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Zhou Z, Shuai D. Disinfection and post-disinfection conditions drive bacterial and viral evolution across the environment and host. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 474:134811. [PMID: 38850949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Water disinfection practices have long been established as a critical engineering intervention for controlling pathogen transmission and safeguarding individual and public health. However, recent discoveries have unveiled the significant role disinfection and post-disinfection play in accelerating the development of resistance to disinfectants and antimicrobial drugs within bacterial and viral communities in the environment. This phenomenon, in turn, may facilitate the emergence of persistent microbes and those with new genetic characteristics. These microbes may thrive in host environments with increased infectivity and resistance, posing challenges to current medical treatments and jeopardizing human health. In this perspective, we illuminate the intricate interplay between aquatic environments, microbes, and hosts and how microbial virulence evolves across the environment and host under the pressure of disinfection and post-disinfection conditions. We aim to draw attention to the previously overlooked potential risks associated with disinfection in driving the virulence evolution of bacteria and viruses, establish connections between pathogens in diverse environments and hosts within the overarching framework of the One Health concept, and ultimately provide guidelines for advancing future water disinfection technologies to effectively curb the spread of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhou
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, United States.
| | - Danmeng Shuai
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, United States.
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2
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Wang S, Shao Z, Chen G, Lin B, Li D, Chen J. Assessment of chlorine and hydrogen peroxide on airborne bacteria: Disinfection efficiency and induction of antibiotic resistance. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 474:134697. [PMID: 38823102 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Airborne pathogens severely threaten public health worldwide. Air disinfection is essential to ensure public health. However, excessive use of disinfectants may endanger environmental and ecological security due to the residual disinfectants and their by-products. This study systematically evaluated disinfection efficiency, induction of multidrug resistance, and the underlying mechanisms of disinfectants (NaClO and H2O2) on airborne bacteria. The results showed that airborne bacteria were effectively inactivated by atomized NaClO (>160 μg/L) and H2O2 (>320 μg/L) after 15 min. However, some bacteria still survived after disinfection by atomized NaClO (0-80 μg/L) and H2O2 (0-160 μg/L), and they exhibited significant increases in antibiotic resistance. The whole-genome sequencing of the resistant bacteria revealed distinct mutations that were responsible for both antibiotic resistance and virulence. This study also provided evidences and insights into possible mechanisms underlying the induction of antibiotic resistance by air disinfection, which involved intracellular reactive oxygen species formation, oxidative stress responses, alterations in bacterial membranes, activation of efflux pumps, and the thickening of biofilms. The present results also shed light on the role of air disinfection in inducing antibiotic resistance, which could be a crucial factor contributing to the global spread of antibiotic resistance through the air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyi Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhiwei Shao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Guang Chen
- Shanghai Chengtou Sewage Treatment Co., LtD., Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Bingjie Lin
- Shanghai Chengtou Sewage Treatment Co., LtD., Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Dan Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Cucić S, Ells T, Guri A, Kropinski AM, Khursigara CM, Anany H. Degradation of Listeria monocytogenes biofilm by phages belonging to the genus Pecentumvirus. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0106223. [PMID: 38315006 PMCID: PMC10952537 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01062-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a pathogenic foodborne bacterium that is a significant cause of mortality associated with foodborne illness and causes many food recalls attributed to a bacteriological cause. Their ability to form biofilms contributes to the persistence of Listeria spp. in food processing environments. When growing as biofilms, L. monocytogenes are more resistant to sanitizers used in the food industry, such as benzalkonium chloride (BAC), as well as to physical stresses like desiccation and starvation. Lytic phages of Listeria are antagonistic to a broad range of Listeria spp. and may, therefore, have utility in reducing the occurrence of Listeria-associated food recalls by preventing food contamination. We screened nine closely related Listeria phages, including the commercially available Listex P100, for host range and ability to degrade microtiter plate biofilms of L. monocytogenes ATCC 19111 (serovar 1/2a). One phage, CKA15, was selected and shown to rapidly adsorb to its host under conditions relevant to applying the phage in dairy processing environments. Under simulated dairy processing conditions (SDPC), CKA15 caused a 2-log reduction in Lm19111 biofilm bacteria. This work supports the biosanitation potential of phage CKA15 and provides a basis for further investigation of phage-bacteria interactions in biofilms grown under SDPC. IMPORTANCE Listeria monocytogenes is a pathogenic bacterium that is especially dangerous for children, the elderly, pregnant women, and immune-compromised people. Because of this, the food industry takes its presence in their plants seriously. Food recalls due to L. monocytogenes are common with a high associated economic cost. In food-processing plants, Listeria spp. typically reside in biofilms, which are structures produced by bacteria that shield them from environmental stressors and are often attached to surfaces. The significance of our work is that we show a bacteriophage-a virus-infecting bacteria-can reduce Listeria counts by two orders of magnitude when the bacterial biofilms were grown under simulated dairy processing conditions. This work provides insights into how phages may be tested and used to develop biosanitizers that are effective but are not harmful to the environment or human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stevan Cucić
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tim Ells
- Kentville Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Anilda Guri
- Gay Lea Foods Co-operative, Research and Development Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew M. Kropinski
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cezar M. Khursigara
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hany Anany
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Gana J, Gcebe N, Moerane R, Ngoshe YB, Moabelo K, Adesiyun AA. Detection of Pathogenic Serogroups and Virulence Genes in Listeria monocytogenes Strains Isolated from Beef and Beef Products Retailed in Gauteng Province, South Africa, Using Phenotypic and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-Based Methods. Int J Microbiol 2024; 2024:8891963. [PMID: 38510936 PMCID: PMC10954364 DOI: 10.1155/2024/8891963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
South Africa recently (2017-18) experienced the largest outbreak of human listeriosis in the world caused by L. monocytogenes following the consumption of "polony," a ready-to-eat meat product. Most (59%) cases originated from Gauteng province, South Africa. As a follow-up study to the outbreak, we used standard bacteriological and molecular methods to determine the prevalence of pathogenic and virulent serogroups of L. monocytogenes in various beef and beef products retailed in Gauteng province, South Africa. The overall prevalence of Listeria spp. was 28% (112/400), comprising Listeria monocytogenes (9.3%), Listeria innocua (16.3%), and Listeria welshimeri (2.5%) (p < 0.001). It is crucial to have detected that the region (p=0.036), type of product (p=0.032), and temperature at storage (p=0.011) significantly affected the occurrence of L. monocytogenes in beef products. It is alarming that pathogenic serogroups 4b-4d-4e (51.4%) and 1/2a-3a (43.2%) were detected among the isolates of L. monocytogenes. Importantly, they were all carriers of seven virulence-associated genes (hlyA, inlB, plcA, iap, inlA, inlC, and inlJ). Our study also demonstrated that 16.7% of "polony" samples investigated were contaminated with L. monocytogenes. Considering that pathogenic and virulent L. monocytogenes contaminated beef and beef products retailed in South Africa, the food safety risk posed to consumers remains and cannot be ignored. Therefore, it is imperative to reduce the contamination of these products with L. monocytogenes during beef production, processing, and retailing to avoid future outbreaks of human listeriosis in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Gana
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
- Department of Agricultural Education, School of Vocational Education, Federal College of Education, P.M.B. 39, Kontagora, Niger, Nigeria
| | - Nomakorinte Gcebe
- Bacteriology Department, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Rebone Moerane
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
| | - Yusuf B. Ngoshe
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
| | - Khomotso Moabelo
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
| | - Abiodun A. Adesiyun
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
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Gana J, Gcebe N, Moerane R, Ngoshe YB, Tshuma T, Moabelo K, Adesiyun AA. A comparative study on the occurrence, genetic characteristics, and factors associated with the distribution of Listeria species on cattle farms and beef abattoirs in Gauteng Province, South Africa. Trop Anim Health Prod 2024; 56:88. [PMID: 38409615 PMCID: PMC10896870 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-024-03934-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
These cross-sectional studies reported the occurrence, genetic characteristics, and factors associated with the distribution of Listeria species on cattle farms and beef abattoirs in Gauteng Province, South Africa. A total of 328 samples (faeces, feeds, silage, and drinking water) were collected from 23 cattle farms (communal, cow-calf, and feedlot), and 262 samples (faeces, carcass swabs, and effluents) from 8 beef abattoirs (low throughput and high throughput) were processed using standard bacteriological and molecular methods to detect Listeria species. The factors associated with the prevalence of Listeria species were investigated, and multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) was used to determine Listeria species, the pathogenic serogroups, and the carriage of eight virulence-associated genes by Listeria monocytogenes. The overall prevalence of Listeria species in cattle farms was 14.6%, comprising Listeria innocua (11.3%), Listeria monocytogenes (3.4%), Listeria welshimeri (0.0%) compared with 11.1%, comprising Listeria innocua (5.7%), Listeria monocytogenes (4.6%), Listeria welshimeri (0.8%) for beef abattoirs. Of the three variables (area, type of farm/abattoir, and sample type) investigated, only the sample types at abattoirs had a significant (P < 0.001) effect on the prevalence of L. innocua and L. welshimeri. The frequency of distribution of the serogroups based on 11 L. monocytogenes isolated from farms was 72.7% and 27.3% for the serogroup 1/2a-3a and 4b-4d-4e, respectively, while for the 12 L. monocytogenes isolates recovered from abattoirs, it was 25%, 8.3%, 50% and 16.7% for the serogroup 1/2a-3a, 1/2b-3b, 1/2c-3c, and 4b-4d-4e respectively (P < 0.05). All (100%) isolates of L. monocytogenes from the farms and abattoirs were positive for seven virulence genes (hlyA, inlB, plcA, iap, inlA, inlC, and inlJ). The clinical and food safety significance of the findings cannot be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gana
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, 0110, South Africa
- Department of Agricultural Education, Federal College of Education, P.M.B. 39, Kontagora, Niger State, Nigeria
| | - N Gcebe
- Bacteriology Department, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - R Moerane
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, 0110, South Africa
| | - Y B Ngoshe
- Epidemiology Section, Department of Production Animal Studies, Epidemiology Section, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, 0110, South Africa
| | - T Tshuma
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, 0110, South Africa
| | - K Moabelo
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, 0110, South Africa
| | - A A Adesiyun
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, 0110, South Africa.
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago.
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Maillard J. Impact of benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride and chloroxylenol on bacterial antimicrobial resistance. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:3322-3346. [PMID: 35882500 PMCID: PMC9826383 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This review examined 3655 articles on benzalkonium chloride (BKC), benzethonium chloride (BZT) and chloroxylenol (CHO) aiming to understand their impact on antimicrobial resistance. Following the application of inclusion/exclusion criteria, only 230 articles were retained for analysis; 212 concerned BKC, with only 18 for CHO and BZT. Seventy-eight percent of studies used MIC to measure BKC efficacy. Very few studies defined the term 'resistance' and 85% of studies defined 'resistance' as <10-fold increase (40% as low as 2-fold) in MIC. Only a few in vitro studies reported on formulated products and when they did, products performed better. In vitro studies looking at the impact of BKC exposure on bacterial resistance used either a stepwise training protocol or exposure to constant BKC concentrations. In these, BKC exposure resulted in elevated MIC or/and MBC, often associated with efflux, and at time, a change in antibiotic susceptibility profile. The clinical relevance of these findings was, however, neither reported nor addressed. Of note, several studies reported that bacterial strains with an elevated MIC or MBC remained susceptible to the in-use BKC concentration. BKC exposure was shown to reduce bacterial diversity in complex microbial microcosms, although the clinical significance of such a change has not been established. The impact of BKC exposure on the dissemination of resistant genes (notably efflux) remains speculative, although it manifests that clinical, veterinary and food isolates with elevated BKC MIC carried multiple efflux pump genes. The correlation between BKC usage and gene carriage, maintenance and dissemination has also not been established. The lack of clinical interpretation and significance in these studies does not allow to establish with certainty the role of BKC on AMR in practice. The limited literature and BZT and CHO do not allow to conclude that these will impact negatively on emerging bacterial resistance in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean‐Yves Maillard
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
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Schoder D, Guldimann C, Märtlbauer E. Asymptomatic Carriage of Listeria monocytogenes by Animals and Humans and Its Impact on the Food Chain. Foods 2022; 11:3472. [PMID: 36360084 PMCID: PMC9654558 DOI: 10.3390/foods11213472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans and animals can become asymptomatic carriers of Listeria monocytogenes and introduce the pathogen into their environment with their feces. In turn, this environmental contamination can become the source of food- and feed-borne illnesses in humans and animals, with the food production chain representing a continuum between the farm environment and human populations that are susceptible to listeriosis. Here, we update a review from 2012 and summarize the current knowledge on the asymptomatic carrier statuses in humans and animals. The data on fecal shedding by species with an impact on the food chain are summarized, and the ways by which asymptomatic carriers contribute to the risk of listeriosis in humans and animals are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Schoder
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Science, Institute of Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Veterinarians without Borders Austria, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Guldimann
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Food Safety and Analytics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Erwin Märtlbauer
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Milk Hygiene, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
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Biofilm eradication ability of phage cocktail against Listeria monocytogenes biofilms formed on food contact materials and effect on virulence-related genes and biofilm structure. Food Res Int 2022; 157:111367. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Nabizadeh Nodehi R, Golpayegani A, Douraghi M, Alimohammadi M, Rezaei F. Novel application of in vitro disinfection for modeling the biofilm formation inhibition, antimicrobial susceptibility and antibiotic resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a study of free and combined chlorine compounds. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2022; 20:167-180. [PMID: 35669826 PMCID: PMC9163233 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-021-00764-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance are the most important ways in which water bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa are protected against antibacterial agents. The aim of this study was to develop a rapid and cost-effective laboratory method for modeling and optimizing chlorine disinfection conditions. Critical factors (disinfection type, concentration, contact time and pH) were tested on bactericidal effect, inhibition of biofilm formation (IBF) and antibiotic susceptibility (AS) of P. aeruginosa. The central composite face-centered (CCF) design was applied to model the effect of disinfection process on the IBF and AS. The results showed that the IBF response was more affected by the strain type of P. aeruginosa and the type of disinfectant, which may be due to previous species growth conditions of the standard strain and greater durability of CAT in water. Optimization of factors affecting disinfection had a significant effect on the planktonic form, but was not effective in removing the biofilm of P. aeruginosa. Furthermore, the concentration of NaOCl and CAT was more effective than pH on planktonic and biofilm cells inactivation. The model of AS was weaker than other models due to limited contact time and use of high concentrations of disinfectant. The use of chlorine compounds based on the recommended levels in water does not prevent the formation of P. aeruginosa biofilm. According to the optimization findings, although increasing the contact time and concentration of the disinfectant increases the bactericidal effect of chlorine, it can also increase the resistance of P. aeruginosa to some antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Nabizadeh Nodehi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Water Quality Research (CWQR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolali Golpayegani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Bam University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 76617-13669, Bam, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Douraghi
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Alimohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Water Quality Research (CWQR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Centre for Solid Waste Management (CSWM), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Health Center of Garmsar, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Health Equity Research Center (HERC) Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Rezaei
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Bland R, Waite-Cusic J, Weisberg AJ, Riutta ER, Chang JH, Kovacevic J. Adaptation to a Commercial Quaternary Ammonium Compound Sanitizer Leads to Cross-Resistance to Select Antibiotics in Listeria monocytogenes Isolated From Fresh Produce Environments. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:782920. [PMID: 35082767 PMCID: PMC8784610 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.782920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The effective elimination of Listeria monocytogenes through cleaning and sanitation is of great importance to the food processing industry. Specifically in fresh produce operations, the lack of a kill step requires effective cleaning and sanitation to mitigate the risk of cross-contamination from the environment. As facilities rely on sanitizers to control L. monocytogenes, reports of the development of tolerance to sanitizers and other antimicrobials through cross-resistance is of particular concern. We investigated the potential for six L. monocytogenes isolates from fresh produce handling and processing facilities and packinghouses to develop cross-resistance between a commercial sanitizer and antibiotics. Experimental adaptation of isolates belonging to hypervirulent clonal complexes (CC2, CC4, and CC6) to a commercial quaternary ammonium compound sanitizer (cQAC) resulted in elevated minimum inhibitory concentrations (2–3 ppm) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (3–4 ppm). Susceptibility to cQAC was restored for all adapted (qAD) isolates in the presence of reserpine, a known efflux pump inhibitor. Reduced sensitivity to 7/17 tested antibiotics (chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, kanamycin, novobiocin, penicillin, and streptomycin) was observed in all tested isolates. qAD isolates remained susceptible to antibiotics commonly used in the treatment of listeriosis (i.e., ampicillin and gentamicin). The whole genome sequencing of qAD strains, followed by comparative genomic analysis, revealed several mutations in fepR, the regulator for FepA fluoroquinolone efflux pump. The results suggest that mutations in fepR play a role in the reduction in antibiotic susceptibility following low level adaptation to cQAC. Further investigation into the cross-resistance mechanisms and pressures leading to the development of this phenomenon among L. monocytogenes isolates recovered from different sources is needed to better understand the likelihood of cross-resistance development in food chain isolates and the implications for the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Bland
- Food Innovation Center, Oregon State University, Portland, OR, United States.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Joy Waite-Cusic
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Alexandra J Weisberg
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Elizabeth R Riutta
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Jeff H Chang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Jovana Kovacevic
- Food Innovation Center, Oregon State University, Portland, OR, United States.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
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11
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In vitro virulence potential, surface attachment and transcriptional response of sublethally injured Listeria monocytogenes following exposure to peracetic acid. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 88:e0158221. [PMID: 34731051 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01582-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The disinfectant Peracetic acid (PAA) can cause high levels of sublethal injury to L. monocytogenes. This study aims to evaluate phenotypic and transcriptional characteristics concerning surface attachment and virulence potential of sublethally injured L. monocytogenes ScottA and EGDe after exposure to 0.75 ppm PAA for 90 min at 4°C and subsequent incubation in TSBY at 4°C. Results showed that injured L. monocytogenes cells (99% of total population) were able to attach (after 2 and 24h) on stainless steel coupons at 4°C and 20°C. In vitro virulence assays using human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells showed that injured L. monocytogenes could invade host cells but could not proliferate intracellularly. In vitro virulence response was strain-dependent; injured ScottA was more invasive than EGDe. Assessment of PAA-injury at the transcriptional level showed upregulation of genes (motB, flaA) involved in flagellum motility and surface attachment. The transcriptional response of L. monocytogenes EGDe and ScottA was different; only injured ScottA demonstrated upregulation of the virulence genes inlA and plcA. Downregulation of the stress-related genes fri and kat, and upregulation of lmo0669 was observed in injured ScottA. The obtained results indicate that sublethally-injured L. monocytogenes cells may retain part of their virulence properties as well as their ability to adhere on food processing surfaces. Transmission to food products and introduction of these cells in the food chain is therefore a plausible scenario that is worth taking into consideration in terms of risk assessment. Importance L. monocytogenes is the causative agent of listeriosis a serious food-borne illness. Antimicrobial practices, such as disinfectants used for the elimination of this pathogen in food industry can produce a sublethally injured population fraction. Injured cells of this pathogen, that may survive an antimicrobial treatment, may pose a food safety-risk. Nevertheless, knowledge regarding how sublethal injury may impact important cellular traits and phenotypic responses of this pathogen is limited. This work suggests that sublethally injured L. monocytogenes cells maintain the virulence and surface attachment potential and highlights the importance of the occurrence of sublethally injured cells regarding food safety.
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Kokkoni EA, Andritsos N, Sakarikou C, Michailidou S, Argiriou A, Giaouris E. Investigating Transcriptomic Induction of Resistance and/or Virulence in Listeria monocytogenes Cells Surviving Sublethal Antimicrobial Exposure. Foods 2021; 10:foods10102382. [PMID: 34681431 PMCID: PMC8535302 DOI: 10.3390/foods10102382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential transcriptomic induction of resistance and/or virulence in two L. monocytogenes strains belonging to the most frequent listeriosis-associated serovars (i.e., 1/2a and 4b), following their sublethal antimicrobial exposure, was studied through qPCR determination of the relative expression of 10 selected related genes (i.e., groEL, hly, iap, inlA, inlB, lisK, mdrD, mdrL, prfA, and sigB). To induce sublethal stress, three common antimicrobials (i.e., benzalkonium chloride, thymol, and ampicillin) were individually applied for 2 h at 37 °C against stationary phase cells of each strain, each at a sublethal concentration. In general, the expression of most of the studied genes remained either stable or was significantly downregulated following the antimicrobial exposure, with some strain-specific differences to be yet recorded. Thymol provoked downregulation of most of the studied genes, significantly limiting the expression of 6/10 and 4/10 genes in the strains of ser. 1/2a and ser. 4b, respectively, including those coding for the master regulators of stress response and virulence (SigB and PrfA, respectively), in both strains. At the same time, the two genes coding for the invasion internalin proteins (InlA and InlB), with crucial role in the onset of L. monocytogenes pathogenesis, were both importantly upregulated in ser. 4b strain. The results obtained increase our knowledge of the stress physiology of L. monocytogenes under certain sublethal antimicrobial conditions that could be encountered within the food chain and in clinical settings, and may assist in better and more effective mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni-Anna Kokkoni
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, Ierou Lochou 10 & Makrygianni, 81400 Myrina, Greece; (E.-A.K.); (N.A.); (C.S.); (S.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Nikolaos Andritsos
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, Ierou Lochou 10 & Makrygianni, 81400 Myrina, Greece; (E.-A.K.); (N.A.); (C.S.); (S.M.); (A.A.)
- Athens Analysis Laboratories S.A., Microbiology Laboratory, Nafpliou 29, 14452 Metamorfosi, Greece
| | - Christina Sakarikou
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, Ierou Lochou 10 & Makrygianni, 81400 Myrina, Greece; (E.-A.K.); (N.A.); (C.S.); (S.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Sofia Michailidou
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, Ierou Lochou 10 & Makrygianni, 81400 Myrina, Greece; (E.-A.K.); (N.A.); (C.S.); (S.M.); (A.A.)
- Centre for Research and Technology Hellas (CERTH), Institute of Applied Biosciences, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anagnostis Argiriou
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, Ierou Lochou 10 & Makrygianni, 81400 Myrina, Greece; (E.-A.K.); (N.A.); (C.S.); (S.M.); (A.A.)
- Centre for Research and Technology Hellas (CERTH), Institute of Applied Biosciences, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Efstathios Giaouris
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, Ierou Lochou 10 & Makrygianni, 81400 Myrina, Greece; (E.-A.K.); (N.A.); (C.S.); (S.M.); (A.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-22540-83115
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Comparison of the modulatory effects of three structurally similar potential prebiotic substrates on an in vitro multi-species oral biofilm. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15033. [PMID: 34294810 PMCID: PMC8298493 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94510-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research identified potential prebiotic substrates for oral health like the structural analogues N-acetyl-D-mannosamine (NADM) and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (NADG). The main hypothesis of the current study was twofold. Firstly, it was hypothesized that the modulatory effects of NADM are not limited to changes in multi-species oral biofilm composition, but also include effects on metabolism, virulence, and inflammatory potential. Secondly, the presence and orientation of their N-acetyl group could play a role. Therefore, a comparison was made between the effects of NADM, NADG and D-(+)-mannose on multi-species oral biofilms. Besides a beneficial compositional shift, NADM-treated biofilms also showed an altered metabolism, a reduced virulence and a decreased inflammatory potential. At a substrate concentration of 1 M, these effects were pronounced for all biofilm aspects, whereas at ~ 0.05 M (1%(w/v)) only the effects on virulence were pronounced. When comparing between substrates, both the presence and orientation of the N-acetyl group played a role. However, this was generally only at 1 M and dependent on the biofilm aspect. Overall, NADM was found to have different effects at two concentrations that beneficially modulate in vitro multi-species oral biofilm composition, metabolism, virulence and inflammatory potential. The presence and orientation of the N-acetyl group influenced these effects.
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14
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Verspecht T, Van Holm W, Boon N, Bernaerts K, Daep CA, Masters JG, Zayed N, Quirynen M, Teughels W. Potential prebiotic substrates modulate composition, metabolism, virulence and inflammatory potential of an in vitro multi-species oral biofilm. J Oral Microbiol 2021; 13:1910462. [PMID: 33968313 PMCID: PMC8079042 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2021.1910462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Modulation of the commensal oral microbiota constitutes a promising preventive/therapeutic approach in oral healthcare. The use of prebiotics for maintaining/restoring the health-associated homeostasis of the oral microbiota has become an important research topic. Aims: This study hypothesised that in vitro 14-species oral biofilms can be modulated by (in)direct stimulation of beneficial/commensal bacteria with new potential prebiotic substrates tested at 1 M and 1%(w/v), resulting in more host-compatible biofilms with fewer pathogens, decreased virulence and less inflammatory potential. Methods: Established biofilms were repeatedly rinsed with N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, α-D-lactose, D-(+)-trehalose or D-(+)-raffinose at 1 M or 1%(w/v). Biofilm composition, metabolic profile, virulence and inflammatory potential were eventually determined. Results: Repeated rinsing caused a shift towards a more health-associated microbiological composition, an altered metabolic profile, often downregulated virulence gene expression and decreased the inflammatory potential on oral keratinocytes. At 1 M, the substrates had pronounced effects on all biofilm aspects, whereas at 1%(w/v) they had a pronounced effect on virulence gene expression and a limited effect on inflammatory potential. Conclusion: Overall, this study identified four new potential prebiotic substrates that exhibit different modulatory effects at two different concentrations that cause in vitro multi-species oral biofilms to become more host-compatible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Verspecht
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Biotechnology, Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University (UGent), Gent, Belgium
| | - Wannes Van Holm
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Biotechnology, Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University (UGent), Gent, Belgium
| | - Nico Boon
- Department of Biotechnology, Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University (UGent), Gent, Belgium
| | - Kristel Bernaerts
- Bio- and Chemical Systems Technology, Reactor Engineering and Safety, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven Chem & Tech, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carlo A Daep
- Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Piscataway, NJ USA
| | | | - Naiera Zayed
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Biotechnology, Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University (UGent), Gent, Belgium.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Egypt
| | - Marc Quirynen
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Teughels
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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15
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Genetic Subtyping, Biofilm-Forming Ability and Biocide Susceptibility of Listeria monocytogenes Strains Isolated from a Ready-to-Eat Food Industry. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9070416. [PMID: 32708754 PMCID: PMC7400149 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9070416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen of special concern for ready-to-eat food producers. The control of its presence is a critical step in which food-grade sanitizers play an essential role. L. monocytogenes is believed to persist in food processing environments in biofilms, exhibiting less susceptibility to sanitizers than planktonic cells. This study aimed to test the susceptibility of L. monocytogenes in planktonic culture and biofilm to three commercial food-grade sanitizers and to benzalkonium chloride; together with the genetic subtyping of the isolates. L. monocytogenes isolates were collected from raw materials, final products and food-contact surfaces during a 6-year period from a ready-to-eat meat-producing food industry and genetically characterized. Serogrouping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) revealed genetic variability and differentiated L. monocytogenes isolates in three clusters. The biofilm-forming ability assay revealed that the isolates were weak biofilm producers. L. monocytogenes strains were susceptible both in the planktonic and biofilm form to oxidizing and ethanol-based compounds and to benzalkonium chloride, but not to quaternary ammonium compound. A positive association of biofilm-forming ability and LD90 values for quaternary ammonium compound and benzalkonium chloride was found. This study highlights the need for preventive measures improvement and for a conscious selection and use of sanitizers in food-related environments to control Listeria monocytogenes.
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16
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Alía A, Andrade MJ, Rodríguez A, Martín I, Pérez-Baltar A, Medina M, Córdoba JJ. Prevalence and characterization of Listeria monocytogenes in deboning and slicing areas of Spanish dry-cured ham processing. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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17
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López-Alonso V, Ortiz S, Corujo A, Martínez-Suárez JV. Analysis of Benzalkonium Chloride Resistance and Potential Virulence of Listeria monocytogenes Isolates Obtained from Different Stages of a Poultry Production Chain in Spain. J Food Prot 2020; 83:443-451. [PMID: 32053831 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-19-289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Listeria monocytogenes can survive in food production facilities and can be transmitted via contamination of food during the various stages of food production. This study was conducted to compile the results of three independent previous studies on the genetic diversity of L. monocytogenes in a poultry production company in Spain and to determine the potential virulence and sanitizer resistance of the strains by using both genotype and phenotype analyses. L. monocytogenes was detected at three production stages: a broiler abattoir, a processing plant, and retail stores marketing fresh poultry products from the same company. These three stages spanned three locations in three provinces of Spain. A set of 347 L. monocytogenes isolates representing 39 subtypes was obtained using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). A total of 28 subtypes (68%) had a full-length internalin A gene, and two subtypes had a phenotype with low potential for virulence because of a mutation in the prfA gene. A total of 32 subtypes (82%) were classified as benzalkonium chloride resistant (BAC-R) and contained the resistance determinant bcrABC (21 subtypes, 54%) or the resistance gene qacH (11 subtypes, 28%). A total of 13 persistent BAC-R subtypes (minimum of 3 months between the first and last sample from with the isolate was recovered) were identified at the abattoir and processing plant. The three production stages shared a unique subtype (PFGE type 1), which had the mutation in the prfA gene and the bcrABC resistance determinant. Whole genome sequencing revealed this subtype to be sequence type 31. Limited genetic diversity was noted in the isolates studied, including some subtypes that were persistent in the environment of the investigated facilities. Given the high prevalence of BAC-R subtypes, these results support the association between resistance to biocides and persistence of L. monocytogenes. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria López-Alonso
- Unidad de Biología Computacional, UFIEC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera de Majadahonda a Pozuelo km 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sagrario Ortiz
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Autovía A-6 km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfredo Corujo
- Nutreco Food Research Center, Ctra. CM 4004 km 10.5, 45950 Casarrubios del Monte, Toledo, Spain
| | - Joaquín V Martínez-Suárez
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Autovía A-6 km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain.,(ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4306-3223 [J.V.M.-S.])
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18
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Huang J, Chen B, Li H, Zeng QH, Wang JJ, Liu H, Pan Y, Zhao Y. Enhanced antibacterial and antibiofilm functions of the curcumin-mediated photodynamic inactivation against Listeria monocytogenes. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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19
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Ligowska-Marzęta M, Hancock V, Ingmer H, M Aarestrup F. Comparison of Gene Expression Profiles of Uropathogenic Escherichia Coli CFT073 after Prolonged Exposure to Subinhibitory Concentrations of Different Biocides. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:antibiotics8040167. [PMID: 31569631 PMCID: PMC6963283 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8040167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Biocides are chemical compounds widely used for sterilization and disinfection. The aim of this study was to examine whether exposure to subinhibitory biocide concentrations influenced transcriptional expression of genes that could improve a pathogen’s drug resistance or fitness. We used DNA microarrays to investigate the transcriptome of the uropathogenic Escherichia coli strain CFT073 in response to prolonged exposure to subinhibitory concentrations of four biocides: benzalkonium chloride, chlorhexidine, hydrogen peroxide and triclosan. Transcription of a gene involved in polymyxin resistance, arnT, was increased after treatment with benzalkonium chloride. However, pretreatment of the bacteria with this biocide did not result in cross-resistance to polymyxin in vitro. Genes encoding products related to transport formed the functional group that was most affected by biocides, as 110 out of 884 genes in this category displayed altered transcription. Transcripts of genes involved in cysteine uptake, sulfate assimilation, dipeptide transport, as well as cryptic phage genes were also more abundant in response to several biocides. Additionally, we identified groups of genes with transcription changes unique to single biocides that might include potential targets for the biocides. The biocides did not increase the resistance potential of the pathogen to other antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Ligowska-Marzęta
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Viktoria Hancock
- Renal Research & Innovation, Baxter International Inc., SE-220 10 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Hanne Ingmer
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Frank M Aarestrup
- Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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20
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Sanz-Puig M, Arana-Lozano A, Pina-Pérez MC, Fernández P, Martínez A, Rodrigo D. Occurrence of Salmonella typhimurium resistance under sublethal/repeated exposure to cauliflower infusion and infection effects on Caernohabditis elegans host test organism. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2019; 26:151-159. [PMID: 31544526 DOI: 10.1177/1082013219873500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Resistant bacteria to antimicrobials are increasingly emerging in medical, food industry and livestock environments. The present research work assesses the capability of Salmonella enterica var Typhimurium to become adapted under the exposure to a natural cauliflower antimicrobial by-product infusion in consecutive repeated exposure cycles. Caenorhabditis elegans was proposed as in vivo host-test organism to compare possible changes in the virulent pattern of the different rounds treated S. enterica var Typhimurium and untreated bacterial cells. According to the obtained results, S. enterica var Typhimurium was able to generate resistance against a repeated exposure to cauliflower by-product infusion 5% (w/v), increasing the resistance with the number of exposed repetitions. Meanwhile, at the first exposure, cauliflower by-product infusion was effective in reducing S. enterica var Typhimurium (≈1 log10 cycle), and S. enterica var Typhimurium became resistant to this natural antimicrobial after the second and third treatment-round and was able to grow (≈1 log10 cycle). In spite of the increased resistance observed for repeatedly treated bacteria, the present study reveals no changes on C. elegans infection effects between resistant and untreated S. enterica var Typhimurium, according to phenotypic parameters evaluation (lifespan duration and egg-laying).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sanz-Puig
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATA-CSIC), València, Spain
| | - Alejandra Arana-Lozano
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATA-CSIC), València, Spain
| | | | - Pablo Fernández
- Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
| | - Antonio Martínez
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATA-CSIC), València, Spain
| | - Dolores Rodrigo
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATA-CSIC), València, Spain
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21
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Wang J, Liu S, Liu B, Niu X, Deng X. Luteolin Inhibits Listeriolysin O Translation by Directly Targeting the Coding Region of the hly mRNA. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1496. [PMID: 31312194 PMCID: PMC6614183 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeriolysin O (LLO) is necessary for bacterial escape from the phagosome into the cytoplasm, which suggests that targeting LLO may be an alternative strategy to combat Listeria monocytogenes-mediated infection. Here, luteolin, a natural compound without anti-bacterial activity, as indentified as effective inhibitor of LLO by translationally inhibiting the production of LLO. Additionally, luteolin-treated L. monocytogenes displayed reductions in cytoplasmic growth, cytotoxicity and phagosome escape within macrophages. Molecular modeling and mutational analysis revealed a direct interaction between luteolin and the 5′ coding region (A818, U819, G820, and U830 located in nt 814–849) of the mRNA of hly, the gene encoding LLO, which interfered with its translation. Together, our data demonstrate that luteolin may be used as a novel therapeutic and lead compound for treating L. monocytogenes infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shui Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bowen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaodi Niu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuming Deng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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22
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Adaptive microbial response to low-level benzalkonium chloride exposure. J Hosp Infect 2018; 100:e1-e22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2018.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Formation of Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm in the Presence of Sublethal Concentrations of Disinfectants Studied via a Transcriptomic Analysis Using Transcriptome Sequencing (RNA-seq). Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.01643-17. [PMID: 29030437 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01643-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a common biofilm-forming pathogen. Low doses of disinfectants have previously been reported to promote biofilm formation and to increase virulence. The aim of this study was to use transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis to investigate global transcriptional changes in S. aureus in response to sublethal concentrations of the commonly used food industry disinfectants ethanol (EtOH) and chloramine T (ChT) and their combination (EtOH_ChT) in order to better understand the effects of these agents on biofilm formation. Treatment with EtOH and EtOH_ChT resulted in more significantly altered expression profiles than treatment with ChT. Our results revealed that EtOH and EtOH_ChT treatments enhanced the expression of genes responsible for regulation of gene expression (sigB), cell surface factors (clfAB), adhesins (sdrDE), and capsular polysaccharides (cap8EFGL), resulting in more intact biofilm. In addition, in this study we were able to identify the pathways involved in the adaptation of S. aureus to the stress of ChT treatment. Further, EtOH suppressed the effect of ChT on gene expression when these agents were used together at sublethal concentrations. These data show that in the presence of sublethal concentrations of tested disinfectants, S. aureus cells trigger protective mechanisms and try to cope with them.IMPORTANCE So far, the effect of disinfectants is not satisfactorily explained. The presented data will allow a better understanding of the mode of disinfectant action with regard to biofilm formation and the ability of bacteria to survive the treatment. Such an understanding could contribute to the effort to eliminate possible sources of bacteria, making disinfectant application as efficient as possible. Biofilm formation plays significant role in the spread and pathogenesis of bacterial species.
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24
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Chitinase Expression in Listeria monocytogenes Is Influenced by lmo0327, Which Encodes an Internalin-Like Protein. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.01283-17. [PMID: 28887418 PMCID: PMC5666140 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01283-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The chitinolytic system of Listeria monocytogenes thus far comprises two chitinases, ChiA and ChiB, and a lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase, Lmo2467. The role of the system in the bacterium appears to be pleiotropic, as besides mediating the hydrolysis of chitin, the second most ubiquitous carbohydrate in nature, the chitinases have been deemed important for the colonization of unicellular molds, as well as mammalian hosts. To identify additional components of the chitinolytic system, we screened a transposon mutant library for mutants exhibiting impaired chitin hydrolysis. The screening yielded a mutant with a transposon insertion in a locus corresponding to lmo0327 of the EGD-e strain. lmo0327 encodes a large (1,349 amino acids [aa]) cell wall-associated protein that has been proposed to possess murein hydrolase activity. The single inactivation of lmo0327, as well as of lmo0325 that codes for a putative transcriptional regulator functionally related to lmo0327, led to an almost complete abolishment of chitinolytic activity. The effect could be traced at the transcriptional level, as both chiA and chiB transcripts were dramatically decreased in the lmo0327 mutant. In accordance with that, we could barely detect ChiA and ChiB in the culture supernatants of the mutant strain. Our results provide new information regarding the function of the lmo0325-lmo0327 locus in L. monocytogenes and link it to the expression of chitinolytic activity. IMPORTANCE Many bacteria from terrestrial and marine environments express chitinase activities enabling them to utilize chitin as the sole source of carbon and nitrogen. Interestingly, several bacterial chitinases may also be involved in host pathogenesis. For example, in the important foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes, the chitinases ChiA and ChiB and the lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase Lmo2467 are implicated in chitin assimilation but also act as virulence factors during the infection of mammalian hosts. Therefore, it is important to identify their regulators and induction cues to understand how the different roles of the chitinolytic system are controlled and mediated. Here, we provide evidence for the importance of lmo0327 and lmo0325, encoding a putative internalin/autolysin and a putative transcriptional activator, respectively, in the efficient expression of chitinase activity in L. monocytogenes and thereby provide new information regarding the function of the lmo0325-lmo0327 locus.
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25
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Wang J, Liu B, Teng Z, Zhou X, Wang X, Zhang B, Lu G, Niu X, Yang Y, Deng X. Phloretin Attenuates Listeria monocytogenes Virulence Both In vitro and In vivo by Simultaneously Targeting Listeriolysin O and Sortase A. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:9. [PMID: 28154809 PMCID: PMC5244253 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The critical roles of sortase A (SrtA) and listeriolysin O (LLO) in Listeria monocytogenes pathogenicity render these two virulence factors as ideal targets for the development of anti-virulence agents against L. monocytogenes infection. Additionally, the structures of SrtA and LLO are highly conserved among the members of sortase enzyme family and cholesterol dependent toxin family. Here, phloretin, a natural polyphenolic compound derived from apples and pears that has little anti-L. monocytogenes activity, was identified to simultaneously inhibit LLO expression and neutralize SrtA catalytic activity. Phloretin neutralized SrtA activity by causing a conformational change in the protein's active pocket, which prevented engagement with its substrate. Treatment with phloretin simultaneously reduced L. monocytogenes invasion into host cells and blocked the escape of vacuole-entrapped L. monocytogenes into cytoplasm. Further, L. monocytogenes-infected mice that received phloretin showed lower mortality, decreased bacterial burden and reduced pathological injury. Our results demonstrate that phloretin is a promising anti-infective therapeutic for infections caused by L. monocytogenes due to its simultaneous targeting of SrtA and LLO, which may result in fewer side effects than those caused by other antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University Changchun, China
| | - Bowen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University Changchun, China
| | - Zihao Teng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University Changchun, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University Changchun, China
| | - Xiyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University Changchun, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University Changchun, China
| | - Gejin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University Changchun, China
| | - Xiaodi Niu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University Changchun, China
| | - Yongjun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University Changchun, China
| | - Xuming Deng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University Changchun, China
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Rasmussen BB, Grotkjær T, D'Alvise PW, Yin G, Zhang F, Bunk B, Spröer C, Bentzon-Tilia M, Gram L. Vibrio anguillarum Is Genetically and Phenotypically Unaffected by Long-Term Continuous Exposure to the Antibacterial Compound Tropodithietic Acid. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:4802-4810. [PMID: 27235441 PMCID: PMC4984299 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01047-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Minimizing the use of antibiotics in the food production chain is essential for limiting the development and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. One alternative intervention strategy is the use of probiotic bacteria, and bacteria of the marine Roseobacter clade are capable of antagonizing fish-pathogenic vibrios in fish larvae and live feed cultures for fish larvae. The antibacterial compound tropodithietic acid (TDA), an antiporter that disrupts the proton motive force, is key in the antibacterial activity of several roseobacters. Introducing probiotics on a larger scale requires understanding of any potential side effects of long-term exposure of the pathogen to the probionts or any compounds they produce. Here we exposed the fish pathogen Vibrio anguillarum to TDA for several hundred generations in an adaptive evolution experiment. No tolerance or resistance arose during the 90 days of exposure, and whole-genome sequencing of TDA-exposed lineages and clones revealed few mutational changes, compared to lineages grown without TDA. Amino acid-changing mutations were found in two to six different genes per clone; however, no mutations appeared unique to the TDA-exposed lineages or clones. None of the virulence genes of V. anguillarum was affected, and infectivity assays using fish cell lines indicated that the TDA-exposed lineages and clones were less invasive than the wild-type strain. Thus, long-term TDA exposure does not appear to result in TDA resistance and the physiology of V. anguillarum appears unaffected, supporting the application of TDA-producing roseobacters as probiotics in aquaculture. IMPORTANCE It is important to limit the use of antibiotics in our food production, to reduce the risk of bacteria developing antibiotic resistance. We showed previously that marine bacteria of the Roseobacter clade can prevent or reduce bacterial diseases in fish larvae, acting as probiotics. Roseobacters produce the antimicrobial compound tropodithietic acid (TDA), and we were concerned regarding whether long-term exposure to this compound could induce resistance or affect the disease-causing ability of the fish pathogen. Therefore, we exposed the fish pathogen Vibrio anguillarum to increasing TDA concentrations over 3 months. We did not see the development of any resistance to TDA, and subsequent infection assays revealed that none of the TDA-exposed clones had increased virulence toward fish cells. Hence, this study supports the use of roseobacters as a non-risk-based disease control measure in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Torben Grotkjær
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Paul W D'Alvise
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Faxing Zhang
- Beijing Genomics Institute Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Boyke Bunk
- Leibniz Institute, DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Cathrin Spröer
- Leibniz Institute, DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mikkel Bentzon-Tilia
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lone Gram
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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27
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Curiao T, Marchi E, Grandgirard D, León-Sampedro R, Viti C, Leib SL, Baquero F, Oggioni MR, Martinez JL, Coque TM. Multiple adaptive routes of Salmonella enterica Typhimurium to biocide and antibiotic exposure. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:491. [PMID: 27411385 PMCID: PMC4943003 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2778-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Biocides and antibiotics are used to eradicate or prevent the growth of microbial species on surfaces (occasionally on catheters), or infected sites, either in combination or sequentially, raising concerns about the development of co-resistance to both antimicrobial types. The effect of such compounds on Salmonella enterica, a major food-borne and zoonotic pathogen, has been analysed in different studies, but only few works evaluated its biological cost, and the overall effects at the genomic and transcriptomic levels associated with diverse phenotypes resulting from biocide exposure, which was the aim of this work. Results Exposure to triclosan, clorhexidine, benzalkonium, (but not to hypochlorite) resulted in mutants with different phenotypes to a wide range of antimicrobials even unrelated to the selective agent. Most biocide-resistant mutants showed increased susceptibility to compounds acting on the cell wall (β-lactams) or the cell membranes (poly-L-lysine, polymyxin B, colistin or toxic anions). Mutations (SNPs) were found in three intergenic regions and nine genes, which have a role in energy production, amino acids, carbohydrates or lipids metabolism, some of them involved in membrane transport and pathogenicity. Comparative transcriptomics of biocide-resistant mutants showed over-expression of genes encoding efflux pumps (sugE), ribosomal and transcription-related proteins, cold-shock response (cpeE) and enzymes of microaerobic metabolism including those of the phosphotransferase system. Mainly ribosomal, metabolic and pathogenicity-related genes had affected expression in both in vitro-selected biocide mutants and field Salmonella isolates with reduced biocide susceptibility. Conclusions Multiple pathways can be involved in the adaptation of Salmonella to biocides, mainly related with global stress, or involving metabolic and membrane alterations, and eventually causing “collateral sensitivity” to other antimicrobials. These changes might impact the bacterial-environment interaction, imposing significant bacterial fitness costs which may reduce the chances of fixation and spread of biocide resistant mutants. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2778-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Curiao
- Servicio de Microbiología, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain. .,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Emmanuela Marchi
- Department of Agrifood Production and Environmental Sciences, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Denis Grandgirard
- Neuroinfection Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ricardo León-Sampedro
- Servicio de Microbiología, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlo Viti
- Department of Agrifood Production and Environmental Sciences, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Stephen L Leib
- Neuroinfection Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Fernando Baquero
- Servicio de Microbiología, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.,Unidad de Resistencia a Antibióticos y Virulencia bacteriana asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - José Luis Martinez
- Unidad de Resistencia a Antibióticos y Virulencia bacteriana asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC), Darwin 3, Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Teresa M Coque
- Servicio de Microbiología, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain. .,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain. .,Unidad de Resistencia a Antibióticos y Virulencia bacteriana asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
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28
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Hadjilouka A, Molfeta C, Panagiotopoulou O, Paramithiotis S, Mataragas M, Drosinos EH. Expression of Listeria monocytogenes key virulence genes during growth in liquid medium, on rocket and melon at 4, 10 and 30 °C. Food Microbiol 2016; 55:7-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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29
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Hadjilouka A, Nikolidakis K, Paramithiotis S, H. Drosinos E. Effect of co-culture with enterocinogenic E. faecium on L. monocytogenes key virulence gene expression. AIMS Microbiol 2016. [DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2016.3.359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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30
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Gene expression in Listeria monocytogenes exposed to sublethal concentration of benzalkonium chloride. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 40:31-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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31
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Wang J, Qiu J, Tan W, Zhang Y, Wang H, Zhou X, Liu S, Feng H, Li W, Niu X, Deng X. Fisetin inhibits Listeria monocytogenes virulence by interfering with the oligomerization of listeriolysin O. J Infect Dis 2014; 211:1376-87. [PMID: 25231018 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeriolysin O (LLO), an essential virulence determinant of Listeria monocytogenes, is a pore-forming toxin whose primary function is to facilitate cytosolic bacterial replication by breaching the phagosomal membranes, which is critical for the pathogen to evade host immune recognition. The critical role of LLO in the virulence of L. monocytogenes renders it an ideal target for designing novel antivirulence therapeutics. We found that fisetin, a natural flavonoid without antimicrobial activity, is a potent antagonist of LLO-mediated hemolysis. Fisetin effectively inhibits L. monocytogenes infection in both tissue culture and animal infection models. Molecular modeling and mutational analysis revealed that fisetin directly engages loop 2 and loop 3 of LLO, leading to the blockage of cholesterol binding and the reduction of its oligomerization, thus inhibiting its hemolytic activity. Our results establish fisetin as an effective antitoxin agent for LLO, which can be further developed into novel therapeutics against infections caused by L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine
| | - Jiazhang Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine
| | - Wei Tan
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine
| | - Hongshu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine
| | - Shui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine
| | - Haihua Feng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine
| | - Wenhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine
| | - Xiaodi Niu
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuming Deng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine
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32
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Mureddu A, Mazza R, Fois F, Meloni D, Bacciu R, Piras F, Mazzette R. Listeria Monocytogenes Persistence in Ready-to-Eat Sausages and in Processing Plants. Ital J Food Saf 2014; 3:1697. [PMID: 27800316 PMCID: PMC5076666 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2014.1697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is of major concern in the fermented meat products and is able to persist in their processing environments. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the virulence profile and the persistence capacity of L. monocytogenes strains isolated in Sardinian fermented sausages processing plants. Food (ground meat, sausages at the end of acidification and ripening stage) and environmental samples (a total of n. 385), collected from 4 meat processing plants located in Sardinia (Italy), were examined to detect L. monocytogenes presence. All the L. monocytogenes isolates were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. A subset of strains was also characterised by multiplex PCR-based serogrouping, using the lmo0737, lmo1118, ORF2819 and ORF2110 genes. Three different multiplex PCRs were used to obtain the virulence profiles by the rrn, hlyA, actA, prfA, inlA, inlB, iap, plcA, plcB and mpl marker genes. Furthermore, in vitro biofilm forming ability and resistance to disinfectants were carried out on microtiter plate. The overall prevalence was 31.5% in food, and 68.5% in environmental samples. The prevalent serotype resulted 1/2c (43%), followed by 1/2a (40%), 4b (8.6%), and 1/2b (8.6%). The amplification products of the virulence genes were found in all the isolates with the following prevalence: 77.1% hlyA; 100% rrn; 100% prfA; 97.1% iap; 65.7% inlB; 88.6% inlA; 100% plcA; 100% plcB and 74.3% mpl. As for biofilm forming ability, 37.1% of the strains were positive and resulted weak producer, but all the isolates were sensible to disinfectants showing a reduction of L. monocytogenes growth after each incubation time. More appropriate technologies and application of measures of hygienic control should be implemented to prevent the L. monocytogenes growth and cross-contamination in salsiccia sarda processing plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mureddu
- Settore di Ispezione degli Alimenti di Origine Animale, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari , Italy
| | - Roberta Mazza
- Settore di Ispezione degli Alimenti di Origine Animale, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari , Italy
| | - Federica Fois
- Settore di Ispezione degli Alimenti di Origine Animale, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari , Italy
| | - Domenico Meloni
- Settore di Ispezione degli Alimenti di Origine Animale, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari , Italy
| | - Roberto Bacciu
- Settore di Ispezione degli Alimenti di Origine Animale, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari , Italy
| | - Francesca Piras
- Settore di Ispezione degli Alimenti di Origine Animale, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari , Italy
| | - Rina Mazzette
- Settore di Ispezione degli Alimenti di Origine Animale, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari , Italy
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Rivoal K, Fablet A, Courtillon C, Bougeard S, Chemaly M, Protais J. Detection of Listeria spp. in liquid egg products and in the egg breaking plants environment and tracking of Listeria monocytogenes by PFGE. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 166:109-16. [PMID: 23850854 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human listeriosis, caused by Listeria monocytogenes, is a severe bacterial infection that can lead to meningitis, cerebromeningitis, bacteremia or septicemia, with acute lethality and potentially leading to death. A study has shown that 29.5% of the caged laying hens in France are contaminated by L. monocytogenes (Chemaly et al., 2008). However, very little information regarding egg and egg product contamination is currently available. The objective of this study is to determine the sanitary status of egg products and egg breaking plants in France regarding Listeria spp. and L. monocytogenes contaminations. The sampling scheme performed in five egg breaking plants in Western France during one year have revealed that 8.5% of raw egg products were contaminated by L. monocytogenes. No pasteurized egg products have been shown to be contaminated by L. monocytogenes. However, a high level of contamination by Listeria spp., and particularly by L. innocua, has been shown with 26.2% and 1.8% of raw and pasteurized egg products contaminated, respectively. This work has also revealed the presence of Listeria spp. and L. monocytogenes in the environment of egg breaking plants with 65.1% and 8.0% of contaminated samples, respectively. The typing of 253 isolates of L. monocytogenes by PFGE using ApaI and AscI enzymes has revealed a high diversity with 46 different pulsotypes and has shown that the raw material is a source of contamination of egg breaking plants. One L. monocytogenes cluster was dominant in the 5 egg-breaking plants during the four seasons studied. The issue of which strains are better adapted to egg products must be considered and studied in depth by comparing them to pulsotypes from strains of other chains. However, the traceability of L. monocytogenes in plants during the various seasons has also made it possible to highlight the presence of strains that are specific to egg breaking plants. The study of cleaning and disinfection methods in these plants as well as the recurring bacteria's resistance to disinfectants could provide answers to the egg product industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katell Rivoal
- Anses, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Ploufragan/Plouzané Laboratory, BP 53, 22 440 Ploufragan, France.
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Shi H, Trinh Q, Xu W, Luo Y, Tian W, Huang K. The transcriptional response of virulence genes in Listeria monocytogenes during inactivation by nisin. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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35
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Pricope L, Nicolau A, Wagner M, Rychli K. The effect of sublethal concentrations of benzalkonium chloride on invasiveness and intracellular proliferation of Listeria monocytogenes. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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36
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37
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Gnanadhas DP, Marathe SA, Chakravortty D. Biocides--resistance, cross-resistance mechanisms and assessment. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2012; 22:191-206. [PMID: 23215733 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2013.748035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Antibiotic resistance in bacterial pathogens has increased worldwide leading to treatment failures. Concerns have been raised about the use of biocides as a contributing factor to the risk of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) development. In vitro studies demonstrating increase in resistance have often been cited as evidence for increased risks. It is therefore important to understand the mechanisms of resistance employed by bacteria toward biocides used in consumer products and their potential to impart cross-resistance to therapeutic antibiotics. AREAS COVERED In this review, the mechanisms of resistance and cross-resistance reported in the literature toward biocides commonly used in consumer products are summarized. The physiological and molecular techniques used in describing and examining these mechanisms are reviewed and application of these techniques for systematic assessment of biocides for their potential to develop resistance and/or cross-resistance is discussed. EXPERT OPINION The guidelines in the usage of biocides in household or industrial purpose should be monitored and regulated to avoid the emergence of any MDR strains. The genetic and molecular methods to monitor the resistance development to biocides should be developed and included in preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Prakash Gnanadhas
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Biosafety Laboratories, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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38
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Knudsen G, Holch A, Gram L. Subinhibitory concentrations of antibiotics affect stress and virulence gene expression inListeria monocytogenesand cause enhanced stress sensitivity but do not affect Caco-2 cell invasion. J Appl Microbiol 2012; 113:1273-86. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05435.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G.M. Knudsen
- National Food Institute; Technical University of Denmark; Kongens Lyngby; Denmark
| | - A. Holch
- National Food Institute; Technical University of Denmark; Kongens Lyngby; Denmark
| | - L. Gram
- National Food Institute; Technical University of Denmark; Kongens Lyngby; Denmark
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39
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Horner C, Mawer D, Wilcox M. Reduced susceptibility to chlorhexidine in staphylococci: is it increasing and does it matter? J Antimicrob Chemother 2012; 67:2547-59. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dks284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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40
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Condell O, Sheridan Á, Power KA, Bonilla-Santiago R, Sergeant K, Renaut J, Burgess C, Fanning S, Nally JE. Comparative proteomic analysis of Salmonella tolerance to the biocide active agent triclosan. J Proteomics 2012; 75:4505-19. [PMID: 22579747 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Concern has been expressed about the overuse of biocides in farm animal production and food industries. Biocide application can create selective pressures that lead to increased tolerance to one or more of these compounds and are concomitant with the emergence of cross-resistance to antibiotics. A triclosan sensitive Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and the isogenic triclosan tolerant mutant were studied at the proteomic level in order to elucidate cellular mechanisms that facilitate biocide tolerance. 2-D differential fluorescent gel electrophoresis (DIGE) compared protein profiles of parent and mutant Salmonella, in the presence and absence of triclosan. Differentially expressed proteins were identified by mass spectrometry and divided into two groups: Group A describes proteins differentially expressed between susceptible and triclosan tolerant Salmonella and includes the known triclosan target FabI which contained a mutation at the triclosan target binding site. Group B identified proteins differentially expressed in response to triclosan exposure and defines a general cell defence network. Only four proteins were common to both groups highlighting the diverse range of pathways employed by Salmonella to counteract biocides. These data suggest that sub-lethal concentrations of triclosan induce discernible changes in the proteome of exposed Salmonella and provide insights into mechanisms of response and tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Condell
- UCD Centre for Food Safety & the Centre for Food-borne Zoonomics, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Population Science, Ireland
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Rakic-Martinez M, Drevets DA, Dutta V, Katic V, Kathariou S. Listeria monocytogenes strains selected on ciprofloxacin or the disinfectant benzalkonium chloride exhibit reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, benzalkonium chloride, and other toxic compounds. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:8714-21. [PMID: 22003016 PMCID: PMC3233111 DOI: 10.1128/aem.05941-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a leading agent for severe food-borne illness and death in the United States and other nations. Even though drug resistance has not yet threatened therapeutic interventions for listeriosis, selective pressure associated with exposure to antibiotics and disinfectants may result in reduced susceptibility to these agents. In this study, selection of several L. monocytogenes strains on either ciprofloxacin (2 μg/ml) or the quaternary ammonium disinfectant benzalkonium chloride (BC; 10 μg/ml) led to derivatives with increased MICs not only to these agents but also to several other toxic compounds, including gentamicin, the dye ethidium bromide, and the chemotherapeutic drug tetraphenylphosphonium chloride. The spectrum of compounds to which these derivatives exhibited reduced susceptibility was the same regardless of whether they were selected on ciprofloxacin or on BC. Inclusion of strains harboring the large plasmid pLM80 revealed that MICs to ciprofloxacin and gentamicin did not differ between the parental and plasmid-cured strains. However, ciprofloxacin-selected derivatives of pLM80-harboring strains had higher MICs than those derived from the plasmid-cured strains. Susceptibility to the antimicrobials was partially restored in the presence of the potent efflux inhibitor reserpine. Taken together, these data suggest that mutations in efflux systems are responsible for the multidrug resistance phenotype of strains selected on ciprofloxacin or BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Rakic-Martinez
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Douglas A. Drevets
- Department of Medicine, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center and the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Vikrant Dutta
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Vera Katic
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Belgrade University, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sophia Kathariou
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
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Fox EM, Leonard N, Jordan K. Physiological and transcriptional characterization of persistent and nonpersistent Listeria monocytogenes isolates. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:6559-69. [PMID: 21764947 PMCID: PMC3187160 DOI: 10.1128/aem.05529-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize physiological differences between persistent and presumed nonpersistent Listeria monocytogenes strains isolated at processing facilities and to investigate the molecular basis for this by transcriptomic sequencing. Full metabolic profiles of two strains, one persistent and one nonpersistent, were initially screened using Biolog's Phenotype MicroArray (PM) technology. Based on these results, in which major differences from selected antimicrobial agents were detected, another persistent strain and two nonpersistent strains were characterized using two antimicrobial PMs. Resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) was shown to be higher among persistent strains. Growth of persistent and nonpersistent strains in various concentrations of the QACs benzethonium chloride (BZT) and cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) was determined. Transcriptomic sequencing of a persistent and a presumed nonpersistent strain was performed to compare gene expression among these strains in the presence and absence of BZT. Two strains, designated "frequent persisters" because they were the most frequently isolated at the processing facility, showed overall higher resistance to QACs. Transcriptome analysis showed that BZT induced a complex peptidoglycan (PG) biosynthesis response, which may play a key role in BZT resistance. Comparison of persistent and nonpersistent strains indicated that transcription of many genes was upregulated among persistent strains. This included three gene operons: pdu, cob-cbi, and eut. These genes may play a role in the persistence of L. monocytogenes outside the human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward M. Fox
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
- Veterinary Sciences Centre, School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Nola Leonard
- Veterinary Sciences Centre, School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Kieran Jordan
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
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Sublethal triclosan exposure decreases susceptibility to gentamicin and other aminoglycosides in Listeria monocytogenes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55:4064-71. [PMID: 21746948 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00460-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human food-borne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes is capable of persisting in food processing plants despite cleaning and sanitation and is likely exposed to sublethal biocide concentrations. This could potentially affect susceptibility of the bacterium to biocides and other antimicrobial agents. The purpose of the present study was to determine if sublethal biocide concentrations affected antibiotic susceptibility in L. monocytogenes. Exposure of L. monocytogenes strains EGD and N53-1 to sublethal concentrations of Incimaxx DES (containing peroxy acids and hydrogen peroxide) and Triquart Super (containing quaternary ammonium compound) in four consecutive cultures did not alter the frequency of antibiotic-tolerant isolates, as determined by plating on 2× the MIC for a range of antibiotics. Exposure of eight strains of L. monocytogenes to 1 and 4 μg/ml triclosan did not alter triclosan sensitivity. However, all eight strains became resistant to gentamicin (up to 16-fold increase in MIC) after exposure to sublethal triclosan concentrations. Gentamicin-resistant isolates of strains N53-1 and 4446 were also resistant to other aminoglycosides, such as kanamycin, streptomycin, and tobramycin. Gentamicin resistance remained at a high level also after five subcultures without triclosan or gentamicin. Aminoglycoside resistance can be caused by mutations in the target site, the 16S rRNA gene. However, such mutations were not detected in the N53-1-resistant isolates. A combination of gentamicin and ampicillin is commonly used in listeriosis treatment. The triclosan-induced resistance is, hence, of great concern. Further investigations are needed to determine the molecular mechanisms underlying the effect of triclosan.
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Rodrigues D, Cerca N, Teixeira P, Oliveira R, Ceri H, Azeredo J. Listeria monocytogenesandSalmonella entericaEnteritidis Biofilms Susceptibility to Different Disinfectants and Stress-Response and Virulence Gene Expression of Surviving Cells. Microb Drug Resist 2011; 17:181-9. [DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2010.0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Rodrigues
- IBB—Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Nuno Cerca
- IBB—Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Pilar Teixeira
- IBB—Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Rosário Oliveira
- IBB—Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Howard Ceri
- Biofilm Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Joana Azeredo
- IBB—Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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Meyer B, Cookson B. Does microbial resistance or adaptation to biocides create a hazard in infection prevention and control? J Hosp Infect 2010; 76:200-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2010.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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