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Ong’wen F, Njoroge MM, Fillinger U, Lutermann H, Bukhari T. Efficacy of Metarhizium anisopliae, Isolate ICIPE 7, against Anopheles arabiensis, Glossina fuscipes, and Rhipicephalus spp. INSECTS 2024; 15:449. [PMID: 38921163 PMCID: PMC11204313 DOI: 10.3390/insects15060449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Arthropod vectors are responsible for a multitude of human and animal diseases affecting poor communities in sub-Saharan Africa. Their control still relies on chemical agents, despite growing evidence of insecticide resistance and environmental health concerns. Biorational agents, such as the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae, might be an alternative for vector control. Recently, the M. anisopliae isolate ICIPE 7 has been developed into a commercial product in Kenya for control of ticks on cattle. We were interested in assessing the potential of controlling not only ticks but also disease-transmitting mosquitoes and tsetse flies using cattle as blood hosts, with the aim of developing a product for integrated vector management. Laboratory bioassays were carried out with M. anisopliae, isolate ICIPE 7 and isolate ICIPE 30, to compare efficacy against laboratory-reared Anopheles arabiensis. ICIPE 7 was further tested against wild Glossina fuscipes and Rhipicephalus spp. Dose-response tests were implemented, period of mosquito exposure was evaluated for effects on time to death, and the number of spores attached to exposed vectors was assessed. Exposure to 109 spores/mL of ICIPE 7 for 10 min resulted in a similar mortality of An. arabiensis as exposure to ICIPE 30, albeit at a slower rate (12 vs. 8 days). The same ICIPE 7 concentration also resulted in mortalities of tsetse flies (LT50: 16 days), tick nymphs (LT50: 11 days), and adult ticks (LT50: 20 days). Mosquito mortality was dose-dependent, with decreasing LT50 of 8 days at a concentration of 106 spores/mL to 6 days at 1010 spores/mL. Exposure period did not modulate the outcome, 1 min of exposure still resulted in mortality, and spore attachment to vectors was dose-dependent. The laboratory bioassays confirmed that ICIPE 7 has the potential to infect and cause mortality to the three exposed arthropods, though at slower rate, thus requiring further validation under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fedinand Ong’wen
- Human Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya; (M.M.N.); (U.F.); (T.B.)
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Natural & Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x 20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa;
| | - Margaret Mendi Njoroge
- Human Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya; (M.M.N.); (U.F.); (T.B.)
| | - Ulrike Fillinger
- Human Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya; (M.M.N.); (U.F.); (T.B.)
| | - Heike Lutermann
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Natural & Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x 20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa;
| | - Tullu Bukhari
- Human Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya; (M.M.N.); (U.F.); (T.B.)
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Ramezani Awal Riabi H, Ghazavi M. Evaluation of the effectiveness of two Iranian su-strains of Metarhizium anisopliae (ascomycota: hypocreales) on the mortality rate of American cockroach. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024; 34:1763-1775. [PMID: 37549248 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2023.2243846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
The cockroach is one of the most important disease vectors in world. Entomopathogenic fungi, as three concentrations of spores were taken 1.1 × 105, 1.1 × 107, and 1.1 × 109 conidia/mL from two isolates of Nour and Saravan-Iranian. In this study, the immersion method caused about 13% mortality only in isolation (1 × 109 conidia/mL) of Saravan isolates. Inoculation of isolates below the pronotum did not significantly differ the mortality rate between the two genera (P = 0.8), compared to the pathogenicity of three isolates of M. anisopliae (1.1 × 105, 1.1 × 107, and 1.1 × 109 conidia/mL). In total, Saravan and Nour isolates were 66%, 73%, and 93%, respectively, indicating a significant difference (P < 0.001). Mortality of male and female cockroaches with Saravan isolates respectively occurred 3 and 4 days after inoculation (LT50 = 4.3d), while for Nour isolates, in both sexes, mortality was observed within four days after the test (LT50 = 5.5d). Considering the results M. anisopliae can be one benefit methods for control American cockroach in the future. .
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Ramezani Awal Riabi
- Office disease control, Deputy Health, Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Teacher of Biology in schools, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehran Ghazavi
- Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Tehran, Iran
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Matveev S, Reingold V, Yossef E, Levy N, Kottakota C, Mechrez G, Protasov A, Belausov E, Birnbaum N, Davidovitz M, Ment D. The Dissemination of Metarhizium brunneum Conidia by Females of the Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, Suggests a New Mechanism for Prevention Practices. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9040458. [PMID: 37108912 PMCID: PMC10145998 DOI: 10.3390/jof9040458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Direct contact between the conidia of entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) and their host is a prerequisite to successful infection; the host can, therefore, be infected by both direct treatment and by transmission of fungal inoculum from infested surfaces. This unique characteristic makes EPF especially relevant for the control of cryptic insects. In the case of the red palm weevil (RPW) Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, the eggs and larvae are almost inaccessible to direct-contact treatment. The objective of the present study was to investigate the mechanism of conidia transmission from a treated surface to host eggs and larvae. Foam pieces infested with Metarhizium brunneum conidial powder, conidial suspension, or distilled water were used as a laying surface for RPW females. The number of eggs laid was not affected by the EPF treatments and ranged from 2 to 14 eggs per female. However, hatching rate and larval survival were significantly reduced in the conidial powder treatment, resulted in 1.5% hatching and no live larvae. In the conidial suspension treatment, 21% of laid eggs hatched, compared to 72% in the control treatment. In both M. brunneum treatments, females' proboscis, front legs and ovipositor were covered with conidia. The females transferred conidia in both treatments to the laying holes, reaching up to 15 mm in depth. This resulted in reduced egg-hatching rate and significant larval mortality due to fungal infection. The stronger effect on egg and larval survival using dry conidia seemed to result from better conidial adhesion to the female weevil in this formulation. In future studies, this dissemination mechanism will be examined as a prevention strategy in date plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Matveev
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Plant Protection Institute, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, HaMaccabim Road 68, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food & Environment the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Victoria Reingold
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Plant Protection Institute, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, HaMaccabim Road 68, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food & Environment the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Eden Yossef
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Plant Protection Institute, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, HaMaccabim Road 68, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel
| | - Noa Levy
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Plant Protection Institute, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, HaMaccabim Road 68, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel
| | - Chandrasekhar Kottakota
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Plant Protection Institute, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, HaMaccabim Road 68, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel
| | - Guy Mechrez
- Department of Food Science, Institute of Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, HaMaccabim Road 68, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Alex Protasov
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, Plant Protection Institute, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, HaMaccabim Road 68, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel
| | - Eduard Belausov
- Plant Science Institute, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, HaMaccabim Road 68, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel
| | - Nitsan Birnbaum
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Plant Protection Institute, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, HaMaccabim Road 68, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food & Environment the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Michael Davidovitz
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, Plant Protection Institute, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, HaMaccabim Road 68, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel
| | - Dana Ment
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Plant Protection Institute, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, HaMaccabim Road 68, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel
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Peng ZY, Huang ST, Chen JT, Li N, Wei Y, Nawaz A, Deng SQ. An update of a green pesticide: Metarhizium anisopliae. ALL LIFE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/26895293.2022.2147224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe-Yu Peng
- Department of Pathogen Biology, the Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Anhui Province, the Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions in Anhui, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shu-Ting Huang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia-Ting Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ni Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology, the Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Anhui Province, the Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions in Anhui, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Wei
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Asad Nawaz
- Department of Pathogen Biology, the Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Anhui Province, the Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions in Anhui, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Qun Deng
- Department of Pathogen Biology, the Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Anhui Province, the Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions in Anhui, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
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Ribeiro-Silva CS, Muniz ER, Lima VH, Bernardo CC, Arruda W, Castro RN, Gôlo PS, Angelo IC, Fernandes ÉKK. Cuticular Lipids as a First Barrier Defending Ixodid Ticks against Fungal Infection. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:1177. [PMID: 36354944 PMCID: PMC9698823 DOI: 10.3390/jof8111177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The chemical composition of tick cuticles acts as a barrier to pathogens and may limit infection by entomopathogenic fungi. This study characterized the cuticular neutral lipids (NL) and hydrocarbons (HCs) of four ixodid ticks that are widely distributed in Brazil. HC extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and used to challenge Beauveria bassiana IP361 and Metarhizium robertsii IP146; the effect of cuticular extracts in fungal growth were evaluated by disk diffusion and conidial viability assays. In addition, conidial germination on the tick cuticle was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, and NL from ticks treated with fungi were assessed by thin layer chromatography. Six HCs were exclusively identified in Amblyomma sculptum. Additionally, cuticle extracts from Dermacentor nitens and A. sculptum inhibited the growth of M. robertsii IP146 and reduced conidial germination of B. bassiana IP361 to 70% and 49%, respectively; the same extracts also produced cytotoxic effects, with conidial death above 30% and 60%. Electron micrographs showed a delayed germination of conidia incubated for 48 h or 72 h on D. nitens and A. sculptum. The lipid profile of A. sculptum treated with fungi was not significantly altered; triacylglycerol was not detected in the cuticle extracts of any other tick species. Finally, A. sculptum and D. nitens cuticles have lipid components that may limit the development of M. robertsii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cárita S. Ribeiro-Silva
- Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Elen R. Muniz
- Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Valesca H. Lima
- Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil
| | | | - Walquíria Arruda
- Departamento de Histologia, Embriologia e Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Rosane N. Castro
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica 23890-000, Brazil
| | - Patrícia S. Gôlo
- Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica 23890-000, Brazil
| | - Isabele C. Angelo
- Departamento de Epidemiologia e Saúde Pública, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica 23890-000, Brazil
| | - Éverton K. K. Fernandes
- Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil
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Ganina MD, Tyurin MV, Zhumatayeva UT, Lednev GR, Morozov SV, Kryukov VY. Comparative Analysis of Epicuticular Lipids in Locusta migratoria and Calliptamus italicus: A Possible Role in Susceptibility to Entomopathogenic Fungi. INSECTS 2022; 13:736. [PMID: 36005361 PMCID: PMC9409248 DOI: 10.3390/insects13080736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cuticular lipids protect insects from desiccation and may determine resistance to fungal pathogens. Nonetheless, the trade-off between these lipid functions is still poorly understood. The migratory locust Locusta migratoria and the Italian locust Calliptamus italicus have dissimilar hygrothermal preferences: L. migratoria inhabits areas near water bodies with a reed bed, and C. italicus exploits a wide range of habitats and prefers steppes and semideserts with the predominance of sagebrushes. This paper presents significant differences between these species' nymphs in epicuticular lipid composition (according to gas chromatography with mass spectrometry) and in susceptibility to Metarhizium robertsii and Beauveria bassiana. The main differences in lipid composition are shifts to longer chain and branched hydrocarbons (di- and trimethylalkanes) in C. italicus compared to L. migratoria. C. italicus also has a slightly higher n-alkane content. Fatty acids showed low concentrations in the extracts, and L. migratoria has a wider range of fatty acids than C. italicus does. Susceptibility to M. robertsii and the number of conidia adhering to the cuticle proved to be significantly higher in C. italicus, although conidia germination percentages on epicuticular extracts did not differ between the species. We propose that the hydrocarbon composition of C. italicus may be an adaptation to a wide range of habitats including arid ones but may make the C. italicus cuticle more hospitable for fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya D. Ganina
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Academician Lavrentyev Ave. 9, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Maksim V. Tyurin
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Frunze Str. 11, 630091 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ulzhalgas T. Zhumatayeva
- Department of Plant Protection and Quarantine, Faculty of Agrabiology, Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Abai Avenue 8, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan
| | - Georgy R. Lednev
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, Podbelskogo Avenue 3, St. Petersburg, 196608 Pushkin, Russia
| | - Sergey V. Morozov
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Academician Lavrentyev Ave. 9, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Vadim Yu. Kryukov
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Frunze Str. 11, 630091 Novosibirsk, Russia
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The Fungus Metarhizium sp. BCC 4849 Is an Effective and Safe Mycoinsecticide for the Management of Spider Mites and Other Insect Pests. INSECTS 2021; 13:insects13010042. [PMID: 35055885 PMCID: PMC8780889 DOI: 10.3390/insects13010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The spider mite is a destructive pest of various crops during warm and dry conditions in tropical countries, including Thailand. The pest is difficult to control despite synthetic acaricide use. In the field, insect populations gradually develop resistance to synthetic pesticides over long-term use. The use of entomopathogenic fungi is more human- and environmentally friendly. We searched and identified a potential fungal isolate from a culture collection, focusing on the genus Metarhizium. Metarhizium sp. BCC 4849 not only controls the spider mite but also plays a significant role as a natural regulator of other insect pests. Here, we investigated its infection process on the mite, optimized a conidial formulation for extended shelf life, and conducted toxicological assays in animals to assess its biosafety in humans. The fungal genome has been sequenced. The genomic data indicated that oxidoreduction proteins; zinc-, heme-, and iron-binding proteins; and transmembrane transporters are abundant in the genome. Abstract Five isolates of Metarhizium sp. were evaluated for their pathogenicity against the spider mite (Tetranychus truncatus Ehara) (Acari: Tetranychidae) and Metarhizium sp. BCC 4849 resulted in the highest mortality (82%) on the 5th day post-inoculation (DPI). Subsequent insect bioassay data indicated similar high virulence against five other insects: African red mites (Eutetranychus africanus Tucker) (Acari: Tetranychidae), bean aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), cassava mealybug (Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), sweet potato weevil (Cylas formicarius Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Brentidae), and oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae), at mortalities of 92–99%, on 3rd–6th DPI, and in laboratory conditions. The pathogenicity assay against E. africanus in hemp plants under greenhouse conditions indicated 85–100% insect mortality on 10th DPI using the fungus alone or in combination with synthetic acaricide. Genome sequencing of Metarhizium sp. BCC 4849 revealed the high abundance of proteins associated with zinc-, heme-, and iron-binding; oxidation-reduction; and transmembrane transport, implicating its versatile mode of interaction with the environment and adaptation to various ion homeostasis. The light and scanning electron microscopy indicated that at 24 h post inoculation (PI), adhesion and appressorial formation occurred, notably near the setae. Most infected mites had stopped moving and started dying by 48–72 h PI. Elongated hyphal bodies and oval blastospores were detected in the legs. At 96–120 h PI or longer, dense mycelia and conidial mass had colonized the interior and exterior of dead mites, primarily at the bottom than the upper part. The shelf-life study also indicated that conidial formulation combined with an oxygen-moisture absorber markedly enhanced the viability and germination after storage at 35 °C for four months. The fungus was tested as safe for humans and animals, according to our toxicological assays.
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Birnbaum N, Reingold V, Matveev S, Kottakota C, Davidovitz M, Mani KA, Feldbaum R, Yaakov N, Mechrez G, Ment D. Not Only a Formulation: The Effects of Pickering Emulsion on the Entomopathogenic Action of Metarhizium brunneum. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7070499. [PMID: 34201446 PMCID: PMC8307842 DOI: 10.3390/jof7070499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing global population and environmental concerns necessitate the transition from chemical to eco-friendly pest management. Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) are rising candidates for this task due to their ease of growing, broad host range and unique disease process, allowing EPF to infect hosts directly through its cuticle. However, EPF’s requirement for high humidity negates their integration into conventional agriculture. To mitigate this problem, we formulated Metarhizium brunneum conidia in an oil-in-water Pickering emulsion. Conidia in aqueous and emulsion formulations were sprayed on Ricinus communis leaves, and Spodoptera littoralis larvae were introduced under low or high humidity. The following were examined: conidial dispersion on leaf, larval mortality, conidial acquisition by larvae, effects on larval growth and feeding, and dynamic of disease progression. Emulsion was found to disperse conidia more efficiently and caused two-fold more adhesion of conidia to host cuticle. Mortality from conidia in emulsion was significantly higher than other treatments reaching 86.5% under high humidity. Emulsion was also found to significantly reduce larval growth and feeding, while conferring faster fungal growth in-host. Results suggest that a Pickering emulsion is able to improve physical interactions between the conidia and their surroundings, while weakening the host through a plethora of mechanisms, increasing the chance of an acute infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitsan Birnbaum
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel; (N.B.); (V.R.); (S.M.); (C.K.)
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food & Environment the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Re-hovot 7610001, Israel;
| | - Victoria Reingold
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel; (N.B.); (V.R.); (S.M.); (C.K.)
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food & Environment the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Re-hovot 7610001, Israel;
| | - Sabina Matveev
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel; (N.B.); (V.R.); (S.M.); (C.K.)
| | - Chandrasekhar Kottakota
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel; (N.B.); (V.R.); (S.M.); (C.K.)
| | - Michael Davidovitz
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry Units, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel;
| | - Karthik Ananth Mani
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food & Environment the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Re-hovot 7610001, Israel;
- Department of Food Sciences, Institute of Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel; (R.F.); (N.Y.); (G.M.)
| | - Reut Feldbaum
- Department of Food Sciences, Institute of Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel; (R.F.); (N.Y.); (G.M.)
| | - Noga Yaakov
- Department of Food Sciences, Institute of Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel; (R.F.); (N.Y.); (G.M.)
| | - Guy Mechrez
- Department of Food Sciences, Institute of Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel; (R.F.); (N.Y.); (G.M.)
| | - Dana Ment
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel; (N.B.); (V.R.); (S.M.); (C.K.)
- Correspondence:
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Mei L, Wang X, Yin Y, Tang G, Wang C. Conservative production of galactosaminogalactan in Metarhizium is responsible for appressorium mucilage production and topical infection of insect hosts. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009656. [PMID: 34125872 PMCID: PMC8224951 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The exopolysaccharide galactosaminogalactan (GAG) has been well characterized in Aspergilli, especially the human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. It has been found that a five-gene cluster is responsible for GAG biosynthesis in Aspergilli to mediate fungal adherence, biofilm formation, immunosuppression or induction of host immune defences. Herein, we report the presence of the conserved GAG biosynthetic gene cluster in the insect pathogenic fungus Metarhizium robertsii to mediate either similar or unique biological functions. Deletion of the gene cluster disabled fungal ability to produce GAG on germ tubes, mycelia and appressoria. Relative to the wild type strain, null mutant was impaired in topical infection but not injection of insect hosts. We found that GAG production by Metarhizium is partially acetylated and could mediate fungal adherence to hydrophobic insect cuticles, biofilm formation, and penetration of insect cuticles. In particular, it was first confirmed that this exopolymer is responsible for the formation of appressorium mucilage, the essential extracellular matrix formed along with the infection structure differentiation to mediate cell attachment and expression of cuticle degrading enzymes. In contrast to its production during A. fumigatus invasive growth, GAG is not produced on the Metarhizium cells harvested from insect hemocoels; however, the polymer can glue germ tubes into aggregates to form mycelium pellets in liquid culture. The results of this study unravel the biosynthesis and unique function of GAG in a fungal system apart from the aspergilli species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Mei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuewen Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guirong Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengshu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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10
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Vertyporokh L, Hułas‐Stasiak M, Wojda I. Host-pathogen interaction after infection of Galleria mellonella with the filamentous fungus Beauveria bassiana. INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 27:1079-1089. [PMID: 31245909 PMCID: PMC7497211 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The filamentous fungus Beauveria bassiana is a natural pathogen of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella. Infection with this fungus triggered systemic immune response in G. mellonella; nevertheless, the infection was lethal if spores entered the insect hemocel. We observed melanin deposition in the insect cuticle and walls of air bags, while the invading fungus interrupted tissue continuity. We have shown colonization of muscles, air bags, and finally colonization and complete destruction of the fat body-the main organ responsible for the synthesis of defense molecules in response to infection. This destruction was probably not caused by simple fungal growth, because the fat body was not destroyed during colonization with a human opportunistic pathogen Candida albicans. This may mean that the infecting fungus is able to destroy actively the insect's fat body as part of its virulence mechanism. Finally, we were unable to reduce the extremely high virulence of B. bassiana against G. mellonella by priming of larvae with thermally inactivated fungal spores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidiia Vertyporokh
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biology and BiochemistryMaria Curie‐Sklodowska UniversityAkademicka 19LublinPoland
| | - Monika Hułas‐Stasiak
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Comparative Anatomy and Anthropology, Institute of Biology and BiochemistryMaria Curie‐Sklodowska UniversityAkademicka 19LublinPoland
| | - Iwona Wojda
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biology and BiochemistryMaria Curie‐Sklodowska UniversityAkademicka 19LublinPoland
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11
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Grizanova EV, Coates CJ, Dubovskiy IM, Butt TM. Metarhizium brunneum infection dynamics differ at the cuticle interface of susceptible and tolerant morphs of Galleria mellonella. Virulence 2020; 10:999-1012. [PMID: 31724467 PMCID: PMC8647853 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2019.1693230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In order for entomopathogenic fungi to colonize an insect host, they must first attach to, and penetrate, the cuticle layers of the integument. Herein, we explored the interactions between the fungal pathogen Metarhizium brunneum ARSEF 4556 and two immunologically distinct morphs, melanic (M) and non-melanic (NM), of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella. We first interrogated the cuticular compositions of both insect morphs to reveal substantial differences in their physiochemical properties. Enhanced melanin accumulation, fewer hydrocarbons, and higher L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) decarboxylase activity were evident in the cuticle of the M larvae. This “hostile” terrain proved challenging for M. brunneum – reflected in poor conidial attachment and germination, and elevated expression of stress-associated genes (e.g., Hsp30, Hsp70). Lack of adherence to the cuticle impacted negatively on the speed of kill and overall host mortality; a dose of 107 conidia killed ~30% of M larvae over a 12-day period, whereas a 100-fold lower dose (105 conidia) achieved a similar result for NM larvae. Candidate gene expression patterns between the insect morphs indicated that M larvae are primed to “switch-on” immunity-associated genes (e.g., phenoloxidase) within 6–12 h of conidia exposure and can sustain a “defense” response. Critically, M. brunneum responds to the distinct physiochemical cues of both hosts and adjusts the expression of pathogenicity-related genes accordingly (e.g., Pr2, Mad1, Mad2). We reveal previously uncharacterized mechanisms of attack and defence in fungal-insect antibiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina V Grizanova
- Laboratory of Biological Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - Ivan M Dubovskiy
- Laboratory of Biological Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Siberian Federal Scientific Centre of Agro-BioTechnologies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoobsk, Russia
| | - Tariq M Butt
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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12
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Nogueira MRDS, Camargo MG, Rodrigues CJBC, Marciano AF, Quinelato S, Freitas MCD, Fiorotti J, Sá FAD, Perinotto WMDS, Bittencourt VREP. In vitro efficacy of two commercial products of Metarhizium anisopliae s.l. for controlling the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 29:e000220. [PMID: 32609237 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612020035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The effects of two different products - Metarril® SP Organic (dry conidia) and Metarril® SC Organic (emulsifiable concentrated conidia in vegetable oil) - on eggs, larvae and Rhipicephalus microplus engorged females were here explored. Three concentrations (108, 107, and 106 conidia mL-1) for both products were prepared in water + 0.1% Tween® 80 (v/v); afterward, bioassays were carried out for all R. microplus stages by immersion in suspensions (Metarril® SP) or formulations (Metarril® SC). Metarril® SP suspensions showed low efficacy and did not affect biological parameters of treated engorged females; for eggs and larvae, only slight decreases in hatchability and larvae population were observed. Despite a delay in germination, Metarril® SC presented better results; for females, reductions in Egg Mass Weight (EMW) and Egg Production Index (EPI) were reported. On eggs, 108 conidia mL-1 increased Incubation Period (IP), shortened Hatching Period (HP) and decreased hatchability by up to 61%; for larvae, 107 and 108 conidia mL-1 reached 99.6 and 100% larval mortality respectively, 10 days after fungal exposure. Thus, further studies involving the use of oil-based formulations for ticks such as Metarril® SC need to be performed, especially to control the most susceptible stages (eggs and larvae).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Ruan Dos Santos Nogueira
- Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro - UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil
| | - Mariana Guedes Camargo
- Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro - UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Allan Felipe Marciano
- Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro - UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil
| | - Simone Quinelato
- Coleção de Culturas de Fungos Filamentosos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Maria Clemente de Freitas
- Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro - UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil
| | - Jéssica Fiorotti
- Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro - UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil
| | - Fillipe Araújo de Sá
- Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro - UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil
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Tomilova OG, Yaroslavtseva ON, Ganina MD, Tyurin MV, Chernyak EI, Senderskiy IV, Noskov YA, Polenogova OV, Akhanaev YB, Kryukov VY, Glupov VV, Morozov SV. Changes in antifungal defence systems during the intermoult period in the Colorado potato beetle. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 116:106-117. [PMID: 31077710 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Susceptibility to the fungus Metarhizium robertsii and changes in host defences were evaluated in different stages of the intermoult period (4-6 h, 34-36 h and 84-86 h post moult in IV larval instars) of the Colorado potato beetle. A significant thickening of the cuticle during larval growth was accompanied by decreases in cuticle melanization, phenoloxidase activity and epicuticular hydrocarbon contents (C28-C32). At the same time, a decrease in the conidial adhesion rate and an increase in resistance to the fungus were observed. In addition, we recorded significant elevation of the encapsulation rate and total haemocyte counts in the haemolymph during the specified period. The activity of detoxification enzymes decreased in the haemolymph but increased in the fat body during larval growth. No significant differences in the fatty acid content in the epicuticle were observed. The role of developmental disorders in susceptibility to entomopathogenic fungi is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana G Tomilova
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, st. Frunze 11, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia
| | - Olga N Yaroslavtseva
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, st. Frunze 11, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia
| | - Mariya D Ganina
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Academician Lavrentyev Ave., 9, 630090, Russia
| | - Maksim V Tyurin
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, st. Frunze 11, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia
| | - Elena I Chernyak
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Academician Lavrentyev Ave., 9, 630090, Russia
| | - Igor V Senderskiy
- All-Russia Institute of Plant Protection, sh. Podbel'skogo, 3, St. Petersburg - Pushkin, 196608, Russia
| | - Yury A Noskov
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, st. Frunze 11, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia; Tomsk State University, st. Lenin, 36, Tomsk 634050, Russia
| | - Olga V Polenogova
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, st. Frunze 11, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia
| | - Yuriy B Akhanaev
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, st. Frunze 11, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia
| | - Vadim Yu Kryukov
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, st. Frunze 11, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia.
| | - Viktor V Glupov
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, st. Frunze 11, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia
| | - Sergey V Morozov
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Academician Lavrentyev Ave., 9, 630090, Russia
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14
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Kryukov VY, Kryukova NA, Tyurin MV, Yaroslavtseva ON, Glupov VV. Passive vectoring of entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana among the wax moth Galleria mellonella larvae by the ectoparasitoid Habrobracon hebetor females. INSECT SCIENCE 2018; 25:643-654. [PMID: 28296161 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Females of the ectoparasitoid Habrobracon hebetor attack and envenomate numerous host individuals during oviposition. The vectoring of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana during the adhesion stage by ectoparasitoid females among the wax moth larvae Galleria mellonella was explored under laboratory conditions. Vectoring occurred both from infected parasitoids to wax moth larvae and from infected to healthy wax moth larvae by parasitoids. The efficacy of vectoring in both cases was dose dependent. Parasitoid females were unable to recognize infected larvae in a labyrinth test. In addition, the presence of H. hebetor females significantly (1.5-13 fold) increased the mycoses level in clusters of G. mellonella, with 40% of the larvae infected with fungal conidia. Envenomation by H. hebetor increased conidia germination on the cuticles of the wax moth larvae by 4.4 fold. An enhanced germination rate (2 fold) was registered in the n-hexane epicuticular extract of envenomated larvae compared to that of healthy larvae. Both envenomation and mycoses enhanced the phenoloxidase (PO) activity in the integument of G. mellonella and, in contrast, decreased the encapsulation rate in hemolymphs. We hypothesize that changes in the integument property and inhibition of cellular immunity provide the highest infection efficacy of entomopathogenic fungi with H. hebetor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Yu Kryukov
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Natalia A Kryukova
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Maksim V Tyurin
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Olga N Yaroslavtseva
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Viktor V Glupov
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russia
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15
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Kryukov VY, Yaroslavtseva ON, Whitten MMA, Tyurin MV, Ficken KJ, Greig C, Melo NR, Glupov VV, Dubovskiy IM, Butt TM. Fungal infection dynamics in response to temperature in the lepidopteran insect Galleria mellonella. INSECT SCIENCE 2018; 25:454-466. [PMID: 27900825 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study examines how the dynamics of fungus-insect interactions can be modulated by temperature. The wax moth, Galleria mellonella, is a well-studied and important model insect whose larvae in the wild develop optimally at around 34 °C in beehives. However, surprisingly little research on wax moths has been conducted at relevant temperatures. In this study, the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium robertsii inflicted rapid and substantial mortality on wax moth larvae maintained at a constant temperature of 24 °C, but at 34 °C a 10 fold higher dose was required to achieve an equivalent mortality. The cooler temperature favored fungal pathogenicity, with condial adhesion to the cuticle, germination and hemocoel invasion all significantly enhanced at 24 °C, compared with 34 °C. The wax moth larvae immune responses altered with the temperature, and with the infective dose of the fungus. Enzyme-based immune defenses (lysozyme and phenoloxidase) exhibited enhanced activity at the warmer temperature. A dramatic upregulation in the basal expression of galiomicin and gallerimycin was triggered by cooling, and this was augmented in the presence of the fungus. Profiling of the predominant insect epicuticular fatty acids revealed a 4-7 fold increase in palmetic, oleic and linoleic acids in larvae maintained at 24 °C compared with those at 34 °C, but these failed to exert fungistatic effects on topically applied fungus. This study demonstrates the importance of choosing environmental conditions relevant to the habitat of the insect host when determining the dynamics and outcome of insect/fungus interactions, and has particular significance for the application of entomopathogens as biocontrol agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Y Kryukov
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Olga N Yaroslavtseva
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Miranda M A Whitten
- Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, UK
| | - Maksim V Tyurin
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Katherine J Ficken
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, UK
| | - Carolyn Greig
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, UK
| | - Nadja R Melo
- Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, UK
| | - Viktor V Glupov
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ivan M Dubovskiy
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Tariq M Butt
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, UK
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Groth M, Filho R, Soares V, Bernardi D. Pathogenicity of Metarhizium anisopliae isolates on Nezara viridula and Dichelops melacanthus in wheat crop. ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1808-1657000032016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Bugs such as Nezara viridula (Linnaeus) and Dichelops melacanthus (Dallas) are considered the main insect pests of wheat crop in Brazil. The use of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) may be an alternative for the management of these insects in the crop. The objective of this work was to verify the pathogenicity of different isolates of M. anisopliae on adults of N. viridula and D. melacanthus under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. In the laboratory, isolates 05RA, 11RA, 08RA and 02RA were obtained from N. viridula and D. melacanthus infested with M. anisopliae. Also, a high pathogenicity (100% of mortality) of both species was recorded in a bioassay of the topical application 8 Days After Application (DAA). However, compared to the other isolates, the 08RA isolate showed the highest pathogenicity in a shorter time interval for N. viridula (Mean Time “MT” = 2.8 days) and D. melacanthus (MT = 4.0 days). Under greenhouse conditions, the 08RA isolate provided a mortality of 44.9% (N. viridula) and 35.7% (D. melacanthus) in the same evaluation period. However, at 14 DAA, the mortality was 100% for both species, with the MT values of N. viridula and D. melacanthus being obtained at 8 days and 10 days, respectively. The fungus M. anisopliae is a promising alternative for the control of adult N. viridula and D. melacanthus in wheat crop.
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Mode of Infection of Metarhizium spp. Fungus and Their Potential as Biological Control Agents. J Fungi (Basel) 2017; 3:jof3020030. [PMID: 29371548 PMCID: PMC5715920 DOI: 10.3390/jof3020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical insecticides have been commonly used to control agricultural pests, termites, and biological vectors such as mosquitoes and ticks. However, the harmful impacts of toxic chemical insecticides on the environment, the development of resistance in pests and vectors towards chemical insecticides, and public concern have driven extensive research for alternatives, especially biological control agents such as fungus and bacteria. In this review, the mode of infection of Metarhizium fungus on both terrestrial and aquatic insect larvae and how these interactions have been widely employed will be outlined. The potential uses of Metarhizium anisopliae and Metarhizium acridum biological control agents and molecular approaches to increase their virulence will be discussed.
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Short-term heat shock affects the course of immune response in Galleria mellonella naturally infected with the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. J Invertebr Pathol 2015; 130:42-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Tseng MN, Chung CL, Tzean SS. Mechanisms relevant to the enhanced virulence of a dihydroxynaphthalene-melanin metabolically engineered entomopathogen. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90473. [PMID: 24662974 PMCID: PMC3963850 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae MA05-169 is a transformant strain that has been metabolically engineered to express dihydroxynaphthalene-melanin biosynthesis genes. In contrast to the wild type strain, the transformant displays a greater resistance to environmental stress and a higher virulence toward target insect host. However, the underlying mechanisms for these characteristics remain unclear; hence experiments were initiated to explore the possible mechanism(s) through physiological and molecular approaches. Although both transformant and wild type strains could infect and share the same insect host range, the former germinated faster and produced more appressoria than the latter, both in vivo and in vitro. The transformant showed a significantly shorter median lethal time (LT50) when infecting the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) and the striped flea beetle (Phyllotreta striolata), than the wild type. Additionally, the transformant was more tolerant to reactive oxygen species (ROS), produced 40-fold more orthosporin and notably overexpressed the transcripts of the pathogenicity-relevant hydrolytic enzymes (chitinase, protease, and phospholipase) genes in vivo. In contrast, appressorium turgor pressure and destruxin A content were slightly decreased compared to the wild type. The transformant's high anti-stress tolerance, its high virulence against five important insect pests (cowpea aphid Aphis craccivora, diamondback moth Pl. xylostella, striped flea beetle Ph. striolata, and silverleaf whitefly Bemisia argentifolii) and its capacity to colonize the root system are key properties for its potential bio-control field application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Nan Tseng
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Plant Protection, Kaohsiung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ling Chung
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shean-Shong Tzean
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Bharadwaj A, Stafford KC. Susceptibility of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) to Metarhizium brunneum F52 (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) using three exposure assays in the laboratory. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2012; 105:222-231. [PMID: 22420275 DOI: 10.1603/ec11169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
An emulsifiable concentrate (EC) and granular (G) formulation of the entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium brunneum strain F52 (formerly Metarhizium anisopliae strain F52) were tested against unfed adults and nymphs of Ixodes scapularis Say in the laboratory. Three exposure methods; dip, surface contact, and direct spray application, and three exposure time intervals (3, 30, and 300 min) were used to evaluate the EC formulation. Application rates ranged from 2.6 x 10(2) to 2.6 x 10(8) conidia/cm2. The surface treatment was used for granular formulation with concentrations ranging from 2.3 x 10(5) to 2.3 x 10(7) conidia/cm2 for same three exposure times. Both the EC and G formulations of this fungus were highly pathogenic against I. scapularis adults and nymphs. Logistic regression analysis found formulation, spore concentration, time of exposure, and observation period were significant or highly significant factors influencing tick mortality. For adult I. scapularis, the spray application with the EC formulation of M. brunneum F52 resulted in a lower LC50 (5.9 x 10(4) conidia/cm2) at 30 min than surface exposure to the EC (LC50 = 1.3 x 10(6) conidia/cm2) or G formulation (LC50 = 8.1 x 10(5) conidia/cm2). At higher concentrations, fungal activity was evident in adult I. scapularis held at 5 degrees C suggesting the fungus may provide control in the cooler fall season. While the observed pathogenicity of a fungus against ticks can be dependent upon the bioassay assessment, we found nymphs and adults of I. scapularis to be highly susceptible to M. brunneum F52, regardless of the exposure method used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuja Bharadwaj
- Department of Entomology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington Street, Box 1106, New Haven, CT 06504, USA.
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