1
|
Wen Y, Li M, Yang S, Peng L, Fan G, Kang H. Isolation of Antagonistic Endophytic Fungi from Postharvest Chestnuts and Their Biocontrol on Host Fungal Pathogens. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:573. [PMID: 39194898 DOI: 10.3390/jof10080573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, antagonistic endophytic fungi were isolated from postharvest chestnut fruits; endophytic antagonistic fungi and their combination of inhibitory effects on the fungal pathogen Neofusicoccum parvum were evaluated. A total of 612 endophytic fungi were isolated from 300 healthy chestnut kernels, and 6 strains out of them including NS-3, NS-11, NS-38, NS-43, NS-56, and NS-58 were confirmed as antagonistic endophytic fungi against Neofusicoccum parvum; these were separately identified as Penicillium chermesinum, Penicillium italicum, Penicillium decaturense, Penicillium oxalicum, Talarmyces siamensis, and Penicillium guanacastense. Some mixed antagonistic endophytic fungi, such as NS-3-38, NS-11-38, NS-43-56, and NS-56-58-38, exhibited a much stronger antifungal activity against N. parvum than that applied individually. Among them, the mixture of NS-3-38 showed the highest antifungal activity, and the inhibition rate was up to 86.67%. The fermentation broth of NS-3, NS-38, and their combinations exhibited an obvious antifungal activity against N. parvum, and the ethyl acetate phase extract of NS-3-38 had the strongest antifungal activity, for which the inhibitory rate was up to 90.19%. The NS-3-38 fermentation broth combined with a chitosan coating significantly reduced N. parvum incidence in chestnuts from 100% to 19%. Furthermore, the fruit decay and weight loss of chestnuts during storage were significantly decreased by the NS-3-38 fermentation broth mixture along with a chitosan coating. Therefore, a mixture of P. chermesinum and P. decaturense could be used as a potential complex biocontrol agent to control postharvest fruit decay in chestnuts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunmin Wen
- College Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Meng Li
- College Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shuzhen Yang
- College Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Litao Peng
- College Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Gang Fan
- College Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huilin Kang
- College Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ahmad F, Diez JJ. Spanish ecological battleground: population structure of two invasive fungi, Cryphonectria parasitica and Fusarium circinatum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1310254. [PMID: 38186600 PMCID: PMC10771289 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1310254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Invasive fungi distributed worldwide through globalization have caused devastating diseases in different forests, causing economic and ecologic disturbances. Two such invasive species are Cryphonectria parasitica and Fusarium circinatum, which were introduced to Europe from North America, separated temporally: C. parasitica was introduced about nine decades ago, whereas F. circinatum was introduced around two decades ago. As C. parasitica had a longer time to undergo genetic changes, we hypothesized that it has higher genetic diversity than the recently introduced F. circinatum in Spain. In addition, we studied the genetic characterization of both fungi present in similar ecological conditions in Northern Spain with the aim of providing data for biocontrol measures. Methods Molecular genetic markers were used to test these hypotheses, including mating type and DNA sequencing of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions. In addition, we used vegetative compatibility (VC) type markers in C. parasitica as the information about VC type is essential to apply biocontrol against the fungus. Results and discussion All the isolates of C. parasitica from the studied area belonged to only one VC type (EU-1) and one mating type (MAT-2). However, three distinct haplotypes of C. parasitica were identified through ITS sequencing, showing that multiple introductions might have happened to Cantabria. Among F. circinatum, no diversity was observed in ITS and MAT loci in the studied area but isolates from other Spanish regions showed the presence of both mating types. Overall, C. parasitica had higher genetic diversity than F. circinatum, despite both organisms appearing to reproduce clonally. This study helped understand the invasion patterns of C. parasitica and F. circinatum in northern Spain and will be useful in applying biocontrol measures against both pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farooq Ahmad
- Department of Plant Production and Forest Resources, University of Valladolid, Palencia, Spain
- Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute, University of Valladolid and INIA, Palencia, Spain
| | - Julio Javier Diez
- Department of Plant Production and Forest Resources, University of Valladolid, Palencia, Spain
- Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute, University of Valladolid and INIA, Palencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nuskern L, Stojanović M, Milanović-Litre M, Šibenik T, Ježić M, Poljak I, Ćurković-Perica M. Filling the Gap in Southern Europe—Diversity of Cryphonectria parasitica and Associated Mycovirus (Cryphonectria hypovirus 1) in Montenegro. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8060552. [PMID: 35736034 PMCID: PMC9224863 DOI: 10.3390/jof8060552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryphonectria parasitica is an invasive fungal pathogen that causes blight disease on chestnut trees. Its destructive effect can be controlled with naturally occurring mycovirus Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV1). To date, the spread of C. parasitica and CHV1 in Europe is fairly well documented, but there are still several unexplored regions. Thus, we sampled blight cankers from four sweet chestnut populations in Bay of Kotor and Lake Skadar regions in Montenegro. We determined vegetative compatibility (vc) type and mating-type diversity using molecular vic and MAT1 genotyping, as well as confirming the presence of CHV1 by RT-PCR. We identified 11 vc types, with EU-12 being the dominant one represented by 58.2% of all fungal isolates. The Shannon diversity index ranged from 0.93 to 1.47. Both mating types of C. parasitica were found in all four populations. The prevalence of CHV1 ranged from 15% to 40%. All CHV1 isolates belonged to Italian subtype I of CHV1 and were closely related, with relatively recent common ancestors. Our results indicate a longer presence of C. parasitica and CHV1 in Montenegro than previously thought. Natural biocontrol with CHV1 seems to be well established. However, it has the potential for deterioration; thus, close monitoring is required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucija Nuskern
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 9a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (L.N.); (M.M.-L.); (T.Š.); (M.J.)
| | - Milena Stojanović
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Montenegro, Mihaila Lalića Br. 15, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro;
| | - Marija Milanović-Litre
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 9a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (L.N.); (M.M.-L.); (T.Š.); (M.J.)
| | - Tena Šibenik
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 9a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (L.N.); (M.M.-L.); (T.Š.); (M.J.)
| | - Marin Ježić
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 9a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (L.N.); (M.M.-L.); (T.Š.); (M.J.)
| | - Igor Poljak
- Department of Forest Genetics, Dendrology and Botany, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska Cesta 23, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Mirna Ćurković-Perica
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 9a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (L.N.); (M.M.-L.); (T.Š.); (M.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-(0)1-4898-076
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Microsatellite Analysis Revealing High Genetic Diversity of the Chestnut Blight Fungus in South Tyrol (Northern Italy). FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13020344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Cryphonectria parasitica, which causes chestnut blight, is one of the most important pathogens of forest trees. In Europe, mycovirus-mediated biocontrol is the most efficient method to control the disease but can be impeded by the lack of information about the population structure of the fungus within a region. In particular, sexual reproduction and the new introduction of the pathogen can complicate biocontrol strategies. For this reason, this study aimed to determine the population structure of C. parasitica, which causes chestnut blight, in the northern Italian region of South Tyrol, using eleven multilocus microsatellite markers. Fifty-one haplotypes were found across South Tyrol, belonging to three divergent clusters. Recombinant genotypes demonstrated that sexual reproduction occurs across the different clusters. The most dominant genotypes in the region were also the most dominant in neighboring areas, such as Switzerland, northern Italy and France. All of the clusters from South Tyrol were related to the Italian genotype pool and are thought to have been introduced from northern Italian and other European populations due to naturally occurring gene flow or human-mediated introduction. At least three separate introduction events of C. parasitica might have happened in South Tyrol that could be separated by time. This study demonstrated a high genetic diversity of C. parasitica in South Tyrol and helped to shed light on the sexual reproduction and introduction events in the local populations.
Collapse
|
5
|
Kupper Q, Cornejo C. A Multiplex PCR Approach to Determine Vegetative Incompatibility Genotypes and Mating Type in Cryphonectria parasitica. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2536:435-446. [PMID: 35819619 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2517-0_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This chapter presents a genotyping assay that uses DNA isolated from axenic cultures of Cryphonectria parasitica, which discriminates the six known diallelic vic loci and the two mating idiomorphs (MAT gene) based on (i) modified primer, labeled with a fluorescent dye, (ii) multiplex polymerase chain reaction (multiplex-PCR), and (iii) capillary electrophoresis system. Alternatively, we show that the same primer set is suitable for conventional PCR of each vic locus and MAT gene using nonmodified primer and agarose gel electrophoresis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quirin Kupper
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Degola F, Spadola G, Forgia M, Turina M, Dramis L, Chitarra W, Nerva L. Aspergillus Goes Viral: Ecological Insights from the Geographical Distribution of the Mycovirome within an Aspergillus flavus Population and Its Possible Correlation with Aflatoxin Biosynthesis. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:833. [PMID: 34682254 PMCID: PMC8538035 DOI: 10.3390/jof7100833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial multi-level interactions are essential to control the success of spreading and survival of most microbes in natural environments. Phytopathogenic mycotoxigenic fungal species, such as Aspergillus flavus, represent an important issue in food safety. Usually, non-toxigenic strains are exploited for biocontrol strategies to mitigate infections by toxigenic strains. To comprehend all the biological variables involved in the aflatoxin biosynthesis, and to possibly evaluate the interplay between A. flavus toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains during intraspecific biocompetition, the "virological" perspective should be considered. For these reasons, investigations on mycoviruses associated to A. flavus populations inhabiting specific agroecosystems are highly desirable. Here, we provide the first accurate characterization of the novel mycovirome identified within an A. flavus wild population colonizing the maize fields of northern Italy: a selection of A. flavus strains was biologically characterized and subjected to RNAseq analysis, revealing new mycoviruses and a peculiar geographic pattern distribution in addition to a 20% rate of infection. More interestingly, a negative correlation between viral infection and aflatoxin production was found. Results significantly expanded the limited existent data about mycoviruses in wild A. flavus, opening new and intriguing hypotheses about the ecological significance of mycoviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Degola
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; (G.S.); (L.D.)
| | - Giorgio Spadola
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; (G.S.); (L.D.)
| | - Marco Forgia
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy; (M.F.); (M.T.); (W.C.)
| | - Massimo Turina
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy; (M.F.); (M.T.); (W.C.)
| | - Lucia Dramis
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; (G.S.); (L.D.)
| | - Walter Chitarra
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy; (M.F.); (M.T.); (W.C.)
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics—Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology CREA-VE, Via XXVIII Aprile 26, 31015 Conegliano, Italy
| | - Luca Nerva
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy; (M.F.); (M.T.); (W.C.)
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics—Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology CREA-VE, Via XXVIII Aprile 26, 31015 Conegliano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ježić M, Schwarz JM, Prospero S, Sotirovski K, Risteski M, Ćurković-Perica M, Nuskern L, Krstin L, Katanić Z, Maleničić E, Poljak I, Idžojtić M, Rigling D. Temporal and Spatial Genetic Population Structure of Cryphonectria parasitica and Its Associated Hypovirus Across an Invasive Range of Chestnut Blight in Europe. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:1327-1337. [PMID: 33417482 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-20-0405-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chestnut blight has spread throughout Europe since the introduction of its causal agent, Cryphonectria parasitica, >70 years ago. In our study, we analyzed the diversity of vegetative compatibility (vc) and microsatellite genotypes of C. parasitica, as well as sequence diversity of Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV1) in six populations from Switzerland, Croatia, and North Macedonia. Resampling of local populations that were already investigated more than a decade ago allowed us to analyze the spatial and temporal population structure across an invasive range of the pathogen in Europe. Regardless of which genetic marker was used, the >60-year-old Swiss and Croatian populations had high population diversity, whereas more recent North Macedonian populations were mostly clonal. These diversity differences between the investigated populations remained stable over time. A high diversity of CHV1 was observed in all three countries, with North Macedonian strains forming a separate cluster from strains obtained in other countries. No correlation between vc diversity and CHV1 prevalence was observed, suggesting a well-established and maintained natural hypovirulence in all countries, further corroborated by an observed increase in genetic diversity of Croatian C. parasitica populations over time, without collapse of CHV1 prevalence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marin Ježić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Simone Prospero
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Kiril Sotirovski
- Ss Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Hans Em Faculty of Forest Sciences, Landscape Architecture and Environmental Engineering, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Mihajlo Risteski
- Ss Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Hans Em Faculty of Forest Sciences, Landscape Architecture and Environmental Engineering, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Mirna Ćurković-Perica
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lucija Nuskern
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ljiljana Krstin
- University J. J. Strossmayer of Osijek, Department of Biology, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Zorana Katanić
- University J. J. Strossmayer of Osijek, Department of Biology, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ema Maleničić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Igor Poljak
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Department of Forest Genetics, Dendrology and Botany, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marilena Idžojtić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Department of Forest Genetics, Dendrology and Botany, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Daniel Rigling
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
In-Tree Behavior of Diverse Viruses Harbored in the Chestnut Blight Fungus, Cryphonectria parasitica. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.01962-20. [PMID: 33361433 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01962-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ascomycete Cryphonectria parasitica causes destructive chestnut blight. Biological control of the fungus by virus infection (hypovirulence) has been shown to be an effective control strategy against chestnut blight in Europe. To provide biocontrol effects, viruses must be able to induce hypovirulence and spread efficiently in chestnut trees. Field studies using living trees to date have focused on a selected family of viruses called hypoviruses, especially prototypic hypovirus CHV1, but there are now known to be many other viruses that infect C. parasitica Here, we tested seven different viruses for their hypovirulence induction, biocontrol potential, and transmission properties between two vegetatively compatible but molecularly distinguishable fungal strains in trees. The test included cytosolically and mitochondrially replicating viruses with positive-sense single-stranded RNA or double-stranded RNA genomes. The seven viruses showed different in planta behaviors and were classified into four groups. Group I, including CHV1, had great biocontrol potential and could protect trees by efficiently spreading and converting virulent to hypovirulent cankers in the trees. Group II could induce high levels of hypovirulence but showed much smaller biocontrol potential, likely because of inefficient virus transmission. Group III showed poor performance in hypovirulence induction and biocontrol, while efficiently being transmitted in the infected trees. Group IV could induce hypovirulence and spread efficiently but showed poor biocontrol potential. Nuclear and mitochondrial genotyping of fungal isolates obtained from the treated cankers confirmed virus transmission between the two fungal strains in most isolates. These results are discussed in view of dynamic interactions in the tripartite pathosystem.IMPORTANCE The ascomycete Cryphonectria parasitica causes destructive chestnut blight, which is controllable by hypovirulence-conferring viruses infecting the fungus. The tripartite chestnut/C. parasitica/virus pathosystem involves the dynamic interactions of their genetic elements, i.e., virus transmission and lateral transfer of nuclear and mitochondrial genomes between fungal strains via anastomosis occurring in trees. Here, we tested diverse RNA viruses for their hypovirulence induction, biocontrol potential, and transmission properties between two vegetatively compatible but molecularly distinguishable fungal strains in live chestnut trees. The tested viruses, which are different in genome type (single-stranded or double-stranded RNA) and organization, replication site (cytosol or mitochondria), virus form (encapsidated or capsidless) and/or symptomatology, have been unexplored in the aforementioned aspects under controlled conditions. This study showed intriguing different in-tree behaviors of the seven viruses and suggested that to exert significant biocontrol effects, viruses must be able to induce hypovirulence and spread efficiently in the fungus infecting the chestnut trees.
Collapse
|
9
|
Macias AM, Geiser DM, Stajich JE, Łukasik P, Veloso C, Bublitz DC, Berger MC, Boyce GR, Hodge K, Kasson MT. Evolutionary relationships among Massospora spp. (Entomophthorales), obligate pathogens of cicadas. Mycologia 2020; 112:1060-1074. [PMID: 32412847 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2020.1742033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The fungal genus Massospora (Zoopagomycota: Entomophthorales) includes more than a dozen obligate, sexually transmissible pathogenic species that infect cicadas (Hemiptera) worldwide. At least two species are known to produce psychoactive compounds during infection, which has garnered considerable interest for this enigmatic genus. As with many Entomophthorales, the evolutionary relationships and host associations of Massospora spp. are not well understood. The acquisition of M. diceroproctae from Arizona, M. tettigatis from Chile, and M. platypediae from California and Colorado provided an opportunity to conduct molecular phylogenetic analyses and morphological studies to investigate whether these fungi represent a monophyletic group and delimit species boundaries. In a three-locus phylogenetic analysis including the D1-D2 domains of the nuclear 28S rRNA gene (28S), elongation factor 1 alpha-like (EFL), and beta-tubulin (BTUB), Massospora was resolved in a strongly supported monophyletic group containing four well-supported genealogically exclusive lineages, based on two of three methods of phylogenetic inference. There was incongruence among the single-gene trees: two methods of phylogenetic inference recovered trees with either the same topology as the three-gene concatenated tree (EFL) or a basal polytomy (28S, BTUB). Massospora levispora and M. platypediae isolates formed a single lineage in all analyses and are synonymized here as M. levispora. Massospora diceroproctae was sister to M. cicadina in all three single-gene trees and on an extremely long branch relative to the other Massospora, and even the outgroup taxa, which may reflect an accelerated rate of molecular evolution and/or incomplete taxon sampling. The results of the morphological study presented here indicate that spore measurements may not be phylogenetically or diagnostically informative. Despite recent advances in understanding the ecology of Massospora, much about its host range and diversity remains unexplored. The emerging phylogenetic framework can provide a foundation for exploring coevolutionary relationships with cicada hosts and the evolution of behavior-altering compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angie M Macias
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University , Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
| | - David M Geiser
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park , Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Jason E Stajich
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology and Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California , Riverside, California 92521
| | - Piotr Łukasik
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University , 30-387 Kraków, Poland.,Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana , Missoula, Montana 59812
| | - Claudio Veloso
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Science Faculty, University of Chile , Santiago, Chile
| | - DeAnna C Bublitz
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana , Missoula, Montana 59812
| | - Matthew C Berger
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University , Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
| | - Greg R Boyce
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University , Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
| | - Kathie Hodge
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Matt T Kasson
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University , Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Boyce GR, Gluck-Thaler E, Slot JC, Stajich JE, Davis WJ, James TY, Cooley JR, Panaccione DG, Eilenberg J, De Fine Licht HH, Macias AM, Berger MC, Wickert KL, Stauder CM, Spahr EJ, Maust MD, Metheny AM, Simon C, Kritsky G, Hodge KT, Humber RA, Gullion T, Short DPG, Kijimoto T, Mozgai D, Arguedas N, Kasson MT. Psychoactive plant- and mushroom-associated alkaloids from two behavior modifying cicada pathogens. FUNGAL ECOL 2019; 41:147-164. [PMID: 31768192 PMCID: PMC6876628 DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic fungi routinely kill their hosts before releasing infectious spores, but a few species keep insects alive while sporulating, which enhances dispersal. Transcriptomics- and metabolomics-based studies of entomopathogens with post-mortem dissemination from their parasitized hosts have unraveled infection processes and host responses. However, the mechanisms underlying active spore transmission by Entomophthoralean fungi in living insects remain elusive. Here we report the discovery, through metabolomics, of the plant-associated amphetamine, cathinone, in four Massospora cicadina-infected periodical cicada populations, and the mushroom-associated tryptamine, psilocybin, in annual cicadas infected with Massospora platypediae or Massospora levispora, which likely represent a single fungal species. The absence of some fungal enzymes necessary for cathinone and psilocybin biosynthesis along with the inability to detect intermediate metabolites or gene orthologs are consistent with possibly novel biosynthesis pathways in Massospora. The neurogenic activities of these compounds suggest the extended phenotype of Massospora that modifies cicada behavior to maximize dissemination is chemically-induced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Greg R Boyce
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Emile Gluck-Thaler
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jason C Slot
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jason E Stajich
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology and Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - William J Davis
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Tim Y James
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - John R Cooley
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT, 06103, USA
| | - Daniel G Panaccione
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Jørgen Eilenberg
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Angie M Macias
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Matthew C Berger
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Kristen L Wickert
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Cameron M Stauder
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Ellie J Spahr
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Matthew D Maust
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Amy M Metheny
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Chris Simon
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269, USA
| | - Gene Kritsky
- Department of Biology, Mount St. Joseph University, Cincinnati, OH, 45233, USA
| | - Kathie T Hodge
- Plant Pathology & Plant-Microbe Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Richard A Humber
- Plant Pathology & Plant-Microbe Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.,USDA-ARS-NAA-BioIPM, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Terry Gullion
- Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | | | - Teiya Kijimoto
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Dan Mozgai
- Cicadamania.com, Sea Bright, New Jersey, 07760, USA
| | | | - Matt T Kasson
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Investigation of Host Range of and Host Defense against a Mitochondrially Replicating Mitovirus. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01503-18. [PMID: 30626664 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01503-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitoviruses (genus Mitovirus, family Narnaviridae) are mitochondrially replicating viruses that have the simplest positive-sense RNA genomes of 2.2 to 4.4 kb with a single open reading frame (ORF) encoding an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Cryphonectria parasitica mitovirus 1 (CpMV1) from U.S. strain NB631 of the chestnut blight fungus, Cryphonectria parasitica, was the first virus identified as a mitochondrially replicating virus. Despite subsequent discovery of many other mitoviruses from diverse fungi, no great advances in understanding mitovirus biology have emerged, partly because of the lack of inoculation methods. Here we developed a protoplast fusion-based protocol for horizontal transmission of CpMV1 that entailed fusion of recipient and donor protoplasts, hyphal anastomosis, and single-conidium isolation. This method allowed expansion of the host range to many other C. parasitica strains. Species within and outside the family Cryphonectriaceae, Cryphonectria radicalis and Valsa ceratosperma, also supported the replication of CpMV1 at a level comparable to that in the natural host. No stable maintenance of CpMV1 was observed in Helminthosporium victoriae PCR-based haplotyping of virus-infected fungal strains confirmed the recipient mitochondrial genetic background. Phenotypic comparison between CpMV1-free and -infected isogenic strains revealed no overt effects of the virus. Taking advantage of the infectivity to the standard strain C. parasitica EP155, accumulation levels were compared among antiviral RNA silencing-proficient and -deficient strains in the EP155 background. Comparable accumulation levels were observed among these strains, suggesting the avoidance of antiviral RNA silencing by CpMV1, which is consistent with its mitochondrial replication. Collectively, the results of study provide a foundation to further explore the biology of mitoviruses.IMPORTANCE Capsidless mitoviruses, which are ubiquitously detected in filamentous fungi, have the simplest RNA genomes of 2.2 to 4.4 kb, encoding only RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Despite their simple genomes, detailed biological characterization of mitoviruses has been hampered by their mitochondrial location within the cell, posing challenges to their experimental introduction and study. Here we developed a protoplast fusion-based protocol for horizontal transfer of the prototype mitovirus, Cryphonectria parasitica mitovirus 1 (CpMV1), which was isolated from strain NB631 of the chestnut blight fungus (Cryphonectria parasitica), a model filamentous fungus for studying virus-host interactions. The host range of CpMV1 has been expanded to many different strains of C. parasitica and different fungal species within and outside the Cryphonectriaceae. Comparison of CpMV1 accumulation among various RNA silencing-deficient and -competent strains showed clearly that the virus was unaffected by RNA silencing. This study provides a solid foundation for further exploration of mitovirus-host interactions.
Collapse
|
12
|
Enhanced hypovirus transmission by engineered super donor strains of the chestnut blight fungus, Cryphonectria parasitica, into a natural population of strains exhibiting diverse vegetative compatibility genotypes. Virology 2019; 528:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
13
|
Ježić M, Mlinarec J, Vuković R, Katanić Z, Krstin L, Nuskern L, Poljak I, Idžojtić M, Tkalec M, Ćurković-Perica M. Changes in Cryphonectria parasitica Populations Affect Natural Biological Control of Chestnut Blight. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 108:870-877. [PMID: 29442579 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-07-17-0252-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Invasive species, especially plant pathogens, have a potential to completely eradicate native plant species and remodel landscapes. Tripartite interactions among sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa), chestnut blight-causing invasive fungus Cryphonectria parasitica, and hyperparasitic virus Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV1) were studied in two populations. The number of different vegetative compatibility (vc) types of C. parasitica more than doubled over the 10 years, while the hypovirulence incidence dropped in one population and slightly increased in the other one. Over the course of our 3-year monitoring experiment, the prevalence of hypovirulent isolates obtained from monitored cankers increased slowly (i.e., more hypovirulent isolates were being obtained from the same cankers over time). Within studied cankers, considerable changes in vc type and CHV1 presence were observed, indicating a highly dynamic system in which virulent and hypovirulent mycelia, sometimes of discordant vc types, often appeared together. The increase in hypovirulence prevalence did not have any observable curative effect on the cankers and, occasionally, reactivation of healed cankers by new, virulent C. parasitica isolates was observed. Both short- and long-term observations and revalidation of the infected plant populations are necessary to accurately estimate disease progress and formulate an adequate disease management strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marin Ježić
- First, second, sixth, and tenth authors: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Marulicev trg 9a, Zagreb, Croatia; third, fourth, and fifth authors: J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Department of Biology, Cara Hadrijana 8A, Osijek, Croatia; seventh and eighth authors: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Forestry, Department of forest genetics and dendrology, Svetosimunska 25, Zagreb, Croatia; and ninth author: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Division of Botany, Rooseveltov trg 6, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jelena Mlinarec
- First, second, sixth, and tenth authors: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Marulicev trg 9a, Zagreb, Croatia; third, fourth, and fifth authors: J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Department of Biology, Cara Hadrijana 8A, Osijek, Croatia; seventh and eighth authors: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Forestry, Department of forest genetics and dendrology, Svetosimunska 25, Zagreb, Croatia; and ninth author: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Division of Botany, Rooseveltov trg 6, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Rosemary Vuković
- First, second, sixth, and tenth authors: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Marulicev trg 9a, Zagreb, Croatia; third, fourth, and fifth authors: J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Department of Biology, Cara Hadrijana 8A, Osijek, Croatia; seventh and eighth authors: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Forestry, Department of forest genetics and dendrology, Svetosimunska 25, Zagreb, Croatia; and ninth author: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Division of Botany, Rooseveltov trg 6, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zorana Katanić
- First, second, sixth, and tenth authors: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Marulicev trg 9a, Zagreb, Croatia; third, fourth, and fifth authors: J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Department of Biology, Cara Hadrijana 8A, Osijek, Croatia; seventh and eighth authors: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Forestry, Department of forest genetics and dendrology, Svetosimunska 25, Zagreb, Croatia; and ninth author: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Division of Botany, Rooseveltov trg 6, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ljiljana Krstin
- First, second, sixth, and tenth authors: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Marulicev trg 9a, Zagreb, Croatia; third, fourth, and fifth authors: J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Department of Biology, Cara Hadrijana 8A, Osijek, Croatia; seventh and eighth authors: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Forestry, Department of forest genetics and dendrology, Svetosimunska 25, Zagreb, Croatia; and ninth author: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Division of Botany, Rooseveltov trg 6, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lucija Nuskern
- First, second, sixth, and tenth authors: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Marulicev trg 9a, Zagreb, Croatia; third, fourth, and fifth authors: J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Department of Biology, Cara Hadrijana 8A, Osijek, Croatia; seventh and eighth authors: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Forestry, Department of forest genetics and dendrology, Svetosimunska 25, Zagreb, Croatia; and ninth author: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Division of Botany, Rooseveltov trg 6, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Igor Poljak
- First, second, sixth, and tenth authors: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Marulicev trg 9a, Zagreb, Croatia; third, fourth, and fifth authors: J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Department of Biology, Cara Hadrijana 8A, Osijek, Croatia; seventh and eighth authors: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Forestry, Department of forest genetics and dendrology, Svetosimunska 25, Zagreb, Croatia; and ninth author: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Division of Botany, Rooseveltov trg 6, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marilena Idžojtić
- First, second, sixth, and tenth authors: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Marulicev trg 9a, Zagreb, Croatia; third, fourth, and fifth authors: J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Department of Biology, Cara Hadrijana 8A, Osijek, Croatia; seventh and eighth authors: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Forestry, Department of forest genetics and dendrology, Svetosimunska 25, Zagreb, Croatia; and ninth author: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Division of Botany, Rooseveltov trg 6, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mirta Tkalec
- First, second, sixth, and tenth authors: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Marulicev trg 9a, Zagreb, Croatia; third, fourth, and fifth authors: J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Department of Biology, Cara Hadrijana 8A, Osijek, Croatia; seventh and eighth authors: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Forestry, Department of forest genetics and dendrology, Svetosimunska 25, Zagreb, Croatia; and ninth author: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Division of Botany, Rooseveltov trg 6, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mirna Ćurković-Perica
- First, second, sixth, and tenth authors: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Marulicev trg 9a, Zagreb, Croatia; third, fourth, and fifth authors: J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Department of Biology, Cara Hadrijana 8A, Osijek, Croatia; seventh and eighth authors: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Forestry, Department of forest genetics and dendrology, Svetosimunska 25, Zagreb, Croatia; and ninth author: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Division of Botany, Rooseveltov trg 6, Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Murolo S, De Miccolis Angelini RM, Faretra F, Romanazzi G. Phenotypic and Molecular Investigations on Hypovirulent Cryphonectria parasitica in Italy. PLANT DISEASE 2018; 102:540-545. [PMID: 30673478 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-17-0517-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Chestnut blight is caused by the fungus Cryphonectria parasitica. As one of the most ecologically important diseases of Castanea spp., C. parasitica can rapidly kill trees. In Europe, mitigation of disease severity took place spontaneously through colonization of C. parasitica by mycoviruses, which reduced the virulence of the fungus. In the framework of a survey, 138 C. parasitica isolates were identified, and virulent/hypovirulent phenotypes were determined through morphological properties and pathogenicity tests. For a pool of four hypovirulent isolates, dsRNA was extracted, cDNA synthesized, and a library subjected to next-generation sequencing. The bioinformatics analysis allowed detecting and reconstructing the complete genome of Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV-1), denoted as CHV-1 Marche. When compared with the available genomes of other hypoviruses that affected the virulence of C. parasitica, available in databases, CHV-1 Marche showed some nucleotide diversity. The approach used in this study was effective to explore the virome inside a pool of hypovirulent C. parasitica isolates. Next-generation sequencing allowed us to exclude the presence of any other ssRNA and dsRNA viruses infecting the fungus and determine CHV-1 as the only responsible of hypovirulence of C. parasitica in the analyzed samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Murolo
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Faretra
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Romanazzi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Milgroom MG, Smith ML, Drott MT, Nuss DL. Balancing selection at nonself recognition loci in the chestnut blight fungus, Cryphonectria parasitica, demonstrated by trans-species polymorphisms, positive selection, and even allele frequencies. Heredity (Edinb) 2018; 121:511-523. [PMID: 29426879 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-018-0060-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Balancing selection has been inferred in diverse organisms for nonself recognition genes, including those involved in immunity, mating compatibility, and vegetative incompatibility. Although selective forces maintaining polymorphisms are known for genes involved in immunity and mating, mechanisms of balancing selection for vegetative incompatibility genes in fungi are being debated. We hypothesized that allorecognition and its consequent inhibition of virus transmission contribute to the maintenance of polymorphisms in vegetative incompatibility loci (vic) in the chestnut blight fungus, Cryphonectria parasitica. Balancing selection was demonstrated at two loci, vic2 and vic6, by trans-species polymorphisms in C. parasitica, C. radicalis, and C. japonica and signatures of positive selection in gene sequences. In addition, more than half (31 of 54) of allele frequency estimates at six vic loci in nine field populations of C. parasitica from Asia and the eastern US were not significantly different from 0.5, as expected at equilibrium for two alleles per locus under balancing selection. At three vic loci, deviations from 0.5 were predicted based on the effects of heteroallelism on virus transmission. Twenty-five of 27 allele frequency estimates were greater than or equal to 0.5 for the allele that confers significantly stronger inhibition of virus transmission at three loci with asymmetric transmission. These results are consistent with the allorecognition hypothesis that vegetative incompatibility genes are under selection because of their role in reducing infection by viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Milgroom
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Myron L Smith
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Milton T Drott
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Donald L Nuss
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.,Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Rigling D, Prospero S. Cryphonectria parasitica, the causal agent of chestnut blight: invasion history, population biology and disease control. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:7-20. [PMID: 28142223 PMCID: PMC6638123 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Chestnut blight, caused by Cryphonectria parasitica, is a devastating disease infecting American and European chestnut trees. The pathogen is native to East Asia and was spread to other continents via infected chestnut plants. This review summarizes the current state of research on this pathogen with a special emphasis on its interaction with a hyperparasitic mycovirus that acts as a biological control agent of chestnut blight. TAXONOMY Cryphonectria parasitica (Murr.) Barr. is a Sordariomycete (ascomycete) fungus in the family Cryphonectriaceae (Order Diaporthales). Closely related species that can also be found on chestnut include Cryphonectria radicalis, Cryphonectria naterciae and Cryphonectria japonica. HOST RANGE Major hosts are species in the genus Castanea (Family Fagaceae), particularly the American chestnut (C. dentata), the European chestnut (C. sativa), the Chinese chestnut (C. mollissima) and the Japanese chestnut (C. crenata). Minor incidental hosts include oaks (Quercus spp.), maples (Acer spp.), European hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) and American chinkapin (Castanea pumila). DISEASE SYMPTOMS Cryphonectria parasitica causes perennial necrotic lesions (so-called cankers) on the bark of stems and branches of susceptible host trees, eventually leading to wilting of the plant part distal to the infection. Chestnut blight cankers are characterized by the presence of mycelial fans and fruiting bodies of the pathogen. Below the canker the tree may react by producing epicormic shoots. Non-lethal, superficial or callusing cankers on susceptible host trees are usually associated with mycovirus-induced hypovirulence. DISEASE CONTROL After the introduction of C. parasitica into a new area, eradication efforts by cutting and burning the infected plants/trees have mostly failed. In Europe, the mycovirus Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV-1) acts as a successful biological control agent of chestnut blight by causing so-called hypovirulence. CHV-1 infects C. parasitica and reduces its parasitic growth and sporulation capacity. Individual cankers can be therapeutically treated with hypovirus-infected C. parasitica strains. The hypovirus may subsequently spread to untreated cankers and become established in the C. parasitica population. Hypovirulence is present in many chestnut-growing regions of Europe, either resulting naturally or after biological control treatments. In North America, disease management of chestnut blight is mainly focused on breeding with the goal to backcross the Chinese chestnut's blight resistance into the American chestnut genome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rigling
- Swiss Federal Institute for ForestSnow and Landscape Research (WSL)Birmensdorf8903Switzerland
| | - Simone Prospero
- Swiss Federal Institute for ForestSnow and Landscape Research (WSL)Birmensdorf8903Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Short DPG, O'Donnell K, Stajich JE, Hulcr J, Kijimoto T, Berger MC, Macias AM, Spahr EJ, Bateman CC, Eskalen A, Lynch SC, Cognato AI, Cooperband MF, Kasson MT. PCR Multiplexes Discriminate Fusarium Symbionts of Invasive Euwallacea Ambrosia Beetles that Inflict Damage on Numerous Tree Species Throughout the United States. PLANT DISEASE 2017; 101:233-240. [PMID: 30682305 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-07-16-1046-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Asian Euwallacea ambrosia beetles vector Fusarium mutualists. The ambrosial fusaria are all members of the ambrosia Fusarium clade (AFC) within the Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC). Several Euwallacea-Fusarium mutualists have been introduced into nonnative regions and have caused varying degrees of damage to orchard, landscape, and forest trees. Knowledge of symbiont fidelity is limited by current identification methods, which typically requires analysis of DNA sequence data from beetles and the symbionts cultured from their oral mycangia. Here, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based diagnostic tools were developed to identify the six Fusarium symbionts of exotic Euwallacea spp. currently known within the United States. Whole-genome sequences were generated for representatives of six AFC species plus F. ambrosium and aligned to the annotated genome of F. euwallaceae. Taxon-specific primer-annealing sites were identified that rapidly distinguish the AFC species currently within the United States. PCR specificity, reliability, and sensitivity were validated using a panel of 72 Fusarium isolates, including 47 reference cultures. Culture-independent multiplex assays accurately identified two AFC fusaria using DNA isolated from heads of their respective beetle partners. The PCR assays were used to show that Euwallacea validus is exclusively associated with AF-4 throughout its sampled range within eastern North America. The rapid assay supports federal and state agency efforts to monitor spread of these invasive pests and mitigate further introductions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dylan P G Short
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown
| | - Kerry O'Donnell
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)-Agricultural Research Service, Peoria IL
| | - Jason E Stajich
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology and Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside
| | - Jiri Hulcr
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Teiya Kijimoto
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University
| | | | - Angie M Macias
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University
| | - Ellie J Spahr
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University
| | - Craig C Bateman
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida
| | - Akif Eskalen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California
| | - Shannon C Lynch
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California
| | | | - Miriam F Cooperband
- Otis Laboratory, USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service-Plant Protection and Quarantine-Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, Buzzards Bay, MA
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kasson MT, Wickert KL, Stauder CM, Macias AM, Berger MC, Simmons DR, Short DP, DeVallance DB, Hulcr J. Mutualism with aggressive wood-degrading Flavodon ambrosius (Polyporales) facilitates niche expansion and communal social structure in Ambrosiophilus ambrosia beetles. FUNGAL ECOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
19
|
Engineering super mycovirus donor strains of chestnut blight fungus by systematic disruption of multilocus vic genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:2062-7. [PMID: 26858412 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1522219113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmission of mycoviruses that attenuate virulence (hypovirulence) of pathogenic fungi is restricted by allorecognition systems operating in their fungal hosts. We report the use of systematic molecular gene disruption and classical genetics for engineering fungal hosts with superior virus transmission capabilities. Four of five diallelic virus-restricting allorecognition [vegetative incompatibility (vic)] loci were disrupted in the chestnut blight fungus Cryphonectria parasitica using an adapted Cre-loxP recombination system that allowed excision and recycling of selectable marker genes (SMGs). SMG-free, quadruple vic mutant strains representing both allelic backgrounds of the remaining vic locus were then produced through mating. In combination, these super donor strains were able to transmit hypoviruses to strains that were heteroallelic at one or all of the virus-restricting vic loci. These results demonstrate the feasibility of modulating allorecognition to engineer pathogenic fungi for more efficient transmission of virulence-attenuating mycoviruses and enhanced biological control potential.
Collapse
|