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Forlani G, Sabbioni G, Barera S, Funck D. A complex array of factors regulate the activity of Arabidopsis thaliana δ 1 -pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase isoenzymes to ensure their specific role in plant cell metabolism. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:1348-1362. [PMID: 38223941 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
The first and committed step in proline synthesis from glutamate is catalyzed by δ1 -pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS). Two P5CS genes have been found in most angiosperms, one constitutively expressed to satisfy proline demand for protein synthesis, the other stress-induced. Despite the number of papers to investigate regulation at the transcriptional level, to date, the properties of the enzymes have been subjected to limited study. The isolation of Arabidopsis thaliana P5CS isoenzymes was achieved through heterologous expression and affinity purification. The two proteins were characterized with respect to kinetic and biochemical properties. AtP5CS2 showed KM values in the micro- to millimolar range, and its activity was inhibited by NADP+ , ADP and proline, and by glutamine and arginine at high levels. Mg2+ ions were required for activity, which was further stimulated by K+ and other cations. AtP5CS1 displayed positive cooperativity with glutamate and was almost insensitive to inhibition by proline. In the presence of physiological, nonsaturating concentrations of glutamate, proline was slightly stimulatory, and glutamine strongly increased the catalytic rate. Data suggest that the activity of AtP5CS isoenzymes is differentially regulated by a complex array of factors including the concentrations of proline, glutamate, glutamine, monovalent cations and pyridine dinucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Forlani
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sabbioni
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Simone Barera
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Dietmar Funck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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2
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Nishimura A. Regulations and functions of proline utilization in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2024; 88:131-137. [PMID: 37994668 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbad165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
The quality of alcoholic beverages strongly depends on the metabolic characteristics of the yeast cells being used. To control the aroma and the taste of alcoholic beverages, as well as the production of ethanol in them, it is thus crucial to select yeast cells with the proper characteristics. Grape must contain a high concentration of proline, an amino acid that can potentially be a useful nitrogen source. However, Saccharomyces cerevisiae cannot utilize proline during the wine-making process, resulting in the elevated levels of proline in wine and consequent negative effects on wine quality. In this article, I review and discuss recent discoveries about the inhibitory mechanisms and roles of proline utilization in yeast. The information can help in developing novel yeast strains that can improve fermentation and enhance the quality and production efficiency of wine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Nishimura
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
- Institute for Research Initiatives, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
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3
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Brooks SM, Reed KB, Yuan SF, Altin-Yavuzarslan G, Shafranek R, Nelson A, Alper HS. Enhancing long-term storage and stability of engineered living materials through desiccant storage and trehalose treatment. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:572-582. [PMID: 36281490 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Engineered living materials (ELMs) have broad applications for enabling on-demand bioproduction of compounds ranging from small molecules to large proteins. However, most formulations and reports lack the capacity for storage beyond a few months. In this study, we develop an optimized procedure to maximize stress resilience of yeast-laden ELMs through the use of desiccant storage and 10% trehalose incubation before lyophilization. This approach led to over 1-year room temperature storage stability across a range of strain genotypes. In particular, we highlight the superiority of exogenously added trehalose over endogenous, engineered production in yielding robust preservation resilience that is independent of cell state. This simple, effective protocol enables sufficient accumulation of intracellular trehalose over a short period of contact time across a range of strain backgrounds without requiring the overexpression of a trehalose importer. A variety of microscopic analysis including µ-CT and confocal microscopy indicate that cells form spherical colonies within F127-BUM ELMs that have variable viability upon storage. The robustness of the overall procedure developed here highlights the potential for widespread deployment to enable on-demand, cold-chain independent bioproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sierra M Brooks
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Kevin B Reed
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Shuo-Fu Yuan
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Gokce Altin-Yavuzarslan
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ryan Shafranek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Alshakim Nelson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Hal S Alper
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.,Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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Functional Analysis of Feedback Inhibition-Insensitive Variants of N-Acetyl Glutamate Kinase Found in Sake Yeast Mutants with Ornithine Overproduction. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0082222. [PMID: 35543513 PMCID: PMC9241915 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00822-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, N-acetyl glutamate kinase (NAGK), which catalyzes the phosphorylation of N-acetyl glutamate to form N-acetyl glutamyl-5-phosphate, is one of the rate-limiting enzymes in the ornithine and arginine biosynthetic pathways. NAGK activity is strictly regulated via feedback inhibition by the end product, arginine. We previously reported that the Thr340Ile variant of NAGK was insensitive to arginine feedback inhibition and that the interaction between Lys336 and Thr340 in NAGK may be important for arginine recognition. In the present study, we demonstrated that amino acid changes of Thr340 to Ala, Leu, Arg, Glu, Ile, and Asn removed arginine feedback inhibition, although the Thr340Ser variant was subject to the feedback inhibition. Therefore, these results indicate that the arginine-binding cavity formed via the interaction between the carbonyl group in the main chain of Lys336 and the hydroxyl group in the side chain of the residue at position 340 is critical for arginine recognition of NAGK. In addition, we newly identified two mutations in the ARG5,6 gene encoding the Cys119Tyr or Val267Ala variant of NAGK of sake yeast mutants with intracellular ornithine accumulation. Although it is unlikely that Cys119 and Val267 are directly involved in arginine recognition, we found here that two variants of NAGK were insensitive to arginine feedback inhibition and contributed to high-level production of ornithine. Structural analysis of NAGK suggests that these two amino acid substitutions influence the sensitivity to Arg feedback inhibition through alterations in local conformation around each residue. IMPORTANCE Ornithine has a number of physiological benefits in humans. Thus, an Orn-rich alcoholic beverage is expected to relieve feelings of fatigue after drinking. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, N-acetyl glutamate kinase (NAGK) encoded by the ARG5,6 gene catalyzes the second step in ornithine and arginine biosynthesis, and its activity is subjected to feedback inhibition by arginine. Here, we revealed a role of key residues in the formation of the arginine-binding cavity which is critical for arginine recognition of NAGK. In addition, we analyzed novel arginine feedback inhibition-insensitive variants of NAGK in sake yeast mutants with ornithine overproduction and proposed that the amino acid substitutions in the NAGK variants destabilize the arginine-binding cavity, leading to the lower sensitivity to arginine feedback inhibition of NAGK activity. These findings provide new insight into the allosteric regulation of NAGK activity and will help to construct superior industrial yeast strains for high-level production of ornithine.
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Zhang Q, Feng YX, Lin YJ, Yu XZ. Indigenous Proline is a Two-Dimensional Safety-Relief Valve in Balancing Specific Amino Acids in Rice under Hexavalent Chromium Stress. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:11185-11195. [PMID: 34521195 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This study highlights the roles of different N sources (N starvation [-N], nitrate [+NO3-], and ammonium [+NH4+]) in specific amino acids involved in rice proline (Pro) metabolism under hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] stress. In treatment with Cr(VI) - N, the content of glutamate (Glu) in shoots was comparable to that of Pro, while the content of Glu in the roots was significantly higher than that of Pro. In case of treatment with Cr(VI) + NO3-/NH4+, the content of Glu in both tissues was significantly higher than that of Pro, suggesting that the synthesis of γ-aminobutyric acid and glutathione was most likely involved. Pro synthesis in rice is mainly derived from the Glu pathway rather than the ornithine (Orn) pathway, which is strongly affected by different N sources. The genetic regulation network of Pro metabolism demonstrated a good signal for describing amino acid balance in rice under Cr(VI) stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Xi Feng
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Juan Lin
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Zhang Yu
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
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Nishimura A, Takasaki Y, Isogai S, Toyokawa Y, Tanahashi R, Takagi H. Role of Gln79 in Feedback Inhibition of the Yeast γ-Glutamyl Kinase by Proline. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9091902. [PMID: 34576795 PMCID: PMC8472793 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Awamori, the traditional distilled alcoholic beverage of Okinawa, Japan, is brewed with the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. During the distillation process after the fermentation, enormous quantities of distillation residues containing yeast cells must be disposed of, and this has recently been recognized as a major problem both environmentally and economically. Proline, a multifunctional amino acid, has the highest water retention capacity among amino acids. Therefore, distillation residues with large amounts of proline could be useful in cosmetics. Here, we isolated a yeast mutant with high levels of intracellular proline and found a missense mutation (Gln79His) on the PRO1 gene encoding the γ-glutamyl kinase Pro1, a limiting enzyme in proline biosynthesis. The amino acid change of Gln79 to His in Pro1 resulted in desensitization to the proline-mediated feedback inhibition of GK activity, leading to the accumulation of proline in cells. Biochemical and in silico analyses showed that the amino acid residue at position 79 is involved in the stabilization of the proline binding pocket in Pro1 via a hydrogen-bonding network, which plays an important role in feedback inhibition. Our current study, therefore, proposed a possible mechanism underlying the feedback inhibition of γ-glutamyl kinase activity. This mechanism can be applied to construct proline-accumulating yeast strains to effectively utilize distillation residues.
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Takagi H. Molecular mechanisms and highly functional development for stress tolerance of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:1017-1037. [PMID: 33836532 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In response to environmental stress, microorganisms adapt to drastic changes while exerting cellular functions by controlling gene expression, metabolic pathways, enzyme activities, and protein-protein interactions. Microbial cells that undergo a fermentation process are subjected to stresses, such as high temperature, freezing, drying, changes in pH and osmotic pressure, and organic solvents. Combinations of these stresses that continue over long terms often inhibit cells' growth and lead to their death, markedly limiting the useful functions of microorganisms (eg their fermentation ability). Thus, high stress tolerance of cells is required to improve productivity and add value to fermented/brewed foods and biofuels. This review focuses on stress tolerance mechanisms, including l-proline/l-arginine metabolism, ubiquitin system, and transcription factors, and the functional development of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which has been used not only in basic science as a model of higher eukaryotes but also in fermentation processes for making alcoholic beverages, food products, and bioethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Takagi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
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Nishimura A, Yoshikawa Y, Ichikawa K, Takemoto T, Tanahashi R, Takagi H. Longevity Regulation by Proline Oxidation in Yeast. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081650. [PMID: 34442729 PMCID: PMC8400801 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Proline is a pivotal and multifunctional amino acid that is used not only as a nitrogen source but also as a stress protectant and energy source. Therefore, proline metabolism is known to be important in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Here, we discovered that proline oxidation, catalyzed by the proline oxidase Put1, a mitochondrial flavin-dependent enzyme converting proline into ∆1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate, controls the chronological lifespan of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Intriguingly, the yeast strain with PUT1 deletion showed a reduced chronological lifespan compared with the wild-type strain. The addition of proline to the culture medium significantly increased the longevity of wild-type cells but not that of PUT1-deleted cells. We next found that induction of the transcriptional factor Put3-dependent PUT1 and degradation of proline occur during the aging of yeast cells. Additionally, the lifespan of the PUT3-deleted strain, which is deficient in PUT1 induction, was shorter than that of the wild-type strain. More importantly, the oxidation of proline by Put1 helped maintain the mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP production through the aging period. These results indicate that mitochondrial energy metabolism is maintained through oxidative degradation of proline and that this process is important in regulating the longevity of yeast cells.
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9
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Chemical-Genetic Interactions with the Proline Analog L-Azetidine-2-Carboxylic Acid in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2020; 10:4335-4345. [PMID: 33082270 PMCID: PMC7718759 DOI: 10.1534/g3.120.401876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Non-proteinogenic amino acids, such as the proline analog L-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid (AZC), are detrimental to cells because they are mis-incorporated into proteins and lead to proteotoxic stress. Our goal was to identify genes that show chemical-genetic interactions with AZC in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and thus also potentially define the pathways cells use to cope with amino acid mis-incorporation. Screening the yeast deletion and temperature sensitive collections, we found 72 alleles with negative chemical-genetic interactions with AZC treatment and 12 alleles that suppress AZC toxicity. Many of the genes with negative chemical-genetic interactions are involved in protein quality control pathways through the proteasome. Genes involved in actin cytoskeleton organization and endocytosis also had negative chemical-genetic interactions with AZC. Related to this, the number of actin patches per cell increases upon AZC treatment. Many of the same cellular processes were identified to have interactions with proteotoxic stress caused by two other amino acid analogs, canavanine and thialysine, or a mistranslating tRNA variant that mis-incorporates serine at proline codons. Alleles that suppressed AZC-induced toxicity functioned through the amino acid sensing TOR pathway or controlled amino acid permeases required for AZC uptake. Further suggesting the potential of genetic changes to influence the cellular response to proteotoxic stress, overexpressing many of the genes that had a negative chemical-genetic interaction with AZC suppressed AZC toxicity.
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Lahue C, Madden AA, Dunn RR, Smukowski Heil C. History and Domestication of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in Bread Baking. Front Genet 2020; 11:584718. [PMID: 33262788 PMCID: PMC7686800 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.584718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been instrumental in the fermentation of foods and beverages for millennia. In addition to fermentations like wine, beer, cider, sake, and bread, S. cerevisiae has been isolated from environments ranging from soil and trees, to human clinical isolates. Each of these environments has unique selection pressures that S. cerevisiae must adapt to. Bread dough, for example, requires S. cerevisiae to efficiently utilize the complex sugar maltose; tolerate osmotic stress due to the semi-solid state of dough, high salt, and high sugar content of some doughs; withstand various processing conditions, including freezing and drying; and produce desirable aromas and flavors. In this review, we explore the history of bread that gave rise to modern commercial baking yeast, and the genetic and genomic changes that accompanied this. We illustrate the genetic and phenotypic variation that has been documented in baking strains and wild strains, and how this variation might be used for baking strain improvement. While we continue to improve our understanding of how baking strains have adapted to bread dough, we conclude by highlighting some of the remaining open questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Lahue
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Anne A. Madden
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Robert R. Dunn
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, The GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Caiti Smukowski Heil
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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Ohashi M, Nasuno R, Isogai S, Takagi H. High-level production of ornithine by expression of the feedback inhibition-insensitive N-acetyl glutamate kinase in the sake yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Metab Eng 2020; 62:1-9. [PMID: 32805427 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that intracellular proline (Pro) confers tolerance to ethanol on the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this study, to improve the ethanol productivity of sake, a traditional Japanese alcoholic beverage, we successfully isolated several Pro-accumulating mutants derived from diploid sake yeast of S. cerevisiae by a conventional mutagenesis. Interestingly, one of them (strain A902-4) produced more than 10-fold greater amounts of ornithine (Orn) and Pro compared to the parent strain (K901). Orn is a non-proteinogenic amino acid and a precursor of both arginine (Arg) and Pro. It has some physiological functions, such as amelioration of negative states such as lassitude and improvement of sleep quality. We also identified a homo-allelic mutation in the ARG5,6 gene encoding the Thr340Ile variant N-acetylglutamate kinase (NAGK) in strain A902-4. The NAGK activity of the Thr340Ile variant was extremely insensitive to feedback inhibition by Arg, leading to intracellular Orn accumulation. This is the first report of the removal of feedback inhibition of NAGK activity in the industrial yeast, leading to high levels of intracellular Orn. Moreover, sake and sake cake brewed with strain A902-4 contained 4-5 times more Orn than those brewed with strain K901. The approach described here could be a practical method for the development of industrial yeast strains with overproduction of Orn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Ohashi
- Nara Prefecture Institute of Industrial Development, 129-1 Kashiwagi-cho, Nara, Nara, 630-8031, Japan
| | - Ryo Nasuno
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Shota Isogai
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takagi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan.
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12
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Murakami N, Kotaka A, Isogai S, Ashida K, Nishimura A, Matsumura K, Hata Y, Ishida H, Takagi H. Effects of a novel variant of the yeast γ-glutamyl kinase Pro1 on its enzymatic activity and sake brewing. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 47:715-723. [PMID: 32748014 PMCID: PMC7658068 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-020-02297-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Sake is a traditional Japanese alcoholic beverage brewed with the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Sake taste is affected by sugars, organic acids, and amino acids. We previously isolated mutants resistant to the proline analogue azetidine-2-carboxylate derived from a diploid sake yeast strain. Some of the mutants produced a greater amount of proline in the brewed sake. One of them (strain K-9-AZC) carried a novel mutation in the PRO1 gene encoding the Gln79His variant of the γ-glutamyl kinase Pro1, a key enzyme in proline biosynthesis in S. cerevisiae. This mutation resulted in extreme desensitization to feedback inhibition by proline, leading to proline overproduction. Interestingly, sake brewed with K-9-AZC contained 3.7-fold more proline, but only 25% less succinate than sake brewed with the parent strain. Metabolome analysis suggests that the decrease in succinate was attributable to a lower level of 2-oxoglutarate, which is converted into glutamate. The approach here could be a practical method for breeding of yeast strains involved in the diversity of sake taste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Murakami
- Research Institute, Gekkeikan Sake Co. Ltd., 101 Shimotoba-koyanagi-cho, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, 612-8385, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kotaka
- Research Institute, Gekkeikan Sake Co. Ltd., 101 Shimotoba-koyanagi-cho, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, 612-8385, Japan
| | - Shota Isogai
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Keiko Ashida
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Akira Nishimura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Kengo Matsumura
- Research Institute, Gekkeikan Sake Co. Ltd., 101 Shimotoba-koyanagi-cho, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, 612-8385, Japan
| | - Yoji Hata
- Research Institute, Gekkeikan Sake Co. Ltd., 101 Shimotoba-koyanagi-cho, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, 612-8385, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ishida
- Research Institute, Gekkeikan Sake Co. Ltd., 101 Shimotoba-koyanagi-cho, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, 612-8385, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takagi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan.
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13
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Mat Nanyan NSB, Takagi H. Proline Homeostasis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: How Does the Stress-Responsive Transcription Factor Msn2 Play a Role? Front Genet 2020; 11:438. [PMID: 32411186 PMCID: PMC7198862 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of MSN2, which is the transcription factor gene in response to stress, is well-known to increase the tolerance of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells to a wide variety of environmental stresses. Recent studies have found that the Msn2 is a feasible potential mediator of proline homeostasis in yeast. This result is based on the finding that overexpression of the MSN2 gene exacerbates the cytotoxicity of yeast to various amino acid analogs whose uptake is increased by the active amino acid permeases localized on the plasma membrane as a result of a dysfunctional deubiquitination process. Increased understanding of the cellular responses induced by the Msn2-mediated proline incorporation will provide better comprehension of how cells respond to and counteract to different kinds of stimuli and will also contribute to the breeding of industrial yeast strains with increased productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiroshi Takagi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
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Mukai Y, Kamei Y, Liu X, Jiang S, Sugimoto Y, Mat Nanyan NSB, Watanabe D, Takagi H. Proline metabolism regulates replicative lifespan in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. MICROBIAL CELL 2019; 6:482-490. [PMID: 31646149 PMCID: PMC6780008 DOI: 10.15698/mic2019.10.694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In many plants and microorganisms, intracellular proline has a protective role against various stresses, including heat-shock, oxidation and osmolarity. Environmental stresses induce cellular senescence in a variety of eukaryotes. Here we showed that intracellular proline regulates the replicative lifespan in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Deletion of the proline oxidase gene PUT1 and expression of the γ-glutamate kinase mutant gene PRO1-I150T that is less sensitive to feedback inhibition accumulated proline and extended the replicative lifespan of yeast cells. Inversely, disruption of the proline biosynthetic genes PRO1, PRO2, and CAR2 decreased stationary proline level and shortened the lifespan of yeast cells. Quadruple disruption of the proline transporter genes unexpectedly did not change intracellular proline levels and replicative lifespan. Overexpression of the stress-responsive transcription activator gene MSN2 reduced intracellular proline levels by inducing the expression of PUT1, resulting in a short lifespan. Thus, the intracellular proline levels at stationary phase was positively correlated with the replicative lifespan. Furthermore, multivariate analysis of amino acids in yeast mutants deficient in proline metabolism showed characteristic metabolic profiles coincident with longevity: acidic and basic amino acids and branched-chain amino acids positively contributed to the replicative lifespan. These results allude to proline metabolism having a physiological role in maintaining the lifespan of yeast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Mukai
- Department of Frontier Bioscience, Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, 1266 Tamura, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Yuka Kamei
- Department of Frontier Bioscience, Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, 1266 Tamura, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Xu Liu
- Department of Frontier Bioscience, Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, 1266 Tamura, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Shan Jiang
- Department of Frontier Bioscience, Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, 1266 Tamura, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Yukiko Sugimoto
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Noreen Suliani Binti Mat Nanyan
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Daisuke Watanabe
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takagi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
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15
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Khajavi MZ, Tripathi AD, Khosravi-Darani K. Strategies of Freezing Tolerance in Yeast: Genes’ Rapid Response for Accumulation of Stress Protectants. CURRENT NUTRITION & FOOD SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/2210315508666181009113623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Production of frozen ready-to-bake bakery products has gained significant attention during the past few years. However, the freezing process during the production of frozen bakery products may decrease the quality especially in the case of suppression of the activity of baker yeast. Great improvements in the quality of frozen bakery products may be achieved by increasing the stability of yeast during freezing storage. Many microorganisms have different kinds of mechanisms to suppress environmental, freezing or thawing stresses. In this review paper, reported strategies which are used for rising tolerance of microorganisms, especially yeast, are reviewed. One of the introduced protective procedures is the accumulation of special intra-cellular metabolites by some microorganisms. Two main key metabolites in this regard are trehalose and proline (which act as an osmoprotectant and decrease the melting point of DNA), which are introduced in this review article. Also, cloning strategies for increasing their bioaccumulation are pointed out, and their mechanisms of action are described. Finally, overexpression of SNR84 gene as an another microbial strategy for surviving in harsh environmental conditions is (small nucleolar RNAs) mentioned, which leads to ribosomal pseudouridines (responsible for freezing tolerance and decreasing growth rate of organisms).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Z. Khajavi
- Students` Research Committee, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abhishek D. Tripathi
- Centre of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, U.P, India
| | - Kianoush Khosravi-Darani
- Research Department of Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Proteomics insights into the responses of Saccharomyces cerevisiae during mixed-culture alcoholic fermentation with Lachancea thermotolerans. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2019; 95:5550729. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiz126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to cocultivation with Lachancea thermotolerans during alcoholic fermentations has been investigated using tandem mass tag (TMT)-based proteomics. At two key time-points, S. cerevisiae was sorted from single S. cerevisiae fermentations and from mixed fermentations using flow cytometry sorting. Results showed that the purity of sorted S. cerevisiae was above 96% throughout the whole mixed-culture fermentation, thereby validating our sorting methodology. By comparing protein expression of S. cerevisiae with and without L. thermotolerans, 26 proteins were identified as significantly regulated proteins at the early death phase (T1), and 32 significantly regulated proteins were identified at the late death phase (T2) of L. thermotolerans in mixed cultures. At T1, proteins involved in endocytosis, increasing nutrient availability, cell rescue and resistance to stresses were upregulated, and proteins involved in proline synthesis and apoptosis were downregulated. At T2, proteins involved in protein synthesis and stress responses were up- and downregulated, respectively. These data indicate that S. cerevisiae was stressed by the presence of L. thermotolerans at T1, using both defensive and fighting strategies to keep itself in a dominant position, and that it at T2 was relieved from stress, perhaps increasing its enzymatic machinery to ensure better survival.
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Peltier E, Friedrich A, Schacherer J, Marullo P. Quantitative Trait Nucleotides Impacting the Technological Performances of Industrial Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strains. Front Genet 2019; 10:683. [PMID: 31396264 PMCID: PMC6664092 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is certainly the prime industrial microorganism and is related to many biotechnological applications including food fermentations, biofuel production, green chemistry, and drug production. A noteworthy characteristic of this species is the existence of subgroups well adapted to specific processes with some individuals showing optimal technological traits. In the last 20 years, many studies have established a link between quantitative traits and single-nucleotide polymorphisms found in hundreds of genes. These natural variations constitute a pool of QTNs (quantitative trait nucleotides) that modulate yeast traits of economic interest for industry. By selecting a subset of genes functionally validated, a total of 284 QTNs were inventoried. Their distribution across pan and core genome and their frequency within the 1,011 Saccharomyces cerevisiae genomes were analyzed. We found that 150 of the 284 QTNs have a frequency lower than 5%, meaning that these variants would be undetectable by genome-wide association studies (GWAS). This analysis also suggests that most of the functional variants are private to a subpopulation, possibly due to their adaptive role to specific industrial environment. In this review, we provide a literature survey of their phenotypic impact and discuss the opportunities and the limits of their use for industrial strain selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilien Peltier
- Department Sciences du vivant et de la sante, Université de Bordeaux, UR Œnologie EA 4577, Bordeaux, France
- Biolaffort, Bordeaux, France
| | - Anne Friedrich
- Department Micro-organismes, Génomes, Environnement, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, GMGM UMR 7156, Strasbourg, France
| | - Joseph Schacherer
- Department Micro-organismes, Génomes, Environnement, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, GMGM UMR 7156, Strasbourg, France
| | - Philippe Marullo
- Department Sciences du vivant et de la sante, Université de Bordeaux, UR Œnologie EA 4577, Bordeaux, France
- Biolaffort, Bordeaux, France
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18
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Mat Nanyan NSB, Watanabe D, Sugimoto Y, Takagi H. Involvement of the stress-responsive transcription factor gene MSN2 in the control of amino acid uptake in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Yeast Res 2019; 19:5536248. [DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foz052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The transcriptional factor Msn2 plays a pivotal role in response to environmental stresses by activating the transcription of stress-responsive genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Our previous studies demonstrate that intracellular proline acts as a key protectant against various stresses. It is unknown, however, whether Msn2 is involved in proline homeostasis in S. cerevisiae cells. We here found that MSN2-overexpressing (MSN2-OE) cells showed higher sensitivity to a toxic analogue of proline, l-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid (AZC), as well as to the other amino acid toxic analogues, than wild-type cells. Overexpression of MSN2 increased the intracellular content of AZC, suggesting that Msn2 positively regulates the uptake of proline. Among the known proline permease genes, GNP1 was shown to play a predominant role in the AZC toxicity. Based on quantitative real-time PCR and western blot analyses, the overexpression of MSN2 did not induce any increases in the transcript levels of GNP1 or the other proline permease genes, while the amount of the Gnp1 protein was markedly increased in MSN2-OE cells. Microscopic observation suggested that the endocytic degradation of Gnp1 was impaired in MSN2-OE cells. Thus, this study sheds light on a novel link between the Msn2-mediated global stress response and the amino acid homeostasis in S. cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noreen Suliani binti Mat Nanyan
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Daisuke Watanabe
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Yukiko Sugimoto
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takagi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
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19
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Takagi H. Metabolic regulatory mechanisms and physiological roles of functional amino acids and their applications in yeast. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2019; 83:1449-1462. [PMID: 30712454 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2019.1576500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In yeast, amino acid metabolism and its regulatory mechanisms vary under different growth environments by regulating anabolic and catabolic processes, including uptake and export, and the metabolic styles form a complicated but robust network. There is also crosstalk with various metabolic pathways, products and signal molecules. The elucidation of metabolic regulatory mechanisms and physiological roles is important fundamental research for understanding life phenomenon. In terms of industrial application, the control of amino acid composition and content is expected to contribute to an improvement in productivity, and to add to the value of fermented foods, alcoholic beverages, bioethanol, and other valuable compounds (proteins and amino acids, etc.). This review article mainly describes our research in constructing yeast strains with high functionality, focused on the metabolic regulatory mechanisms and physiological roles of "functional amino acids", such as l-proline, l-arginine, l-leucine, l-valine, l-cysteine, and l-methionine, found in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Takagi
- a Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology , Nara Institute of Science and Technology , Nara , Japan
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20
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Ming M, Wang X, Lian L, Zhang H, Gao W, Zhu B, Lou D. Metabolic responses ofSaccharomyces cerevisiaeto ethanol stress using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Mol Omics 2019; 15:216-221. [DOI: 10.1039/c9mo00055k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic responses ofSaccharomyces cerevisiaeunder ethanol stress by a metabolomics method based on GC-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Ming
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology
- Jilin
- P. R. China
| | - Xiyue Wang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology
- Jilin
- P. R. China
| | - Lili Lian
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology
- Jilin
- P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology
- Jilin
- P. R. China
| | - Wenxiu Gao
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology
- Jilin
- P. R. China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology
- Jilin
- P. R. China
| | - Dawei Lou
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology
- Jilin
- P. R. China
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21
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Isolation of baker's yeast mutants with proline accumulation that showed enhanced tolerance to baking-associated stresses. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 238:233-240. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Hackett SR, Zanotelli VRT, Xu W, Goya J, Park JO, Perlman DH, Gibney PA, Botstein D, Storey JD, Rabinowitz JD. Systems-level analysis of mechanisms regulating yeast metabolic flux. Science 2016; 354:aaf2786. [PMID: 27789812 PMCID: PMC5414049 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf2786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Cellular metabolic fluxes are determined by enzyme activities and metabolite abundances. Biochemical approaches reveal the impact of specific substrates or regulators on enzyme kinetics but do not capture the extent to which metabolite and enzyme concentrations vary across physiological states and, therefore, how cellular reactions are regulated. We measured enzyme and metabolite concentrations and metabolic fluxes across 25 steady-state yeast cultures. We then assessed the extent to which flux can be explained by a Michaelis-Menten relationship between enzyme, substrate, product, and potential regulator concentrations. This revealed three previously unrecognized instances of cross-pathway regulation, which we biochemically verified. One of these involved inhibition of pyruvate kinase by citrate, which accumulated and thereby curtailed glycolytic outflow in nitrogen-limited yeast. Overall, substrate concentrations were the strongest driver of the net rates of cellular metabolic reactions, with metabolite concentrations collectively having more than double the physiological impact of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Hackett
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | | | - Wenxin Xu
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Jonathan Goya
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Junyoung O Park
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - David H Perlman
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Patrick A Gibney
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - David Botstein
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - John D Storey
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. Center for Statistics and Machine Learning, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Joshua D Rabinowitz
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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23
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Tatehashi Y, Watanabe D, Takagi H. γ-Glutamyl kinase is involved in selective autophagy of ribosomes inSaccharomyces cerevisiae. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:2906-14. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Tatehashi
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences; Nara Institute of Science and Technology; Ikoma Japan
| | - Daisuke Watanabe
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences; Nara Institute of Science and Technology; Ikoma Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takagi
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences; Nara Institute of Science and Technology; Ikoma Japan
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24
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Takagi H, Taguchi J, Kaino T. Proline accumulation protects Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells in stationary phase from ethanol stress by reducing reactive oxygen species levels. Yeast 2016; 33:355-63. [PMID: 26833688 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During fermentation processes, Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells are exposed to multiple stresses, including a high concentration of ethanol that represents toxicity through intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. We previously reported that proline protected yeast cells from damage caused by various stresses, such as freezing and ethanol. As an anti-oxidant, proline is suggested to scavenge intracellular ROS. In this study, we examined the role of intracellular proline during ethanol treatment in S. cerevisiae strains that accumulate different concentrations of proline. When cultured in YPD medium, there was a significant accumulation of proline in the put1 mutant strain, which is deficient in proline oxidase, in the stationary phase. Expression of the mutant PRO1 gene, which encodes the γ-glutamyl kinase variant (Asp154Asn or Ile150Thr) with desensitization to feedback inhibition by proline in the put1 mutant strain, showed a prominent increase in proline content as compared with that of the wild-type strain. The oxidation level was clearly increased in wild-type cells after exposure to ethanol, indicating that the generation of ROS occurred. Interestingly, proline accumulation significantly reduces the ROS level and increases the survival rate of yeast cells in the stationary phase under ethanol stress conditions. However, there was not a clear correlation between proline content and survival rate in yeast cells. An appropriate level of intracellular proline in yeast might be important for its stress-protective effect. Hence, the engineering of proline metabolism could be promising for breeding stress-tolerant industrial yeast strains. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Takagi
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
| | - Junpei Taguchi
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kaino
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane, 690-8504, Japan
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25
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Wang X, Bai X, Chen DF, Chen FZ, Li BZ, Yuan YJ. Increasing proline and myo-inositol improves tolerance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to the mixture of multiple lignocellulose-derived inhibitors. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2015; 8:142. [PMID: 26379774 PMCID: PMC4570682 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-015-0329-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of robust microbes with tolerance to the combined lignocellulose-derived inhibitors is critical for the efficient cellulosic ethanol production. However, the lack of understanding on the inhibition mechanism limited the rational engineering of tolerant strain. Here, through the metabolomic analysis of an adaptation process of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to representative inhibitors, i.e., furfural, acetic acid and phenol (FAP), we figured out the new candidates for improving inhibitor tolerance. RESULTS After metabolomic analysis, proline and myo-inositol were identified as the potential metabolites responsible for strain tolerance to inhibitors. The deletion of genes involved in proline or myo-inositol synthesis weakened strain tolerance against FAP stress. On the contrary, the addition of proline or myo-inositol in medium exerted a protective effect on cell growth under FAP stress. Furthermore, the enhancement of proline or myo-inositol synthesis by overexpressing key gene PRO1 or INO1 conferred yeast strain significantly increased FAP tolerance. All the recombinant strains finished the fermentation within 60 h under FAP stress, while the control strain was still in the lag phase. Meanwhile, it was found that the intracellular level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under FAP condition was decreased with the increase of proline content, suggesting the function of proline as a ROS scavenger to protect strains from inhibitor damage. CONCLUSION Increasing proline and myo-inositol were uncovered as the new determinants for improving strain tolerance to FAP under the guidance of metabolomics. Meanwhile, this study displayed the powerful application of metabolomics to develop rational strategies to increase stress tolerance and provided valuable insights into the design of recombinant microbes for the complex traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- />Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
- />SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xue Bai
- />Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
- />SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
| | - Dong-Fang Chen
- />School of Management and Economics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
| | - Fu-Zan Chen
- />School of Management and Economics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
| | - Bing-Zhi Li
- />Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
- />SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying-Jin Yuan
- />Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
- />SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
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26
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Fichman Y, Gerdes SY, Kovács H, Szabados L, Zilberstein A, Csonka LN. Evolution of proline biosynthesis: enzymology, bioinformatics, genetics, and transcriptional regulation. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2014; 90:1065-99. [PMID: 25367752 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Proline is not only an essential component of proteins but it also has important roles in adaptation to osmotic and dehydration stresses, redox control, and apoptosis. Here, we review pathways of proline biosynthesis in the three domains of life. Pathway reconstruction from genome data for hundreds of eubacterial and dozens of archaeal and eukaryotic organisms revealed evolutionary conservation and variations of this pathway across different taxa. In the most prevalent pathway of proline synthesis, glutamate is phosphorylated to γ-glutamyl phosphate by γ-glutamyl kinase, reduced to γ-glutamyl semialdehyde by γ-glutamyl phosphate reductase, cyclized spontaneously to Δ(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate and reduced to proline by Δ(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase. In higher plants and animals the first two steps are catalysed by a bi-functional Δ(1) -pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase. Alternative pathways of proline formation use the initial steps of the arginine biosynthetic pathway to ornithine, which can be converted to Δ(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate by ornithine aminotransferase and then reduced to proline or converted directly to proline by ornithine cyclodeaminase. In some organisms, the latter pathways contribute to or could be fully responsible for the synthesis of proline. The conservation of proline biosynthetic enzymes and significance of specific residues for catalytic activity and allosteric regulation are analysed on the basis of protein structural data, multiple sequence alignments, and mutant studies, providing novel insights into proline biosynthesis in organisms. We also discuss the transcriptional control of the proline biosynthetic genes in bacteria and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosef Fichman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997803, Israel
| | - Svetlana Y Gerdes
- Mathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, U.S.A
| | - Hajnalka Kovács
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Szabados
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Aviah Zilberstein
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997803, Israel
| | - Laszlo N Csonka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, U.S.A
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27
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Liang X, Dickman MB, Becker DF. Proline biosynthesis is required for endoplasmic reticulum stress tolerance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:27794-806. [PMID: 25112878 PMCID: PMC4183814 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.562827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The amino acid proline is uniquely involved in cellular processes that underlie stress response in a variety of organisms. Proline is known to minimize protein aggregation, but a detailed study of how proline impacts cell survival during accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has not been performed. To address this we examined in Saccharomyces cerevisiae the effect of knocking out the PRO1, PRO2, and PRO3 genes responsible for proline biosynthesis. The null mutants pro1, pro2, and pro3 were shown to have increased sensitivity to ER stress relative to wild-type cells, which could be restored by proline or the corresponding genetic complementation. Of these mutants, pro3 was the most sensitive to tunicamycin and was rescued by anaerobic growth conditions or reduced thiol reagents. The pro3 mutant cells have higher intracellular reactive oxygen species, total glutathione, and a NADP(+)/NADPH ratio than wild-type cells under limiting proline conditions. Depletion of proline biosynthesis also inhibits the unfolded protein response (UPR) indicating proline protection involves the UPR. To more broadly test the role of proline in ER stress, increased proline biosynthesis was shown to partially rescue the ER stress sensitivity of a hog1 null mutant in which the high osmolality pathway is disrupted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwen Liang
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588 and
| | - Martin B Dickman
- the Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Donald F Becker
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588 and
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28
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Distribution ofL-Azetidine-2-carboxylateN-Acetyltransferase in Yeast. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 72:582-6. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.70534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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29
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Presence of proline has a protective effect on weak acid stressed Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2014; 105:641-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-014-0118-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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30
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Tatehashi Y, Takagi H. Characterization of γ-glutamyl kinase mutants from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biosci Bioeng 2013; 116:576-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2013.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Singh P, Tiwari A, Singh SP, Asthana RK. Proline biosynthesizing enzymes (glutamate 5-kinase and pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase) from a model cyanobacterium for desiccation tolerance. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 19:521-528. [PMID: 24431521 PMCID: PMC3781280 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-013-0186-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Drought is the most important abiotic stress, challenging sustainable agriculture globally. For desiccation being the multigenic trait, a combination of identified genes from the appropriate organism may render crop tolerant to the water stress. Among the compatible solutes, proline plays multifaceted role in counteracting such stress. The genes encoding proline biosynthesizing enzymes, glutamate 5-kinase (G5K), and pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (P5CR) from the low-desiccation-tolerant cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120, were cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) individually. The recombinant E. coli cells harboring G5K, failed to exhibit enhanced desiccation tolerance relative to those with P5CR that showed increased growth/survival over the wild type. This may be ascribed to the overexpression of the reductase gene. Multiple sequence alignment showed P5CR to be conserved in all the organisms. We hypothesize that P5CR gene from high-desiccation-tolerant cyanobacteria may be adopted as the candidate for making transgenic N2-fixing cyanobacterium for paddy fields and/or crop development in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Singh
- />Centre of Advanced study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005 India
| | - Anupam Tiwari
- />Centre of Advanced study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005 India
| | | | - Ravi Kumar Asthana
- />Centre of Advanced study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005 India
- />Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005 India
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Bach TMH, Takagi H. Properties, metabolisms, and applications of l-proline analogues. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:6623-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5022-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Randez-Gil F, Córcoles-Sáez I, Prieto JA. Genetic and Phenotypic Characteristics of Baker's Yeast: Relevance to Baking. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2013; 4:191-214. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-030212-182609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Randez-Gil
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain;
| | - Isaac Córcoles-Sáez
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain;
| | - José A. Prieto
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain;
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Simultaneous accumulation of proline and trehalose in industrial baker's yeast enhances fermentation ability in frozen dough. J Biosci Bioeng 2012; 113:592-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2011.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Sasano Y, Haitani Y, Hashida K, Ohtsu I, Shima J, Takagi H. Enhancement of the proline and nitric oxide synthetic pathway improves fermentation ability under multiple baking-associated stress conditions in industrial baker's yeast. Microb Cell Fact 2012; 11:40. [PMID: 22462683 PMCID: PMC3359278 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-11-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During the bread-making process, industrial baker's yeast, mostly Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is exposed to baking-associated stresses, such as air-drying and freeze-thaw stress. These baking-associated stresses exert severe injury to yeast cells, mainly due to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to cell death and reduced fermentation ability. Thus, there is a great need for a baker's yeast strain with higher tolerance to baking-associated stresses. Recently, we revealed a novel antioxidative mechanism in a laboratory yeast strain that is involved in stress-induced nitric oxide (NO) synthesis from proline via proline oxidase Put1 and N-acetyltransferase Mpr1. We also found that expression of the proline-feedback inhibition-less sensitive mutant γ-glutamyl kinase (Pro1-I150T) and the thermostable mutant Mpr1-F65L resulted in an enhanced fermentation ability of baker's yeast in bread dough after freeze-thaw stress and air-drying stress, respectively. However, baker's yeast strains with high fermentation ability under multiple baking-associated stresses have not yet been developed. Results We constructed a self-cloned diploid baker's yeast strain with enhanced proline and NO synthesis by expressing Pro1-I150T and Mpr1-F65L in the presence of functional Put1. The engineered strain increased the intracellular NO level in response to air-drying stress, and the strain was tolerant not only to oxidative stress but also to both air-drying and freeze-thaw stresses probably due to the reduced intracellular ROS level. We also showed that the resultant strain retained higher leavening activity in bread dough after air-drying and freeze-thaw stress than that of the wild-type strain. On the other hand, enhanced stress tolerance and fermentation ability did not occur in the put1-deficient strain. This result suggests that NO is synthesized in baker's yeast from proline in response to oxidative stresses that induce ROS generation and that increased NO plays an important role in baking-associated stress tolerance. Conclusions In this work, we clarified the importance of Put1- and Mpr1-mediated NO generation from proline to the baking-associated stress tolerance in industrial baker's yeast. We also demonstrated that baker's yeast that enhances the proline and NO synthetic pathway by expressing the Pro1-I150T and Mpr1-F65L variants showed improved fermentation ability under multiple baking-associated stress conditions. From a biotechnological perspective, the enhancement of proline and NO synthesis could be promising for breeding novel baker's yeast strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sasano
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
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Sasano Y, Haitani Y, Ohtsu I, Shima J, Takagi H. Proline accumulation in baker's yeast enhances high-sucrose stress tolerance and fermentation ability in sweet dough. Int J Food Microbiol 2012; 152:40-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Quezada H, Marín-Hernández A, Aguilar D, López G, Gallardo-Pérez JC, Jasso-Chávez R, González A, Saavedra E, Moreno-Sánchez R. The Lys20 homocitrate synthase isoform exerts most of the flux control over the lysine synthesis pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Microbiol 2011; 82:578-90. [PMID: 21895798 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07832.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the first committed step in the lysine (Lys) biosynthetic pathway is catalysed by the Lys20 and Lys21 homocitrate synthase (HCS) isoforms. Overexpression of Lys20 resulted in eightfold increased Lys, as well as 2-oxoglutarate pools, which were not attained by overexpressing Lys21 or other pathway enzymes (Lys1, Lys9 or Lys12). A metabolic control analysis-based strategy, by gradually and individually manipulating the Lys20 and Lys21 activities demonstrated that the cooperative and strongly feedback-inhibited Lys21 isoform exerted low control of the pathway flux whereas most of the control resided on the non-cooperative and weakly feedback-inhibited Lys20 isoform. Therefore, the higher control of Lys20 over the Lys flux represents an exception to the dogma of higher pathway control by the strongest feedback-inhibited enzyme and points out to multi-site engineering (HCS isoforms and supply of precursors) to increase Lys synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Quezada
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Tlalpan, México DF, 14080, México.
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Miyoshi K, Matsuura H, Kumon T, Matsuda K, Yoshikawa T, Bamba T, Harada K, Hirata K. Isolation and partial characterization of the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii γ-glutamyl kinase. J Biosci Bioeng 2011; 112:75-8. [PMID: 21444242 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2011.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Revised: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We isolated a Chlamydomonas gene encoding putative γ-glutamyl kinase (GK), an enzyme that catalyzes the first step of proline biosynthesis. Using an Escherichia coli auxotroph and a purified recombinant protein, we show that Chlamydomonas GK is a functional GK. The sensitivity of this kinase to feedback inhibition by proline was lower than in that of microbial GKs previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Miyoshi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Pérez-Arellano I, Carmona-Álvarez F, Gallego J, Cervera J. Molecular Mechanisms Modulating Glutamate Kinase Activity. Identification of the Proline Feedback Inhibitor Binding Site. J Mol Biol 2010; 404:890-901. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2010.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Revised: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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40
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Xu S, Zhou J, Liu L, Chen J. Proline enhances Torulopsis glabrata growth during hyperosmotic stress. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-009-0131-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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41
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Lehmann S, Funck D, Szabados L, Rentsch D. Proline metabolism and transport in plant development. Amino Acids 2010; 39:949-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0525-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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42
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Stress-tolerance of baker's-yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cells: stress-protective molecules and genes involved in stress tolerance. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2009; 53:155-64. [DOI: 10.1042/ba20090029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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43
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Zhao XQ, Bai FW. Mechanisms of yeast stress tolerance and its manipulation for efficient fuel ethanol production. J Biotechnol 2009; 144:23-30. [PMID: 19446584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2009.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2009] [Revised: 04/28/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Yeast strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been extensively studied in recent years for fuel ethanol production, in which yeast cells are exposed to various stresses such as high temperature, ethanol inhibition, and osmotic pressure from product and substrate sugars as well as the inhibitory substances released from the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. An in-depth understanding of the mechanism of yeast stress tolerance contributes to breeding more robust strains for ethanol production, especially under very high gravity conditions. Taking advantage of the "omics" technology, the stress response and defense mechanism of yeast cells during ethanol fermentation were further explored, and the newly emerged tools such as genome shuffling and global transcription machinery engineering have been applied to breed stress resistant yeast strains for ethanol production. In this review, the latest development of stress tolerance mechanisms was focused, and improvement of yeast stress tolerance by both random and rational tools was presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Q Zhao
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, China
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Abstract
The traditional use of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in alcoholic fermentation has, over time, resulted in substantial accumulated knowledge concerning genetics, physiology, and biochemistry as well as genetic engineering and fermentation technologies. S. cerevisiae has become a platform organism for developing metabolic engineering strategies, methods, and tools. The current review discusses the relevance of several engineering strategies, such as rational and inverse metabolic engineering, evolutionary engineering, and global transcription machinery engineering, in yeast strain improvement. It also summarizes existing tools for fine-tuning and regulating enzyme activities and thus metabolic pathways. Recent examples of yeast metabolic engineering for food, beverage, and industrial biotechnology (bioethanol and bulk and fine chemicals) follow. S. cerevisiae currently enjoys increasing popularity as a production organism in industrial ("white") biotechnology due to its inherent tolerance of low pH values and high ethanol and inhibitor concentrations and its ability to grow anaerobically. Attention is paid to utilizing lignocellulosic biomass as a potential substrate.
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45
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Proline as a stress protectant in yeast: physiological functions, metabolic regulations, and biotechnological applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 81:211-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1698-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2008] [Revised: 08/29/2008] [Accepted: 09/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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46
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The proline-dependent transcription factor Put3 regulates the expression of the riboflavin transporter MCH5 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 2008; 180:2007-17. [PMID: 18940788 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.108.094458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Like most microorganisms, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is prototrophic for riboflavin (vitamin B2). Riboflavin auxotrophic mutants with deletions in any of the RIB genes frequently segregate colonies with improved growth. We demonstrate by reporter assays and Western blots that these suppressor mutants overexpress the plasma-membrane riboflavin transporter MCH5. Frequently, this overexpression is mediated by the transcription factor Put3, which also regulates the proline catabolic genes PUT1 and PUT2. The increased expression of MCH5 may increase the concentrations of FAD, which is the coenzyme required for the activity of proline oxidase, encoded by PUT1. Thus, Put3 regulates proline oxidase activity by synchronizing the biosynthesis of the apoenzyme and the coenzyme FAD. Put3 is known to bind to the promoters of PUT1 and PUT2 constitutively, and we demonstrate by gel-shift assays that it also binds to the promoter of MCH5. Put3-mediated transcriptional activation requires proline as an inducer. We find that the increased activity of Put3 in one of the suppressor mutants is caused by increased intracellular levels of proline. Alternative PUT3-dependent and -independent mechanisms might operate in other suppressed strains.
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47
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Proline protect Torulopsis glabrata against salt stress to enhance pyruvate production. J Biotechnol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.07.1730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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48
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Self-cloning baker's yeasts that accumulate proline enhance freeze tolerance in doughs. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:5845-9. [PMID: 18641164 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00998-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We constructed self-cloning diploid baker's yeast strains by disrupting PUT1, encoding proline oxidase, and replacing the wild-type PRO1, encoding gamma-glutamyl kinase, with a pro1(D154N) or pro1(I150T) allele. The resultant strains accumulated intracellular proline and retained higher-level fermentation abilities in the frozen doughs than the wild-type strain. These results suggest that proline-accumulating baker's yeast is suitable for frozen-dough baking.
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Donalies UEB, Nguyen HTT, Stahl U, Nevoigt E. Improvement of Saccharomyces yeast strains used in brewing, wine making and baking. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 111:67-98. [PMID: 18463806 DOI: 10.1007/10_2008_099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
Yeast was the first microorganism domesticated by mankind. Indeed, the production of bread and alcoholic beverages such as beer and wine dates from antiquity, even though the fact that the origin of alcoholic fermentation is a microorganism was not known until the nineteenth century. The use of starter cultures in yeast industries became a common practice after methods for the isolation of pure yeast strains were developed. Moreover, effort has been undertaken to improve these strains, first by classical genetic methods and later by genetic engineering. In general, yeast strain development has aimed at improving the velocity and efficiency of the respective production process and the quality of the final products. This review highlights the achievements in genetic engineering of Saccharomyces yeast strains applied in food and beverage industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute E B Donalies
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Berlin University of Technology, Seestr. 13, 13353, Berlin, Germany
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Kaino T, Takagi H. Gene expression profiles and intracellular contents of stress protectants in Saccharomyces cerevisiae under ethanol and sorbitol stresses. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 79:273-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1431-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2007] [Revised: 02/23/2008] [Accepted: 02/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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