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Wang X, Kan Y, Bai K, Xu X, Chen X, Yu C, Shi J, Jiang N, Li J, Luo L. A novel double-ribonuclease toxin-antitoxin system linked to the stress response and survival of Acidovorax citrulli. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0216923. [PMID: 37819152 PMCID: PMC10714953 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02169-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Bacterial fruit blotch (BFB), which is caused by the seed-borne bacterium Acidovorax citrulli, is a devastating disease affecting cucurbit crops throughout the world. Although seed fermentation and treatment with disinfectants can provide effective management of BFB, they cannot completely guarantee pathogen-free seedstock, which suggests that A. citrulli is a highly stress-resistant pathogen. Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are common among a diverse range of bacteria and have been reported to play a role in bacterial stress response. However, there is currently much debate about the relationship between TA systems and stress response in bacteria. The current study characterized a novel TA system (Aave_1720-Aave_1719) from A. citrulli that affects both biofilm formation and survival in response to sodium hypochlorite stress. The mechanism of neutralization differed from typical TA systems as two separate mechanisms were associated with the antitoxin, which exhibited characteristics of both type II and type V TA systems. The Aave_1720-Aave_1719 system described here also constitutes the first known report of a double-ribonuclease TA system in bacteria, which expands our understanding of the range of regulatory mechanisms utilized by bacterial TA systems, providing new insight into the survival of A. citrulli in response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Seed Disease Testing and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yumin Kan
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Kaihong Bai
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoli Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Seed Disease Testing and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Seed Disease Testing and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Chengxuan Yu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Seed Disease Testing and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Shi
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Seed Disease Testing and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Na Jiang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Seed Disease Testing and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Jianqiang Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Seed Disease Testing and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Laixin Luo
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Seed Disease Testing and Control, Beijing, China
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Chen H, Lei P, Ji H, Yang Q, Peng B, Ma J, Fang Y, Qu L, Li H, Wu W, Jin L, Sun D. Advances in Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 as a customizable drug delivery system for disease treatment and diagnosis strategies. Mater Today Bio 2023; 18:100543. [PMID: 36647536 PMCID: PMC9840185 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
With the in-depth and comprehensive study of bacteria and their related ecosystems in the human body, bacterial-based drug delivery system has become an emerging biomimetic platform that can retain the innate biological functions. Benefiting from its good biocompatibility and ideal targeting ability as a biological carrier, Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (ECN) has been focused on the treatment strategies of inflammatory bowel disease and tumor. The advantage of a bacterial carrier is that it can express exogenous protein while also acting as a natural capsule by releasing drug slowly as a result of its own colonization impact. In order to survive in harsh environments such as the digestive tract and tumor microenvironment, ECN can be modified or genetically engineered to enhance its function and host adaptability. The adoption of ECN carries or expresses drugs which are essential for accurate diagnosis and treatment. This review briefly describes the properties of ECN, the relationship between ECN and inflammation and tumor, and the strategy of using surface modification and genetic engineering to modify ECN as a delivery carrier for disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojie Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Pengyu Lei
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Hao Ji
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Qinsi Yang
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Bo Peng
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Jiahui Ma
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Yimeng Fang
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Linkai Qu
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Hua Li
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Libo Jin
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
- Wenzhou City and WenZhouOuTai Medical Laboratory Co.,Ltd Joint Doctoral Innovation Station, Wenzhou Association for Science and Technology, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Da Sun
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
- Wenzhou City and Kunlong Technology Co., Ltd., Joint Doctoral Innovation Station, Wenzhou Association for Science and Technology, Wenzhou, 325000, China
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Pantoja Angles A, Valle-Pérez AU, Hauser C, Mahfouz MM. Microbial Biocontainment Systems for Clinical, Agricultural, and Industrial Applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:830200. [PMID: 35186907 PMCID: PMC8847691 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.830200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many applications of synthetic biology require biological systems in engineered microbes to be delivered into diverse environments, such as for in situ bioremediation, biosensing, and applications in medicine and agriculture. To avoid harming the target system (whether that is a farm field or the human gut), such applications require microbial biocontainment systems (MBSs) that inhibit the proliferation of engineered microbes. In the past decade, diverse molecular strategies have been implemented to develop MBSs that tightly control the proliferation of engineered microbes; this has enabled medical, industrial, and agricultural applications in which biological processes can be executed in situ. The customization of MBSs also facilitate the integration of sensing modules for which different compounds can be produced and delivered upon changes in environmental conditions. These achievements have accelerated the generation of novel microbial systems capable of responding to external stimuli with limited interference from the environment. In this review, we provide an overview of the current approaches used for MBSs, with a specific focus on applications that have an immediate impact on multiple fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Pantoja Angles
- Laboratory for Genome Engineering and Synthetic Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alexander U. Valle-Pérez
- Laboratory for Nanomedicine, Division of Biological Sciences, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Charlotte Hauser
- Laboratory for Nanomedicine, Division of Biological Sciences, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Magdy M. Mahfouz, ; Charlotte Hauser,
| | - Magdy M. Mahfouz
- Laboratory for Genome Engineering and Synthetic Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Magdy M. Mahfouz, ; Charlotte Hauser,
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Singh G, Yadav M, Ghosh C, Rathore JS. Bacterial toxin-antitoxin modules: classification, functions, and association with persistence. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2021; 2:100047. [PMID: 34841338 PMCID: PMC8610362 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2021.100047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitously present bacterial Toxin-Antitoxin (TA) modules consist of stable toxin associated with labile antitoxin. Classification of TAs modules based on inhibition of toxin through antitoxin in 8 different classes. Variety of specific toxin targets and the abundance of TA modules in various deadly pathogens. Specific role of TAs modules in conservation of the resistant genes, emergence of persistence & biofilm formation. Proposed antibacterial strategies involving TA modules for elimination of multi-drug resistance.
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) modules are ubiquitous gene loci among bacteria and are comprised of a toxin part and its cognate antitoxin part. Under normal physiological conditions, antitoxin counteracts the toxicity of the toxin whereas, during stress conditions, TA modules play a crucial role in bacterial physiology through involvement in the post-segregational killing, abortive infection, biofilms, and persister cell formation. Most of the toxins are proteinaceous that affect translation or DNA replication, although some other intracellular molecular targets have also been described. While antitoxins may be a protein or RNA, that generally neutralizes its cognate toxin by direct interaction or with the help of other signaling elements and thus helps in the TA module regulation. In this review, we have discussed the current state of the multifaceted TA (type I–VIII) modules by highlighting their classification and specific targets. We have also discussed the presence of TA modules in the various pathogens and their role in antibiotic persistence development as well as biofilm formation, by influencing the different cellular processes. In the end, assembling knowledge about ubiquitous TA systems from pathogenic bacteria facilitated us to propose multiple novel antibacterial strategies involving artificial activation of TA modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Singh
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, Yamuna Expressway, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohit Yadav
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, Yamuna Expressway, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Chaitali Ghosh
- Department of Zoology Gargi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Jitendra Singh Rathore
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, Yamuna Expressway, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Xia K, Ma J, Liang X. Impacts of type II toxin-antitoxin systems on cell physiology and environmental behavior in acetic acid bacteria. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:4357-4367. [PMID: 34021811 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11357-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Acetic acid bacteria (AAB) are a group of Gram-negative and strictly aerobic microorganisms widely used in vinegar industry, especially the species belonging to the genera Acetobacter and Komagataeibacter. The environments inhabited by AAB during the vinegar fermentation, in particular those natural traditional bioprocesses, are complex and dynamically changed, usually accompanied by diverse microorganisms, bacteriophages, and the increasing acetic acid concentration. For this reason, how AAB survive to such harsh niches has always been an interesting research field. Previous omic analyses (e.g., genomics, proteomics, and transcriptomics) have provided abundant clues for the metabolic pathways and bioprocesses indispensable for the acid stress adaptation of AAB. Nevertheless, it is far from fully understanding what factors regulate these modular mechanisms overtly and covertly upon shifting environments. Bacterial toxin-antitoxin systems (TAS), usually consisting of a pair of genes encoding a stable toxin and an unstable antitoxin that is capable of counteracting the toxin, have been uncovered to have a variety of biological functions. Recent studies focusing on the role of TAS in Acetobacter pasteurianus suggest that TAS contribute substantially to the acid stress resistance. In this mini review, we discuss the biological functions of type II TAS in the context of AAB with regard to the acid stress resistance, persister formation and resuscitation, genome stability, and phage immunity. KEY POINTS: • Type II TAS act as regulators in the acid stress resistance of AAB. • Type II TAS are implicated in the formation of acid-tolerant persister cells in AAB. • Type II TAS are potential factors responsible for phage immunity and genome stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Xia
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Jiawen Ma
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.,Institute of Food Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Xinle Liang
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China. .,Institute of Food Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
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Sarpong DD, Murphy ER. RNA Regulated Toxin-Antitoxin Systems in Pathogenic Bacteria. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:661026. [PMID: 34084755 PMCID: PMC8167048 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.661026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The dynamic host environment presents a significant hurdle that pathogenic bacteria must overcome to survive and cause diseases. Consequently, these organisms have evolved molecular mechanisms to facilitate adaptation to environmental changes within the infected host. Small RNAs (sRNAs) have been implicated as critical regulators of numerous pathways and systems in pathogenic bacteria, including that of bacterial Toxin-Antitoxin (TA) systems. TA systems are typically composed of two factors, a stable toxin, and a labile antitoxin which functions to protect against the potentially deleterious activity of the associated toxin. Of the six classes of bacterial TA systems characterized to date, the toxin component is always a protein. Type I and Type III TA systems are unique in that the antitoxin in these systems is an RNA molecule, whereas the antitoxin in all other TA systems is a protein. Though hotly debated, the involvement of TA systems in bacterial physiology is recognized by several studies, with the Type II TA system being the most extensively studied to date. This review focuses on RNA-regulated TA systems, highlighting the role of Type I and Type III TA systems in several pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D. Sarpong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Erin R. Murphy
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, United States
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Activation of metabolic and stress responses during subtoxic expression of the type I toxin hok in Erwinia amylovora. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:74. [PMID: 33482720 PMCID: PMC7821729 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07376-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems, abundant in prokaryotes, are composed of a toxin gene and its cognate antitoxin. Several toxins are implied to affect the physiological state and stress tolerance of bacteria in a population. We previously identified a chromosomally encoded hok-sok type I TA system in Erwinia amylovora, the causative agent of fire blight disease on pome fruit trees. A high-level induction of the hok gene was lethal to E. amylovora cells through unknown mechanisms. The molecular targets or regulatory roles of Hok were unknown. Results Here, we examined the physiological and transcriptomic changes of Erwinia amylovora cells expressing hok at subtoxic levels that were confirmed to confer no cell death, and at toxic levels that resulted in killing of cells. In both conditions, hok caused membrane rupture and collapse of the proton motive force in a subpopulation of E. amylovora cells. We demonstrated that induction of hok resulted in upregulation of ATP biosynthesis genes, and caused leakage of ATP from cells only at toxic levels. We showed that overexpression of the phage shock protein gene pspA largely reversed the cell death phenotype caused by high levels of hok induction. We also showed that induction of hok at a subtoxic level rendered a greater proportion of stationary phase E. amylovora cells tolerant to the antibiotic streptomycin. Conclusions We characterized the molecular mechanism of toxicity by high-level of hok induction and demonstrated that low-level expression of hok primes the stress responses of E. amylovora against further membrane and antibiotic stressors. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07376-w.
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Floral fungal-bacterial community structure and co-occurrence patterns in four sympatric island plant species. Fungal Biol 2020; 125:49-61. [PMID: 33317776 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Flowers' fungal and bacterial communities can exert great impacts on host plant wellness and reproductive success-both directly and indirectly through species interactions. However, information about community structure and co-occurrence patterns in floral microbiome remains scarce. Here, using culture-independent methods, we investigated fungal and bacterial communities associated with stamens and pistils of four plant species (Scaevola taccada, Ipomoea cairica, Ipomoea pes-caprae, and Mussaenda kwangtungensis) growing together under the same environment conditions in an island located in South China. Plant species identity significantly influenced community composition of floral fungi but not bacteria. Stamen and pistil microbiomes did not differ in community composition, but differed in co-occurrence network topological features. Compared with the stamen network, pistil counterpart had fewer links between bacteria and fungi and showed more modular but less concentrated and connected structure. In addition, degree distribution of microbial network in each host species and each microhabitat (stamen or pistil) followed a significant power-law pattern. These results enhance our understanding in the assembly principles and ecological interactions of floral microbial communities.
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