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Zen I, Delbem ACB, Martins TP, de Morais LA, Sampaio C, Hosida TY, Monteiro DR, Pessan JP. Evaluation of Solutions Containing Fluoride, Sodium Trimetaphosphate, Xylitol, and Erythritol, Alone or in Different Associations, on Dual-Species Biofilms. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12910. [PMID: 37629091 PMCID: PMC10454744 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the association of polyols/polyphosphates/fluoride has been demonstrated to promote remarkable effects on dental enamel, little is known on their combined effects on biofilms. This study assessed the effects of solutions containing fluoride/sodium trimetaphosphate (TMP)/xylitol/erythritol on dual-species biofilms of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans. Biofilms were grown in the continuous presence of these actives alone or in different associations. Quantification of viable plate counts, metabolic activity, biofilm biomass, and extracellular matrix components were evaluated. Overall, fluoride and TMP were the main actives that significantly influenced most of the variables analyzed, with a synergistic effect between them for S. mutans CFUs, biofilm biomass, and protein content of the extracellular matrix (p < 0.05). A similar trend was observed for biofilm metabolic activity and carbohydrate concentrations of the extracellular matrix, although without statistical significance. Regarding the polyols, despite their modest effects on most of the parameters analyzed when administered alone, their co-administration with fluoride and TMP led to a greater reduction in S. mutans CFUs and biofilm biomass compared with fluoride alone at the same concentration. It can be concluded that fluoride and TMP act synergistically on important biofilm parameters, and their co-administration with xylitol/erythritol significantly impacts S. mutans CFUs and biomass reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Zen
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua José Bonifácio, 1193, Araçatuba 16015-050, SP, Brazil; (I.Z.); (A.C.B.D.); (T.P.M.); (L.A.d.M.); (C.S.); (T.Y.H.); (D.R.M.)
| | - Alberto Carlos Botazzo Delbem
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua José Bonifácio, 1193, Araçatuba 16015-050, SP, Brazil; (I.Z.); (A.C.B.D.); (T.P.M.); (L.A.d.M.); (C.S.); (T.Y.H.); (D.R.M.)
| | - Tamires Passadori Martins
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua José Bonifácio, 1193, Araçatuba 16015-050, SP, Brazil; (I.Z.); (A.C.B.D.); (T.P.M.); (L.A.d.M.); (C.S.); (T.Y.H.); (D.R.M.)
| | - Leonardo Antônio de Morais
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua José Bonifácio, 1193, Araçatuba 16015-050, SP, Brazil; (I.Z.); (A.C.B.D.); (T.P.M.); (L.A.d.M.); (C.S.); (T.Y.H.); (D.R.M.)
| | - Caio Sampaio
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua José Bonifácio, 1193, Araçatuba 16015-050, SP, Brazil; (I.Z.); (A.C.B.D.); (T.P.M.); (L.A.d.M.); (C.S.); (T.Y.H.); (D.R.M.)
| | - Thayse Yumi Hosida
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua José Bonifácio, 1193, Araçatuba 16015-050, SP, Brazil; (I.Z.); (A.C.B.D.); (T.P.M.); (L.A.d.M.); (C.S.); (T.Y.H.); (D.R.M.)
| | - Douglas Roberto Monteiro
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua José Bonifácio, 1193, Araçatuba 16015-050, SP, Brazil; (I.Z.); (A.C.B.D.); (T.P.M.); (L.A.d.M.); (C.S.); (T.Y.H.); (D.R.M.)
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Western Saão Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente 19050-920, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliano Pelim Pessan
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua José Bonifácio, 1193, Araçatuba 16015-050, SP, Brazil; (I.Z.); (A.C.B.D.); (T.P.M.); (L.A.d.M.); (C.S.); (T.Y.H.); (D.R.M.)
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Santos HSDB, Do T, Parolo CCF, Poloni JDF, Maltz M, Arthur RA, Damé-Teixeira N. Streptococcus mutans gene expression and functional profile in root caries: an RNA-seq study. Caries Res 2022; 56:116-128. [DOI: 10.1159/000524196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The literature is still scarce on studies describing S. mutans global gene expression under clinical conditions such as those found on complex biofilms from sound root surfaces (SRS) and carious root surfaces (RC). This study aimed to investigate the S. mutans gene expression and functional profile within the metatranscriptome of biofilms from SRS and from RC in an attempt to identify enriched functional signatures potentially associated with healthy to disease transitioning process. Total RNA was extracted, and prepared libraries (SRS=10 and RC=9) were paired-end sequenced using the Illumina HiSeq2500. Read count assigned to each gene of the S. mutans UA159 strain were obtained. Differentially expressed genes (DEG) between SRS and RC were identified using the DESeq2 R package and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was performed to explore and identify functional modules related to SRS and RC. We found seventeen DEG between SRS and RC samples, with three overexpressed in RC and related to membrane protein, alanyl-tRNA synthetase and GTP-binding protein with the remaining ones overexpressed in SRS samples and related to hypothetical protein, transposon integrase, histidine kinase, putative transporter, bacteriocin immunity protein, response regulator, 6-phospho-beta-galactosidase, purine metabolism and to transcriptional regulator. Key-functional modules were identified for SRS and RC conditions based on WCGNA, being 139 hub genes found on SRS key-module and 17 genes on RC key-module. Functional analysis of S. mutans within the metatranscriptome of biofilms from sound root and from carious root revealed a similar pattern of gene expression, and only a few genes have been differentially expressed between biofilms from sound root surfaces and from root carious lesions. However, S. mutans presented a greater functional abundance in the lesion samples. Some functional patterns related to sugar (starch, sucrose, fructose, mannose and lactose) and heterofermentative metabolisms, to cell-wall biosynthesis and to acid tolerance stress seem to be enriched on carious root surfaces conferring ecological advantages to S. mutans. Altogether, the present data suggest that a functional signature may be associated with carious root lesions.
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Campos Vieira J, Cury JA, Ricomini Filho AP. Combination effect of diurnal exposure to sucrose and nocturnal exposure to lactose on enamel demineralization. Caries Res 2021; 56:47-54. [PMID: 34749362 DOI: 10.1159/000520590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We have hypothesized that the association between human milk and caries in breastfeeding children could be explained by the combination of a diurnal cariogenic diet with the nocturnal lactose fermentation, conditions simulated in this experimental study. Cariogenic biofilm was formed on bovine enamel slabs, which were exposed 8x/day for 3 min to a 10% sucrose solution, simulating a highly cariogenic diurnal diet, or 50 mM NaCl solution (control). Simulating the nocturnal retention of milk in mouth, biofilms were transferred to culture medium containing 0.7% lactose for 2 h, or only to culture medium (control). Four groups were designed (n=12): Ctrl, no exposure to diurnal sucrose or nocturnal lactose; Lac, only nocturnal exposure to lactose (2 h); Suc, only diurnal exposure to sucrose (8x/day); and Suc→Lac, diurnal exposure to sucrose (8x/day) followed by nocturnal exposure to lactose (2 h). The medium was changed 3x/day, at the beginning of the day, and after diurnal and nocturnal exposures. Calcium in the medium was determined as chemical indicator of partial demineralizations occurred during the diurnal and the nocturnal treatments; the medium pH was also determined. After 96 h of growth, biofilms were harvested to evaluate CFU, biomass, and extracellular polysaccharides, soluble and insoluble. The percentage of enamel surface hardness loss (%SHL) was evaluated as cumulative demineralization. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA, Tukey's test (α=5%). Highest %SHL (p<0.05) was found for Suc→Lac (40.6%) group when compared to Suc (32.1%), Lac (7.7%), and Ctrl (3.8%). Calcium released during the diurnal and nocturnal treatments were respectively: Suc→Lac=Suc>Lac=Ctrl and Suc→Lac=Lac>Suc=Ctrl (p<0.05). Regarding Ctr group, calcium released from nocturnal lactose fermentation by Suc→Lac group was 4-fold greater than that provoked by Lac group. The findings were supported by the pH of the media. The data suggest that the biofilm formed under diurnal exposure to sucrose enhances the cariogenicity of nocturnal exposure to lactose.
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Lu Y, Zhang H, Li M, Mao M, Song J, Deng Y, Lei L, Yang Y, Hu T. The rnc gene regulates the microstructure of exopolysaccharide in the biofilm of Streptococcus mutans through the β-monosaccharides. Caries Res 2021; 55:534-545. [PMID: 34348276 DOI: 10.1159/000518462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yangyu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orange Dental Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Mengying Mao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Endodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaqi Song
- Department of Health Statistics, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yalan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Lei Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Yingming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Tao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
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Amino Sugars Reshape Interactions between Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus gordonii. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 87:AEM.01459-20. [PMID: 33097515 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01459-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino sugars, particularly glucosamine (GlcN) and N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), are abundant carbon and nitrogen sources supplied in host secretions and in the diet to the biofilms colonizing the human oral cavity. Evidence is emerging that these amino sugars provide ecological advantages to beneficial commensals over oral pathogens and pathobionts. Here, we performed transcriptome analysis on Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus gordonii growing in single-species or dual-species cultures with glucose, GlcN, or GlcNAc as the primary carbohydrate source. Compared to glucose, GlcN caused drastic transcriptomic shifts in each species of bacteria when it was cultured alone. Likewise, cocultivation in the presence of GlcN yielded transcriptomic profiles that were dramatically different from the single-species results from GlcN-grown cells. In contrast, GlcNAc elicited only minor changes in the transcriptome of either organism in single- and dual-species cultures. Interestingly, genes involved in pyruvate metabolism were among the most significantly affected by GlcN in both species, and these changes were consistent with measurements of pyruvate in culture supernatants. Differing from what was found in a previous report, growth of S. mutans alone with GlcN inhibited the expression of multiple operons required for mutacin production. Cocultivation with S. gordonii consistently increased the expression of two manganese transporter operons (slo and mntH) and decreased expression of mutacin genes in S. mutans Conversely, S. gordonii appeared to be less affected by the presence of S. mutans but did show increases in genes for biosynthetic processes in the cocultures. In conclusion, amino sugars profoundly alter the interactions between pathogenic and commensal streptococci by reprogramming central metabolism.IMPORTANCE Carbohydrate metabolism is central to the development of dental caries. A variety of sugars available to dental microorganisms influence the development of caries by affecting the physiology, ecology, and pathogenic potential of tooth biofilms. Using two well-characterized oral bacteria, one pathogen (Streptococcus mutans) and one commensal (Streptococcus gordonii), in an RNA deep-sequencing analysis, we studied the impact of two abundant amino sugars on bacterial gene expression and interspecies interactions. The results indicated large-scale remodeling of gene expression induced by GlcN in particular, affecting bacterial energy generation, acid production, protein synthesis, and release of antimicrobial molecules. Our study provides novel insights into how amino sugars modify bacterial behavior, information that will be valuable in the design of new technologies to detect and prevent oral infectious diseases.
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Puccio T, Kunka KS, Zhu B, Xu P, Kitten T. Manganese Depletion Leads to Multisystem Changes in the Transcriptome of the Opportunistic Pathogen Streptococcus sanguinis. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:592615. [PMID: 33250881 PMCID: PMC7674665 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.592615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus sanguinis is a primary colonizer of teeth and is typically considered beneficial due to its antagonistic relationship with the cariogenic pathogen Streptococcus mutans. However, S. sanguinis can also act as an opportunistic pathogen should it enter the bloodstream and colonize a damaged heart valve, leading to infective endocarditis. Studies have implicated manganese acquisition as an important virulence determinant in streptococcal endocarditis. A knockout mutant lacking the primary manganese import system in S. sanguinis, SsaACB, is severely attenuated for virulence in an in vivo rabbit model. Manganese is a known cofactor for several important enzymes in S. sanguinis, including superoxide dismutase, SodA, and the aerobic ribonucleotide reductase, NrdEF. To determine the effect of manganese depletion on S. sanguinis, we performed transcriptomic analysis on a ΔssaACB mutant grown in aerobic fermentor conditions after the addition of the metal chelator EDTA. Despite the broad specificity of EDTA, analysis of cellular metal content revealed a decrease in manganese, but not in other metals, that coincided with a drop in growth rate. Subsequent supplementation with manganese, but not iron, zinc, or magnesium, restored growth in the fermentor post-EDTA. Reduced activity of Mn-dependent SodA and NrdEF likely contributed to the decreased growth rate post-EDTA, but did not appear entirely responsible. With the exception of the Dps-like peroxide resistance gene, dpr, manganese depletion did not induce stress response systems. By comparing the transcriptome of ΔssaACB cells pre- and post-EDTA, we determined that manganese deprivation led to altered expression of diverse systems. Manganese depletion also led to an apparent induction of carbon catabolite repression in a glucose-independent manner. The combined results suggest that manganese limitation produces effects in S. sanguinis that are diverse and complex, with no single protein or system appearing entirely responsible for the observed growth rate decrease. This study provides further evidence for the importance of this trace element in streptococcal biology. Future studies will focus on determining mechanisms for regulation, as the multitude of changes observed in this study indicate that multiple regulators may respond to manganese levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Todd Kitten
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
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Zeng L, Burne RA. Subpopulation behaviors in lactose metabolism by Streptococcus mutans. Mol Microbiol 2020; 115:58-69. [PMID: 32881164 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
When Streptococcus mutans is transferred from a preferred carbohydrate (glucose or fructose) to lactose, initiation of growth can take several hours, and substantial amounts of glucose are released during growth. Here, S. mutans strains UA159 and GS-5 were examined for stochastic behaviors in transcription of the lac operon. Using a gfp reporter fusion, we demonstrated that induction of the lac operon occurs in only a fraction of the population, with prior exposure to carbohydrate source and strain influencing the magniture of the sub-population response. Lower glucokinase activity in GS-5 was associated with release of substantially more glucose than UA159 and significantly lower lac expression. Mutants unable to use lactose grew on lactose as the sole carbohydrate when strains with an intact lac operon were also present in the cultures, indicative of the potential for population cheating. Utilizing a set of engineered obligate cheating and non-cheating strains, we confirmed that cheating can sustain a heterogeneous population. Futher, obligate cheaters of GS-5 competed well with the non-cheaters and showed a high degree of competitive fitness in a human-derived consortium biofilm model. The results show that bet-hedging behaviors in carbohydrate metabolism may substantially influence the composition and pathogenic potential of oral biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zeng
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Robert A Burne
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Zeng L, Burne RA. Molecular mechanisms controlling fructose-specific memory and catabolite repression in lactose metabolism by Streptococcus mutans. Mol Microbiol 2020; 115:70-83. [PMID: 32881130 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Lactose is an abundant dietary carbohydrate metabolized by the dental pathogen Streptococcus mutans. Lactose metabolism presents both classic diauxic behaviors and long-term memory, where the bacteria can pause for >11 h before initiating growth on lactose. Here, we explored mechanisms contributing to unusual aspects of regulation of the lac operon. The fructose-phosphate metabolites, F-1-P and F-6-P, could modulate the DNA-binding activities of the lactose repressor. Recombinant LacR proteins bound upstream of lacA and Gal-6-P induced the formation of different LacR-DNA complexes. Deletion of lacR resulted in strain-specific growth phenotypes on lactose, but also on a number of mono- and di-saccharides that involve the glucose-PTS or glucokinase in their catabolism. The phenotypes were consistent with the novel findings that loss of LacR altered glucose-PTS activity and expression of the gene for glucokinase. CcpA was also shown to affect lactose metabolism in vivo and to bind to the lacA promoter region in vitro. Collectively, our study reveals complex molecular circuits controlling lactose metabolism in S. mutans, where LacR and CcpA integrate cellular and environmental cues to regulate metabolism of a variety of carbohydrates that are critical to persistence and pathogenicity of S. mutans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zeng
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Robert A Burne
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Vuletić L, Špalj S, Rogić D, Peroš K. The rise in glucose concentration in saliva samples mixed with test foods monitored using a glucometer: An observational pilot study. J Oral Biosci 2019; 61:201-206. [PMID: 31655176 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to quantify the changes in glucose concentration in unstimulated saliva samples mixed with finely crushed salted sticks or oat meal using a readily available portable glucometer. METHODS Glucose measurements were taken every 10 min during a 1 h monitoring period, for a total of 14 saliva samples mixed with test foods. Salivary amylase activity was measured immediately after saliva collection (T0) and after 1h (T60). Level of salivary amylase activity was correlated with an increase in glucose concentration. RESULTS We observed significant differences in the rate of increase in glucose concentration between the two different test foods, with salted sticks leading to greater increase in glucose concentration. No significant association was found between salivary amylase activity and the rate of increase in glucose concentration. The mean level of amylase activity at T60 was higher than that at T0, but this difference was not significant. CONCLUSIONS This pilot study presents glucose release rate characteristics from specific food particles mixed with saliva in vitro suggesting that the same process takes place in the oral cavity. However, the characteristics of this process when occurring in the mouth would expectedly be modified by different factors such as rinsing effect of salivary flow, oral temperature, etc. Prolonged release of low molecular carbohydrates such as maltose and glucose from food particles can be considered cariogenic and therefore unfavorable for individuals with other risk factors contributing to the development of dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Vuletić
- Department of Physiology, University of Zagreb, School of Dental Medicine, Šalata 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Stjepan Špalj
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Rijeka, Faculty of Medicine, Krešimirova 40, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia.
| | - Dunja Rogić
- Clinical Institute of Laboratory Diagnostics, Clinical Hospital Center Zagreb, Kišpaticeva 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Kristina Peroš
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb, School of Dental Medicine, Šalata 11, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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