.-W.)
| | - Marcus Persicke
- Faculty of CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany;
| | - Petra Peters-Wendisch
- Faculty of Biology & CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (N.A.H.); (S.A.); (I.L.G.); (S.G.); (P.P.-W.)
| | - Volker F. Wendisch
- Faculty of Biology & CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (N.A.H.); (S.A.); (I.L.G.); (S.G.); (P.P.-W.)
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Armistead B, Whidbey C, Iyer LM, Herrero-Foncubierta P, Quach P, Haidour A, Aravind L, Cuerva JM, Jaspan HB, Rajagopal L. The cyl Genes Reveal the Biosynthetic and Evolutionary Origins of the Group B Streptococcus Hemolytic Lipid, Granadaene. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:3123. [PMID: 32038561 PMCID: PMC6985545 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.03123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a β-hemolytic, Gram-positive bacterium that commonly colonizes the female lower genital tract and is associated with fetal injury, preterm birth, spontaneous abortion, and neonatal infections. A major factor promoting GBS virulence is the β-hemolysin/cytolysin, which is cytotoxic to several host cells. We recently showed that the ornithine rhamnolipid pigment, Granadaene, produced by the gene products of the cyl operon, is hemolytic. Here, we demonstrate that heterologous expression of the GBS cyl operon conferred hemolysis, pigmentation, and cytoxicity to Lactococcus lactis, a model non-hemolytic Gram-positive bacterium. Similarly, pigment purified from L. lactis is hemolytic, cytolytic, and identical in structure to Granadaene extracted from GBS, indicating the cyl operon is sufficient for Granadaene production in a heterologous host. Using a systematic survey of phyletic patterns and contextual associations of the cyl genes, we identify homologs of the cyl operon in physiologically diverse Gram-positive bacteria and propose undescribed functions of cyl gene products. Together, these findings bring greater understanding to the biosynthesis and evolutionary foundations of a key GBS virulence factor and suggest that such potentially toxic lipids may be encoded by other bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blair Armistead
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Christopher Whidbey
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Lakshminarayan M Iyer
- Computational Biology Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | - Phoenicia Quach
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Ali Haidour
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - L Aravind
- Computational Biology Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | - Heather B Jaspan
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lakshmi Rajagopal
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
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7
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Deptula P, Loivamaa I, Smolander OP, Laine P, Roberts RJ, Piironen V, Paulin L, Savijoki K, Auvinen P, Varmanen P. Red-Brown Pigmentation of Acidipropionibacterium jensenii Is Tied to Haemolytic Activity and cyl-Like Gene Cluster. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7110512. [PMID: 31671651 PMCID: PMC6920887 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7110512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel Acidipropionibacterium genus encompasses species of industrial importance but also those associated with food spoilage. In particular, Acidipropionibacterium acidipropionici, Acidipropionibacterium thoenii, and Acidipropionibacterium jensenii play an important role in food fermentation, as biopreservatives, or as potential probiotics. Notably, A. jensenii and A. thoenii can cause brown spot defects in Swiss-type cheeses, which have been tied to the rhamnolipid pigment granadaene. In the pathogenic bacterium Streptococcus agalactiae, production of granadaene depends on the presence of a cyl gene cluster, an important virulence factor linked with haemolytic activity. Here, we show that the production of granadaene in pigmented Acidipropionibacterium, including A. jensenii, A. thoenii, and Acidipropionibacterium virtanenii, is tied to haemolytic activity and the presence of a cyl-like gene cluster. Furthermore, we propose a PCR-based test, which allows pinpointing acidipropionibacteria with the cyl-like gene cluster. Finally, we present the first two whole genome sequence analyses of the A. jensenii strains as well as testing phenotypic characteristics important for industrial applications. In conclusion, the present study sheds light on potential risks associated with the presence of pigmented Acidipropionibacterium strains in food fermentation. In addition, the results presented here provide ground for development of a quick and simple diagnostic test instrumental in avoiding potential negative effects of Acidipropionibacterium strains with haemolytic activity on food quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Deptula
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
- Department of Food Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Iida Loivamaa
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | - Pia Laine
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | - Vieno Piironen
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Lars Paulin
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Kirsi Savijoki
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Petri Auvinen
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Pekka Varmanen
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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Gut Symbionts Lactobacillus reuteri R2lc and 2010 Encode a Polyketide Synthase Cluster That Activates the Mammalian Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.01661-18. [PMID: 30389766 PMCID: PMC6498181 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01661-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporary changes in the composition of the microbiota, for example, by oral administration of probiotics, can modulate the host immune system. However, the underlying mechanisms by which probiotics interact with the host are often unknown. Here, we show that Lactobacillus reuteri R2lc and 2010 harbor an orthologous PKS gene cluster that activates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). AhR is a ligand-activated transcription factor that plays a key role in a variety of diseases, including amelioration of intestinal inflammation. Understanding the mechanism by which a bacterium modulates the immune system is critical for applying rational selection strategies for probiotic supplementation. Finally, heterologous and/or optimized expression of PKS is a logical next step toward the development of next-generation probiotics to prevent and treat disease. A mechanistic understanding of microbe-host interactions is critical to developing therapeutic strategies for targeted modulation of the host immune system. Different members of the gut symbiont species Lactobacillus reuteri modulate host health by, for example, reduction of intestinal inflammation. Previously, it was shown that L. reuteri activates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a ligand-activated transcription factor that plays an important role in the mucosal immune system, by the production of tryptophan catabolites. Here, we identified a novel pathway by which L. reuteri activates AhR, which is independent of tryptophan metabolism. We screened a library of 36 L. reuteri strains and determined that R2lc and 2010, strains with a pigmented phenotype, are potent AhR activators. By whole-genome sequencing and comparative genomics, we identified genes unique to R2lc and 2010. Our analyses demonstrated that R2lc harbors two genetically distinct polyketide synthase (PKS) clusters, functionally unknown (fun) and pks, each carried by a multicopy plasmid. Inactivation of pks, but not fun, abolished the ability of R2lc to activate AhR. L. reuteri 2010 has a gene cluster homologous to the pks cluster in R2lc with an identical gene organization, which is also responsible for AhR activation. In conclusion, we identified a novel PKS pathway in L. reuteri R2lc and 2010 that is responsible for AhR activation. IMPORTANCE Temporary changes in the composition of the microbiota, for example, by oral administration of probiotics, can modulate the host immune system. However, the underlying mechanisms by which probiotics interact with the host are often unknown. Here, we show that Lactobacillus reuteri R2lc and 2010 harbor an orthologous PKS gene cluster that activates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). AhR is a ligand-activated transcription factor that plays a key role in a variety of diseases, including amelioration of intestinal inflammation. Understanding the mechanism by which a bacterium modulates the immune system is critical for applying rational selection strategies for probiotic supplementation. Finally, heterologous and/or optimized expression of PKS is a logical next step toward the development of next-generation probiotics to prevent and treat disease.
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Whidbey C, Vornhagen J, Gendrin C, Boldenow E, Samson JM, Doering K, Ngo L, Ezekwe EAD, Gundlach JH, Elovitz MA, Liggitt D, Duncan JA, Adams Waldorf KM, Rajagopal L. A streptococcal lipid toxin induces membrane permeabilization and pyroptosis leading to fetal injury. EMBO Mol Med 2015; 7:488-505. [PMID: 25750210 PMCID: PMC4403049 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201404883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Group B streptococci (GBS) are Gram-positive bacteria that cause infections in utero and in newborns. We recently showed that the GBS pigment is hemolytic and increased pigment production promotes bacterial penetration of human placenta. However, mechanisms utilized by the hemolytic pigment to induce host cell lysis and the consequence on fetal injury are not known. Here, we show that the GBS pigment induces membrane permeability in artificial lipid bilayers and host cells. Membrane defects induced by the GBS pigment trigger K+ efflux leading to osmotic lysis of red blood cells or pyroptosis in human macrophages. Macrophages lacking the NLRP3 inflammasome recovered from pigment-induced cell damage. In a murine model of in utero infection, hyperpigmented GBS strains induced fetal injury in both an NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent and NLRP3 inflammasome-independent manner. These results demonstrate that the dual mechanism of action of the bacterial pigment/lipid toxin leading to hemolysis or pyroptosis exacerbates fetal injury and suggest that preventing both activities of the hemolytic lipid is likely critical to reduce GBS fetal injury and preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Whidbey
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Washington and Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jay Vornhagen
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Washington and Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Claire Gendrin
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Washington and Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Erica Boldenow
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Washington and Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jenny Mae Samson
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kenji Doering
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lisa Ngo
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Washington and Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ejiofor A D Ezekwe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jens H Gundlach
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michal A Elovitz
- Maternal and Child Health Research Program, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Research on Reproduction and Women's Health Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Denny Liggitt
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joseph A Duncan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kristina M Adams Waldorf
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lakshmi Rajagopal
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Washington and Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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10
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LaRock CN, Nizet V. Inflammasome/IL-1β Responses to Streptococcal Pathogens. Front Immunol 2015; 6:518. [PMID: 26500655 PMCID: PMC4597127 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation mediated by the inflammasome and the cytokine IL-1β are some of the earliest and most important alarms to infection. These pathways are responsive to the virulence factors that pathogens use to subvert immune processes, and thus are typically activated only by microbes with potential to cause severe disease. Among the most serious human infections are those caused by the pathogenic streptococci, in part because these species numerous strategies for immune evasion. Since the virulence factor armament of each pathogen is unique, the role of IL-1β and the pathways leading to its activation varies for each infection. This review summarizes the role of IL-1β during infections caused by streptococcal pathogens, with emphasis on emergent mechanisms and concepts countering paradigms determined for other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher N LaRock
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, CA , USA
| | - Victor Nizet
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, CA , USA ; Skaggs School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, CA , USA
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11
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Rosa-Fraile M, Dramsi S, Spellerberg B. Group B streptococcal haemolysin and pigment, a tale of twins. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2014; 38:932-46. [PMID: 24617549 PMCID: PMC4315905 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6976.12071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Group B streptococcus [(GBS or Streptococcus agalactiae)] is a leading cause of neonatal meningitis and septicaemia. Most clinical isolates express simultaneously a β-haemolysin/cytolysin and a red polyenic pigment, two phenotypic traits important for GBS identification in medical microbiology. The genetic determinants encoding the GBS haemolysin and pigment have been elucidated and the molecular structure of the pigment has been determined. The cyl operon involved in haemolysin and pigment production is regulated by the major two-component system CovS/R, which coordinates the expression of multiple virulence factors of GBS. Genetic analyses indicated strongly that the haemolysin activity was due to a cytolytic toxin encoded by cylE. However, the biochemical nature of the GBS haemolysin has remained elusive for almost a century because of its instability during purification procedures. Recently, it has been suggested that the haemolytic and cytolytic activity of GBS is due to the ornithine rhamnopolyenic pigment and not to the CylE protein. Here we review and summarize our current knowledge of the genetics, regulation and biochemistry of these twin GBS phenotypic traits, including their functions as GBS virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shaynoor Dramsi
- Unité de Biologie des Bactéries Pathogènes à Gram positif, Institut PasteurParis, France
- CNRS ERL 3526Paris, France
| | - Barbara Spellerberg
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital UlmUlm, Germany
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Zhuge X, Liu L, Shin HD, Li J, Du G, Chen J. Improved propionic acid production from glycerol with metabolically engineered Propionibacterium jensenii by integrating fed-batch culture with a pH-shift control strategy. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 152:519-525. [PMID: 24333145 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Propionic acid (PA) production with metabolically engineered Propionibacterium jensenii (pZGX04-gldA) was improved by integrating fed-batch culture with a two-stage pH control strategy in a 3-L fermenter. The following two-stage pH control strategy was used: the pH was controlled at 5.9 for 0-36 h and shifted to 6.5 after 36 h. The PA titer was increased to 21.43 g/L. On the basis of pH control, the influence of fed-batch culture on PA production was further investigated and the maximum PA production (34.62 g/L) was obtained when glycerol was fed at a constant rate of 3.33 mL/h from 60 to 132 h with an initial glycerol concentration of 25 g/L. Crude glycerol was then used to produce PA using the optimized strategies, and maximal PA production reached 37.26 g/L. The strategies may be useful for the production of PA by other propionibacteria species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhuge
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Long Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Hyun-dong Shin
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 30332, USA
| | - Jianghua Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Guocheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Jian Chen
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Wuxi 214122, China; National Engineering of Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Whidbey C, Harrell MI, Burnside K, Ngo L, Becraft AK, Iyer LM, Aravind L, Hitti J, Adams Waldorf KM, Rajagopal L. A hemolytic pigment of Group B Streptococcus allows bacterial penetration of human placenta. J Exp Med 2013; 210:1265-81. [PMID: 23712433 PMCID: PMC3674703 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20122753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial infection of the amniotic fluid is a significant cause of fetal injury, preterm birth, and newborn infections. Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is an important human bacterial pathogen associated with preterm birth, fetal injury, and neonatal mortality. Although GBS has been isolated from amniotic fluid of women in preterm labor, mechanisms of in utero infection remain unknown. Previous studies indicated that GBS are unable to invade human amniotic epithelial cells (hAECs), which represent the last barrier to the amniotic cavity and fetus. We show that GBS invades hAECs and strains lacking the hemolysin repressor CovR/S accelerate amniotic barrier failure and penetrate chorioamniotic membranes in a hemolysin-dependent manner. Clinical GBS isolates obtained from women in preterm labor are hyperhemolytic and some are associated with covR/S mutations. We demonstrate for the first time that hemolytic and cytolytic activity of GBS is due to the ornithine rhamnolipid pigment and not due to a pore-forming protein toxin. Our studies emphasize the importance of the hemolytic GBS pigment in ascending infection and fetal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Whidbey
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
- Center for Childhood Infections and Prematurity Research, Seattle Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Maria Isabel Harrell
- Center for Childhood Infections and Prematurity Research, Seattle Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Kellie Burnside
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Lisa Ngo
- Center for Childhood Infections and Prematurity Research, Seattle Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Alexis K. Becraft
- Center for Childhood Infections and Prematurity Research, Seattle Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Lakshminarayan M. Iyer
- Computational Biology Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894
| | - L. Aravind
- Computational Biology Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894
| | - Jane Hitti
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Kristina M. Adams Waldorf
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Lakshmi Rajagopal
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
- Center for Childhood Infections and Prematurity Research, Seattle Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA 98195
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Development of a Propionibacterium-Escherichia coli shuttle vector for metabolic engineering of Propionibacterium jensenii, an efficient producer of propionic acid. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:4595-602. [PMID: 23709505 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00737-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Propionic acid (PA) is an important chemical building block and is widely applied for organic synthesis, food, feedstuff, and pharmaceuticals. To date, the strains that can efficiently produce PA have included Propionibacterium thoenii, P. freudenreichii, and P. acidipropionici. In this report, we show that P. jensenii ATCC 4868 is also able to produce PA in much higher yields than the previously reported strains. To further improve the production capacity, a P. jensenii-Escherichia coli shuttle vector was developed for the metabolic engineering of P. jensenii. Specifically, a 6.9-kb endogenous plasmid, pZGX01, was isolated from P. acidipropionici ATCC 4875 and sequenced. Since the sequencing analysis indicated that pZGX01 could encode 11 proteins, the transcriptional levels of the corresponding genes were also investigated. Then, a P. jensenii-Escherichia coli shuttle vector was constructed using the pZGX01 plasmid, the E. coli pUC18 plasmid, and a chloramphenicol resistance gene. Interestingly, not only could the developed shuttle vector be transformed into P. jensenii ATCC 4868 and 4870, but it also could be transformed into freudenreichii ATCC 6207 subspecies of P. freudenreichii. Finally, the glycerol dehydrogenase gene (gldA) from Klebsiella pneumoniae was expressed in P. jensenii ATCC 4868 with the constructed shuttle vector. In a 3-liter batch culture, the PA production by the engineered P. jensenii ATCC 4868 strain reached 28.23 ± 1.0 g/liter, which was 26.07% higher than that produced by the wild-type strain (22.06 ± 1.2 g/liter). This result indicated that the constructed vector can be used a useful tool for metabolic engineering of P. jensenii.
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Scientific Opinion on the maintenance of the list of QPS biological agents intentionally added to food and feed (2010 update). EFSA J 2010. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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16
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Scientific Opinion on the maintenance of the list of QPS microorganisms intentionally added to food or feed (2009 update). EFSA J 2009. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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Chen Y, Deuster P. Comparison of quercetin and dihydroquercetin: antioxidant-independent actions on erythrocyte and platelet membrane. Chem Biol Interact 2009; 182:7-12. [PMID: 19555678 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2009.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2009] [Revised: 06/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of two flavonoids quercetin and dihydroquercetin (DHQ), which have different solubilities and antioxidant capacities, on hemolysis and platelet aggregation in human blood. Exposure of human red blood cells (RBCs) to free radicals generated by 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) for 2h resulted in 63.5+/-3.9% hemolysis (vehicle: 0.3+/-0.4%). Pre-incubation of RBCs with lipid-soluble quercetin and water-soluble DHQ for 30min significantly reduced the AAPH-induced hemolysis to 3.6+/-1.5% and 32.5+/-5.6% respectively. In contrast, quercetin and DHQ were similarly effective in reducing phospholipase C-induced hemolysis (37.2+/-9.1% and 45.4+/-10.0% versus vehicle 75.7+/-5.2%, P<0.001). Pre-incubation with quercetin, but not DHQ, inhibited the aggregation of platelets by adenosine diphosphate. DHQ was more potent than quercetin in inhibiting superoxide produced by xanthine oxidase. These results suggest that the antihemolytic effects of flavonoids may not be directly mediated by removal of free radicals and may likely be due to their interaction with cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Chen
- Department of Military and Emergency Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
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18
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The maintenance of the list of QPS microorganisms intentionally added to food or feed - Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Biological Hazards. EFSA J 2008. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2008.923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Mereghetti L, Sitkiewicz I, Green NM, Musser JM. Remodeling of the Streptococcus agalactiae transcriptome in response to growth temperature. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2785. [PMID: 18665215 PMCID: PMC2464734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2008] [Accepted: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To act as a commensal bacterium and a pathogen in humans and animals, Streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococcus, GBS) must be able to monitor and adapt to different environmental conditions. Temperature variation is a one of the most commonly encountered variables. Methodology/Principal Findings To understand the extent to which GBS modify gene expression in response to temperatures encountered in the various hosts, we conducted a whole genome transcriptome analysis of organisms grown at 30°C and 40°C. We identified extensive transcriptome remodeling at various stages of growth, especially in the stationary phase (significant transcript changes occurred for 25% of the genes). A large proportion of genes involved in metabolism was up-regulated at 30°C in stationary phase. Conversely, genes up-regulated at 40°C relative to 30°C include those encoding virulence factors such as hemolysins and extracellular secreted proteins with LPXTG motifs. Over-expression of hemolysins was linked to larger zones of hemolysis and enhanced hemolytic activity at 40°C. A key theme identified by our study was that genes involved in purine metabolism and iron acquisition were significantly up-regulated at 40°C. Conclusion/Significance Growth of GBS in vitro at different temperatures resulted in extensive remodeling of the transcriptome, including genes encoding proven and putative virulence genes. The data provide extensive new leads for molecular pathogenesis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Mereghetti
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Université François-Rabelais, Faculté de Médecine, EA3854 “Bactéries et risque materno-foetal” and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Tours, France
| | - Izabela Sitkiewicz
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nicole M. Green
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - James M. Musser
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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