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Zhang H, Wang Z, Sun C, Zhang C, Liu H, Cui Q, Song X, Wang S. A phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase is involved in the regulation of phospholipids homeostasis in oleaginous Aurantiochytrium sp. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:142. [PMID: 37752571 PMCID: PMC10523756 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02396-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thraustochytrids have gained attention as a potential source for the production of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), where DHA is predominantly stored in the form of triacylglycerol (TAG). The TAG biosynthesis pathways, including the acyl-CoA-dependent Kennedy pathway and the acyl-CoA-independent pathway, have been predicted in thraustochytrids, while the specific details regarding their roles are currently uncertain. RESULTS Phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (PDAT) plays a key role in the acyl-CoA-independent pathway by transferring acyl-group from phospholipids (PL) to diacylglycerol (DAG) to from TAG. In thraustochytrid Aurantiochytrium sp. SD116, an active AuPDAT was confirmed by heterologous expression in a TAG-deficient yeast strain H1246. Analysis of AuPDAT function in vivo revealed that deletion of AuPDAT led to slow growth and a significant decrease in cell number, but improved PL content in the single cell during the cell growth and lipid accumulation phases. Interestingly, deletion of AuPDAT did not affect total lipid and TAG content, but both were significantly increased within a single cell. Moreover, overexpression of AuPDAT also resulted in a decrease in cell number, while the total lipid and cell diameter of a single cell were markedly increased. Altogether, both up-regulation and down-regulation of AuPDAT expression affected the cell number, which further associated with the total lipid and TAG content in a single cell. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that AuPDAT-mediated pathway play a minor role in TAG synthesis, and that the function of AuPDAT may be involved in regulating PL homeostasis by converting PL to TAG in a controlled manner. These findings expand our understanding of lipid biosynthesis in Aurantiochytrium sp. and open new avenues for developing "customized cell factory" for lipid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huidan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.189 Songling Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao, 266101, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, 266101, Shandong, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao, 266101, Shandong, China
| | - Zhuojun Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.189 Songling Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao, 266101, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, 266101, Shandong, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao, 266101, Shandong, China
| | - Caili Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.189 Songling Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao, 266101, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, 266101, Shandong, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao, 266101, Shandong, China
| | - Chuchu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Huan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.189 Songling Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao, 266101, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, 266101, Shandong, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao, 266101, Shandong, China
| | - Qiu Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.189 Songling Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao, 266101, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, 266101, Shandong, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao, 266101, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaojin Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.189 Songling Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao, 266101, Shandong, China.
- Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, 810016, Qinghai, China.
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, 266101, Shandong, China.
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao, 266101, Shandong, China.
| | - Sen Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.189 Songling Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao, 266101, Shandong, China.
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, 266101, Shandong, China.
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao, 266101, Shandong, China.
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Chen G, Harwood JL, Lemieux MJ, Stone SJ, Weselake RJ. Acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase: Properties, physiological roles, metabolic engineering and intentional control. Prog Lipid Res 2022; 88:101181. [PMID: 35820474 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT, EC 2.3.1.20) catalyzes the last reaction in the acyl-CoA-dependent biosynthesis of triacylglycerol (TAG). DGAT activity resides mainly in membrane-bound DGAT1 and DGAT2 in eukaryotes and bifunctional wax ester synthase-diacylglycerol acyltransferase (WSD) in bacteria, which are all membrane-bound proteins but exhibit no sequence homology to each other. Recent studies also identified other DGAT enzymes such as the soluble DGAT3 and diacylglycerol acetyltransferase (EaDAcT), as well as enzymes with DGAT activities including defective in cuticular ridges (DCR) and steryl and phytyl ester synthases (PESs). This review comprehensively discusses research advances on DGATs in prokaryotes and eukaryotes with a focus on their biochemical properties, physiological roles, and biotechnological and therapeutic applications. The review begins with a discussion of DGAT assay methods, followed by a systematic discussion of TAG biosynthesis and the properties and physiological role of DGATs. Thereafter, the review discusses the three-dimensional structure and insights into mechanism of action of human DGAT1, and the modeled DGAT1 from Brassica napus. The review then examines metabolic engineering strategies involving manipulation of DGAT, followed by a discussion of its therapeutic applications. DGAT in relation to improvement of livestock traits is also discussed along with DGATs in various other eukaryotic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanqun Chen
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6H 2P5, Canada.
| | - John L Harwood
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - M Joanne Lemieux
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, Edmonton T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Scot J Stone
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada.
| | - Randall J Weselake
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6H 2P5, Canada
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Wang J, Singer SD, Souto BA, Asomaning J, Ullah A, Bressler DC, Chen G. Current progress in lipid-based biofuels: Feedstocks and production technologies. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 351:127020. [PMID: 35307524 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The expanding use of fossil fuels has caused concern in terms of both energy security and environmental issues. Therefore, attempts have been made worldwide to promote the development of renewable energy sources, among which biofuel is especially attractive. Compared to other biofuels, lipid-derived biofuels have a higher energy density and better compatibility with existing infrastructure, and their performance can be readily improved by adjusting the chemical composition of lipid feedstocks. This review thus addresses the intrinsic interactions between lipid feedstocks and lipid-based biofuels, including biodiesel, and renewable equivalents to conventional gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel. Advancements in lipid-associated biofuel technology, as well as the properties and applicability of various lipid sources in terms of biofuel production, are also discussed. Furthermore, current progress in lipid production and profile optimization in the context of plant lipids, microbial lipids, and animal fats are presented to provide a wider context of lipid-based biofuel technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juli Wang
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Stacy D Singer
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Bernardo A Souto
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Justice Asomaning
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Aman Ullah
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - David C Bressler
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Guanqun Chen
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada.
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Shukal S, Lim XH, Zhang C, Chen X. Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli BL21 strain using simplified CRISPR-Cas9 and asymmetric homology arms recombineering. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:19. [PMID: 35123478 PMCID: PMC8817497 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01746-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recent CRISPR-Cas coupled with λ recombinase mediated genome recombineering has become a common laboratory practice to modify bacterial genomes. It requires supplying a template DNA with homology arms for precise genome editing. However, generation of homology arms is a time-consuming, costly and inefficient process that is often overlooked. RESULTS In this study, we first optimized a CRISPR-Cas genome engineering protocol in the Escherichia coli (E. coli) BL21 strain and successfully deleted 10 kb of DNA from the genome in one round of editing. To further simplify the protocol, asymmetric homology arms were produced by PCR in a single step with two primers and then purified using a desalting column. Unlike conventional homology arms that are prepared through overlapping PCR, cloning into a plasmid or annealing synthetic DNA fragments, our method significantly both shortened the time taken and reduced the cost of homology arm preparation. To test the robustness of the optimized workflow, we successfully deleted 26 / 27 genes across the BL21 genome. Noteworthy, gRNA design is important for the CRISPR-Cas system and a general heuristic gRNA design has been proposed in this study. To apply our established protocol, we targeted 16 genes and iteratively deleted 7 genes from BL21 genome. The resulting strain increased lycopene yield by ~ threefold. CONCLUSIONS Our work has optimized the homology arms design for gene deletion in BL21. The protocol efficiently edited BL21 to improve lycopene production. The same workflow is applicable to any E. coli strain in which genome engineering would be useful to further increase metabolite production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha Shukal
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Proteos level 4, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Xiao Hui Lim
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Proteos level 4, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Congqiang Zhang
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Proteos level 4, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Xixian Chen
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Proteos level 4, Singapore, 138673, Singapore.
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Uprety BK, Morrison EN, Emery RJN, Farrow SC. Customizing lipids from oleaginous microbes: leveraging exogenous and endogenous approaches. Trends Biotechnol 2021; 40:482-508. [PMID: 34625276 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
To meet the growing demands of the oleochemical industry, tailored lipid sources are expanding to oleaginous microbes. To control the fatty acid composition of microbial lipids, ground-breaking exogenous and endogenous approaches are being developed. Exogenous approaches employ extracellular tools such as product-specific feedstocks, process optimization, elicitors, and magnetic and mechanical energy, whereas endogenous approaches leverage biology through the use of product-specific microbes, adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE), and the creation of custom strains via random and targeted cellular engineering. We consolidate recent advances from both fields into a review that will serve as a resource for those striving to fulfill the vision of microbial cell factories for tailored lipid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijaya K Uprety
- Discovery Biology, Noblegen Inc., Peterborough, ON K9L 1Z8, Canada; Biology Department, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - Erin N Morrison
- Discovery Biology, Noblegen Inc., Peterborough, ON K9L 1Z8, Canada; Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - R J Neil Emery
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9L 0G2, Canada; Biology Department, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - Scott C Farrow
- Discovery Biology, Noblegen Inc., Peterborough, ON K9L 1Z8, Canada; Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9L 0G2, Canada.
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