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Response to Questions Posed by the Food and Drug Administration Regarding Virulence Factors and Attributes that Define Foodborne Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli (STEC) as Severe Human Pathogens †. J Food Prot 2019; 82:724-767. [PMID: 30969806 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
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- NACMCF Executive Secretariat, * U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service, Office of Public Health Science, PP3, 9-178, 1400 Independence Avenue S.W., Washington, D.C. 20250-3700, USA
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Navarro A, Cauich-Sánchez PI, Trejo A, Gutiérrez A, Díaz SP, Díaz C M, Cravioto A, Eslava C. Characterization of Diarrheagenic Strains of Escherichia coli Isolated From Cattle Raised in Three Regions of Mexico. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2373. [PMID: 30364318 PMCID: PMC6193479 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal infections represent an important public health concern worldwide. Escherichia coli is one of the main bacterial agents involved in the pathogenesis of different diseases. In 2011, an outbreak of hemorrhagic colitis (HC) and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) in Germany was related to a non-O157 STEC strain of O104:H4 serotype. The difficulty in identifying the origin of the bacteria related to the outbreak showed the importance of having epidemiological information from different parts of the world. The aim of this study was to perform a retrospective analysis to determine if E. coli strains isolated from cattle from different locations in Mexico have similar characteristics to those isolated in other countries. Samples obtained in different years from 252 cows belonging to 5 herds were analyzed. A total of 1,260 colonies were selected from the 252 samples, 841 (67%) of which corresponded to E. coli and 419 (33%) to other enterobacteria. In total, 78% (656) of the E. coli strains could be serotyped, of which 393 (59.9%) belonged to 5 diarrheagenic (DEC) pathotypes. Serotyping showed STEC (40.7%) and ETEC (26.7%) strains were more common. PCR assays were used to determine the presence of STEC (eae, stx1, stx2, and ehxA) and EAEC (aatA, aggR, and aapA) genes, and phylogenetic groups. The results showed that 70 strains belonging to 23 serogroups were stx1 and stx2 positive, while 13 strains from the O9 serogroup were ehxA, aggR, and eae positive. Phylogenetic analysis showed 58 (82.9%) strains belonged to A and B1 commensal phylogroups and 12 (17.1%) to B2, D and E virulent phylogroups. An assay to evaluate cross-antigenic reactivity in the serum of cattle between K9 capsular antigen and O104 LPS by ELISA showed similar responses against both antigens (p > 0.05). The antimicrobial sensitivity assay of the strains showed resistance to AM, CEP, CXM, TE, SXT, cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones. The results show that cattle are carriers and potential transmitters of STEC and ETEC strains containing virulence genes. Epidemiological retrospective studies in different countries are of great help for identifying virulent bacterial strains with the potential to cause outbreaks that may have epidemiological impact in susceptible countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Navarro
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Patricia Isidra Cauich-Sánchez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Alvaro Gutiérrez
- Laboratorios Veterinarios Halvet SA de CV, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Sylvia Paz Díaz
- Unidad de Investigación en Salud Pública Kaethe Willms, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico
| | - Martha Díaz C
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Cravioto
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Eslava
- Peripheral Unit of Basic and Clinical Research in Infectious Diseases, Bacterial Pathogenicity Laboratory, Hemato Oncology and Research Unit, Department of Public Health/Research Division Medicine Faculty, Children's Hospital of Mexico Federico Gómez, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
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Segura A, Auffret P, Bibbal D, Bertoni M, Durand A, Jubelin G, Kérourédan M, Brugère H, Bertin Y, Forano E. Factors Involved in the Persistence of a Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 Strain in Bovine Feces and Gastro-Intestinal Content. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:375. [PMID: 29593666 PMCID: PMC5854682 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthy cattle are the primary reservoir for O157:H7 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli responsible for human food-borne infections. Because farm environment acts as a source of cattle contamination, it is important to better understand the factors controlling the persistence of E. coli O157:H7 outside the bovine gut. The E. coli O157:H7 strain MC2, identified as a persistent strain in French farms, possessed the characteristics required to cause human infections and genetic markers associated with clinical O157:H7 isolates. Therefore, the capacity of E. coli MC2 to survive during its transit through the bovine gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) and to respond to stresses potentially encountered in extra-intestinal environments was analyzed. E. coli MC2 survived in rumen fluids, grew in the content of posterior digestive compartments and survived in bovine feces at 15°C predicting a successful transit of the bacteria along the bovine GIT and its persistence outside the bovine intestine. E. coli MC2 possessed the genetic information encoding 14 adherence systems including adhesins with properties related to colonization of the bovine intestine (F9 fimbriae, EhaA and EspP autotransporters, HCP pilus, FdeC adhesin) reflecting the capacity of the bacteria to colonize different segments of the bovine GIT. E. coli MC2 was also a strong biofilm producer when incubated in fecal samples at low temperature and had a greater ability to form biofilms than the bovine commensal E. coli strain BG1. Furthermore, in contrast to BG1, E. coli MC2 responded to temperature stresses by inducing the genes cspA and htrA during its survival in bovine feces at 15°C. E. coli MC2 also activated genes that are part of the GhoT/GhoS, HicA/HicB and EcnB/EcnA toxin/antitoxin systems involved in the response of E. coli to nutrient starvation and chemical stresses. In summary, the large number of colonization factors known to bind to intestinal epithelium and to biotic or abiotic surfaces, the capacity to produce biofilms and to activate stress fitness genes in bovine feces could explain the persistence of E. coli MC2 in the farm environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Segura
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR-MEDIS, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Pauline Auffret
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR-MEDIS, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Delphine Bibbal
- IRSD, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, ENVT, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Marine Bertoni
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR-MEDIS, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Alexandra Durand
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR-MEDIS, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Grégory Jubelin
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR-MEDIS, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Monique Kérourédan
- IRSD, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, ENVT, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Hubert Brugère
- IRSD, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, ENVT, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Yolande Bertin
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR-MEDIS, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Evelyne Forano
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR-MEDIS, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Virulence traits and different nle profiles in cattle and human verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains from Argentina. Microb Pathog 2017; 102:102-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Cadona JS, Bustamante AV, González J, Sanso AM. Genetic Relatedness and Novel Sequence Types of Non-O157 Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Strains Isolated in Argentina. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:93. [PMID: 27625995 PMCID: PMC5003923 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a foodborne pathogen responsible for severe disease in humans such as hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) and cattle, the principal reservoir. Identification of the clones/lineages is important as several characteristics, among them propensity to cause disease varies with STEC phylogenetic origin. At present, we do not know what STEC clones, especially of non-O157:H7, are circulating in Argentina. To fill this knowledge gap we assessed the genetic diversity of STEC strains isolated in Argentina from various sources, mostly cattle and food, using multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Our objectives were to determine the phylogenetic relationships among strains and to compare them with strains from different geographic origins, especially with those from clinical human cases, in order to evaluate their potential health risk. A total of 59 STEC isolates from 41 serotypes were characterized by MLST. Analysis using EcMLST database identified 38 sequence types (ST), 17 (45%) of which were new STs detected in 18 serotypes. Fifteen out of 38 STs identified were grouped into 11 clonal groups (CGs) and, 23 not grouped in any of the defined CGs. Different STs were found in the same serotype. Results highlighted a high degree of phylogenetic heterogeneity among Argentinean strains and they showed that several cattle and food isolates belonged to the same STs that are commonly associated with clinical human cases in several geographical areas. STEC is a significant public health concern. Argentina has the highest incidence of HUS in the world and this study provides the first data about which STEC clones are circulating. Data showed that most of them might pose a serious zoonotic risk and this information is important for developing public health initiatives. However, the actual potential risk will be defined by the virulence profiles, which may differ among isolates belonging to the same ST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimena S Cadona
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires Tandil, Argentina
| | - Ana V Bustamante
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires Tandil, Argentina
| | - Juliana González
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires Tandil, Argentina
| | - A Mariel Sanso
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires Tandil, Argentina
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Nadya S, Delaquis P, Chen J, Allen K, Johnson RP, Ziebell K, Laing C, Gannon V, Bach S, Topp E. Phenotypic and Genotypic Characteristics of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Isolated from Surface Waters and Sediments in a Canadian Urban-Agricultural Landscape. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:36. [PMID: 27092297 PMCID: PMC4820441 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A hydrophobic grid membrane filtration-Shiga toxin immunoblot method was used to examine the prevalence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in four watersheds located in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia, Canada, a region characterized by rapid urbanization and intensive agricultural activity. STEC were recovered from 21.6, 23.2, 19.5, and 9.2% of surface water samples collected monthly from five sites in each watershed over a period of 1 year. Overall prevalence was subject to seasonal variation however, ranging between 13.3% during fall months and 34.3% during winter months. STEC were also recovered from 23.8% of sediment samples collected in one randomly selected site. One hundred distinct STEC isolates distributed among 29 definitive and 4 ambiguous or indeterminate serotypes were recovered from water and sediments, including isolates from Canadian "priority" serogroups O157 (3), O26 (4), O103 (5), and O111 (7). Forty seven isolates were further characterized by analysis of whole genome sequences to detect Shiga toxin gene (stx 1 and stx 2), intimin gene (eaeA) allelic variants and acquired virulence factors. These analyses collectively showed that surface waters from the region support highly diverse STEC populations that include strains with virulence factors commonly associated with human pathotypes. The present work served to characterize the microbiological hazard implied by STEC to support future assessments of risks to public health arising from non-agricultural and agricultural uses of surface water resources in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Nadya
- Food, Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Pascal Delaquis
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland Research and Development CentreSummerland, BC, Canada
| | - Jessica Chen
- Food, Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kevin Allen
- Food, Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Roger P. Johnson
- Public Health Agency of Canada, National Microbiology Laboratory at GuelphGuelph, ON, Canada
| | - Kim Ziebell
- Public Health Agency of Canada, National Microbiology Laboratory at GuelphGuelph, ON, Canada
| | - Chad Laing
- Laboratory for Foodborne Zoonoses, Public Health Agency of CanadaLethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Victor Gannon
- Laboratory for Foodborne Zoonoses, Public Health Agency of CanadaLethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Susan Bach
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland Research and Development CentreSummerland, BC, Canada
| | - Edward Topp
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development CentreLondon, ON, Canada
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7
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Farrokh C, Jordan K, Auvray F, Glass K, Oppegaard H, Raynaud S, Thevenot D, Condron R, De Reu K, Govaris A, Heggum K, Heyndrickx M, Hummerjohann J, Lindsay D, Miszczycha S, Moussiegt S, Verstraete K, Cerf O. Review of Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and their significance in dairy production. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 162:190-212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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8
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Lascowski KMS, Guth BEC, Martins FH, Rocha SPD, Irino K, Pelayo JS. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in drinking water supplies of north Paraná State, Brazil. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 114:1230-9. [PMID: 23279284 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine the occurrence and characteristics of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in drinking water supplies treated and untreated. METHODS AND RESULTS Drinking water samples (n = 1850) were collected from 41 municipalities in the north of Paraná State between February 2005 and January 2006. Escherichia coli isolates (n = 300) were recovered from water and investigated for the presence of virulence markers related to STEC by PCR. STEC isolates recovered were then characterized for both phenotypic and genotypic traits. A total of 12 isolates (11 from untreated water and one from treated water) were positive for stx, including five positive for both stx1 and stx2, two positive for stx1 and five positive for stx2. None of the STEC isolates contained eae, but other virulence genes were observed such as ehxA (100%), saa (100%), lpfAO113 (75%), iha (42%), subAB (25%) and cdtV (8%). Multidrug resistance was identified in 25% of the STEC isolates. The 12 STEC isolates belonged to seven distinct serotypes and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing revealed the presence of two clusters and two clones in this region. CONCLUSION Drinking water, especially from untreated water supplies, can be source of STEC strains potentially pathogenic for humans. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The investigation of the drinking water supplies for pathogenic E. coli, as STEC, may be useful to prevent waterborne outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M S Lascowski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology - Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Phylogenetic analysis of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains by whole-genome sequencing. J Clin Microbiol 2012; 50:4123-7. [PMID: 23052305 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02262-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains are emerging food-borne pathogens causing life-threatening diseases and food-borne outbreaks. A better understanding of their evolution provides a framework for developing tools to control food safety. We obtained 15 genomes of non-O157 STEC strains, including O26, O111, and O103 strains. Phylogenetic trees revealed a close relationship between O26:H11 and O111:H11 and a scattered distribution of O111. We hypothesize that STEC serotypes with the same H antigens might share common ancestors.
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10
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Urgent advice on the public health risk of Shiga-toxin producingEscherichia coliin fresh vegetables. EFSA J 2011. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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11
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Molecular risk assessment and epidemiological typing of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli by using a novel PCR binary typing system. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:2458-70. [PMID: 21296939 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02322-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a zoonotic pathogen that causes diarrheal disease in humans and is of public health concern because of its ability to cause outbreaks and severe disease such as hemorrhagic colitis or hemolytic-uremic syndrome. More than 400 serotypes of STEC have been implicated in outbreaks and sporadic human disease. The aim of this study was to develop a PCR binary typing (P-BIT) system that could be used to aid in risk assessment and epidemiological studies of STEC by using gene targets that would represent a broad range of STEC virulence genes. We investigated the distribution of 41 gene targets in 75 O157 and non-O157 STEC isolates and found that P-BIT provided 100% typeability for isolates, gave a diversity index of 97.33% (compared with 99.28% for XbaI pulsed-field gel electrophoresis [PFGE] typing), and produced 100% discrimination for non-O157 STEC isolates. We identified 24 gene targets that conferred the same level of discrimination and produced the same cluster dendrogram as the 41 gene targets initially examined. P-BIT clustering identified O157 from non-O157 isolates and identified seropathotypes associated with outbreaks and severe disease. Numerical analysis of the P-BIT data identified several genes associated with human or nonhuman sources as well as high-risk seropathotypes. We conclude that P-BIT is a useful approach for subtyping, offering the advantage of speed, low cost, and potential for strain risk assessment that can be used in tandem with current molecular typing schema for STEC.
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Contreras CA, Ochoa TJ, Ruiz J, Lacher DW, Rivera FP, Saenz Y, Chea-Woo E, Zavaleta N, Gil AI, Lanata CF, Huicho L, Maves RC, Torres C, DebRoy C, Cleary TG. Phylogenetic relationships of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolated from Peruvian children. J Med Microbiol 2011; 60:639-646. [PMID: 21292859 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.026666-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, virulence factors (stx, eae, ehxA and astA) and phylogenetic relationships [PFGE and multilocus sequence typing (MLST)] of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains isolated from four previous cohort studies in 2212 Peruvian children aged <36 months. STEC prevalence was 0.4 % (14/3219) in diarrhoeal and 0.6 % (15/2695) in control samples. None of the infected children developed haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) or other complications of STEC. stx1 was present in 83 % of strains, stx2 in 17 %, eae in 72 %, ehxA in 59 % and astA in 14 %. The most common serotype was O26 : H11 (14 %) and the most common seropathotype was B (45 %). The strains belonged mainly to phylogenetic group B1 (52 %). The distinct combinations of alleles across the seven MLST loci were used to define 13 sequence types among 19 STEC strains. PFGE typing of 20 STEC strains resulted in 19 pulsed-field patterns. Comparison of the patterns revealed 11 clusters (I-XI), each usually including strains belonging to different serotypes; one exception was cluster VI, which gathered exclusively seven strains of seropathotype B, clonal group enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) 2 and phylogenetic group B1. In summary, STEC prevalence was low in Peruvian children with diarrhoea in the community setting. The strains were phylogenetically diverse and associated with mild infections. However, additional studies are needed in children with bloody diarrhoea and HUS.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Contreras
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - T J Ochoa
- University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, USA.,Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - J Ruiz
- CIBERESP, Barcelona, Spain.,Centre de Recerca en Salut Internacional de Barcelona, Hospital Clinic/Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - D W Lacher
- US Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - F P Rivera
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Y Saenz
- Área de Microbiología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - E Chea-Woo
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - N Zavaleta
- Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru
| | - A I Gil
- Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru
| | - C F Lanata
- Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru.,Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru
| | - L Huicho
- Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño, Lima, Peru.,Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru.,Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - R C Maves
- US Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Department of Bacteriology, Lima, Peru
| | - C Torres
- Área de Microbiología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - C DebRoy
- E. coli Reference Center, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - T G Cleary
- University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, USA
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Creuzburg K, Middendorf B, Mellmann A, Martaler T, Holz C, Fruth A, Karch H, Schmidt H. Evolutionary analysis and distribution of type III effector genes in pathogenic Escherichia coli from human, animal and food sources. Environ Microbiol 2010; 13:439-52. [PMID: 20880329 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02349.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Molecular analysis of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) from different sources is considered as a major approach to assess their risk potential. However, only limited data are available about the correlation of evolutionary relationship, the presence of major virulence factor genes and the putative risk of an STEC strain for human infection. In this study, we analysed the evolutionary relationship of 136 pathogenic E. coli strains from human, animal and food sources by multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) and molecular subtyping of their Shiga toxin (stx) and intimin (eae) genes. Moreover, the distribution of three type III effector genes, encoded within the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE), and 16 effector genes, which are encoded outside the LEE, was analysed. One hundred and five strains from different sources harboured 5-15 of the analysed non-LEE-encoded effector genes. In 101 of these strains, the LEE genes eae, map, espF and espG were present simultaneously. Thirty-one isolates deriving mainly from food and patients suffering from haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) were eae-negative and did not carry any of the analysed effector genes. By combination of MLST and virulence gene data, we defined five genetic clusters. Within these clusters a clear-cut affiliation of particular sequence types and the occurrence of certain effector genes was observed. However, in contrast to other studies, a significant correlation between the amount and type of effector genes and the risk to cause HUS could not be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Creuzburg
- Department of Food Microbiology, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Garbenstraße 28, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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14
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Bacterias patógenas con alta resistencia a antibióticos: estudio sobre reservorios bacterianos en animales cautivos en el zoológico de Barranquilla. INFECTIO 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s0123-9392(10)70088-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Bielaszewska M, Middendorf B, Köck R, Friedrich AW, Fruth A, Karch H, Schmidt MA, Mellmann A. Shiga toxin-negative attaching and effacing Escherichia coli: distinct clinical associations with bacterial phylogeny and virulence traits and inferred in-host pathogen evolution. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 47:208-17. [PMID: 18564929 DOI: 10.1086/589245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attaching and effacing Escherichia coli (AEEC) that lack Shiga toxin genes (stx) and the enteropathogenic E. coli adherence factor (EAF) plasmid (stx-/EAF-) are classified as atypical enteropathogenic E. coli and cause diarrhea worldwide. However, it is unknown whether there are bacterial lineage-specific human disease phenotypes. We compared stx-/EAF- AEEC recovered from patients (mostly children) with bloody and nonbloody diarrhea. METHODS stx-/EAF- AEEC were isolated using eae colony blot hybridization and were serotyped, tested (by polymerase chain reaction) for putative virulence genes, and analyzed for phylogenetic relationships by use of multilocus sequence typing. RESULTS During the period 1995-2007, stx-/EAF- AEEC were isolated as the only bacterial pathogens from stool specimens obtained from 18 (15.3%) of 118 patients with bloody diarrhea and from 141 (1.3%) of 10,550 patients with nonbloody diarrhea (P<.001). All but 1 of 18 strains recovered from patients with bloody diarrhea resembled enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) on the basis of serotypes, non-stx virulence profiles, and multilocus sequence types. In contrast, most (75.9%) of 141 stx-/EAF- AEEC recovered from patients with nonbloody diarrhea belonged to other serotypes and differed from the former strains phylogenetically and with regard to virulence genes. Three of 18 patients with bloody diarrhea and none of 141 patients with nonbloody diarrhea who shedded stx-/EAF- AEEC developed hemolytic uremic syndrome. CONCLUSIONS Most stx-/EAF- AEEC associated with bloody diarrhea are plausibly EHEC that lost Shiga toxin during infection (EHEC-LST). To prevent serious complications of such infections, Shiga toxin-independent diagnostic strategies to accurately and rapidly identify such patients should be developed and applied. Multilocus sequence typing has potential to distinguish EHEC-LST from less pathogenic stx-/EAF- AEEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Bielaszewska
- Institute for Hygiene and the National Consulting Laboratory on Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome, University of Münster, Wernigerode, Germany.
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Genomic O island 122, locus for enterocyte effacement, and the evolution of virulent verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 2008; 190:5832-40. [PMID: 18586943 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00480-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) and genomic O island 122 (OI-122) are pathogenicity islands in verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) serotypes that are associated with outbreaks and serious disease. Composed of three modules, OI-122 may occur as "complete" (with all three modules) or "incomplete" (with one or two modules) in different strains. OI-122 encodes two non-LEE effector (Nle) molecules that are secreted by the LEE type III secretion system, and LEE and OI-122 are cointegrated in some VTEC strains. Thus, they are functionally linked, but little is known about the patterns of acquisition of these codependent islands. To examine this, we conducted a population genetics analysis, using multilocus sequence typing (MLST), with 72 VTEC strains (classified into seropathotypes A to E) and superimposed on the results the LEE and OI-122 contents of these organisms. The wide distribution of LEE and OI-122 modules among MLST clonal groups corroborates the hypothesis that there has been lateral transfer of both pathogenicity islands. Sequence analysis of a pagC-like gene in OI-122 module 1 also revealed two nonsynonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms that could help discriminate a subset of seropathotype C strains and determine the presence of the LEE. A nonsense mutation was found in this gene in five less virulent strains, consistent with a decaying or inactive gene. The modular nature of OI-122 could be explained by the acquisition of modules by lateral transfer, either singly or as a group, and by degeneration of genes within modules. Correlations between clonal group, seropathotype, and LEE and OI-122 content provide insight into the role of genomic islands in VTEC evolution.
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